Table of Contents

Chiyambi: Ulendo Wosachotsedwa wa Demokrase ya Amereka

Kuchokera pa kupanga Malamulo kufikira tsiku lamakono, kuyenera kwa kuvota mu United States sikunakhaleko kwachikhalire kapena kotsimikiziridwa. Kwapangidwa ndi nkhondo zamphamvu za ndale zadziko, lamulo lopanga zinthu, kusintha kwa malamulo, ndi kusinthika kosalekeza kwa anthu a m’madera opatuka. Mbiri ya ufulu wosankha si ndandanda ya malamulo okha; ndi chionetsero chosonyeza kulimba kwa dzikolo pogwirizanitsa zolinga zake ndi kusiyanitsa. Kuzindikira chisinthiko nkofunika pomvetsa maudindo onse aŵiri ndi mphamvu za democracy ya ku America lerolino.

Malamulo poyamba anasiya ziyeneretso za wovota ku mabomawo, ndipo mu 1789, ovota anali oyera kwambiri, amuna, ndi oyenerera. Mkati mwa zaka mazana aŵiri zotsatira, mafunde akusintha anafutukula ma franchice ku magulu atsopano — koma kufutukuka kulikonse kunachitidwa motsutsana, kutsendereza, ndi mitundu yatsopano ya kutsendereza. Lerolino, kusanthula ufulu kudakali malo opikisana, ndi makambitsirano onena za kupezeka, chisungiko, ndi kuimira m'malamulo, mabwalo a milandu, ndi zigawo kuzungulira dziko.

Nyengo Yokhazikitsidwa ndi Republic Yoyambirira: 1776-1850

Zofunika pa Zinthu ndi Kukwera kwa Kukwera kwa Mwamuna Woyera wa Chilengedwe Chonse

Pamene dziko linakhazikitsidwa, kuvota kunalingaliridwa kukhala mwaŵi wogwirizana ndi kudziimira pa zachuma. Maboma ambiri anafuna ovota kukhala ndi katundu wochepa kapena kulipirira msonkho wochepa. Mfundo, yotchulidwa ndi ziŵerengero monga John Adams, inali yakuti kokha awo okhala ndi "atenga m'chitaganya" ndiwo anali kukhulupiriridwa kupanga zosankha zandale zadziko. Akaziwa anali opatulidwa, anthu aukapolo, amuna a Makuda, Aamereka, ndi amuna achiyera omwe sanali ndi malo awo.

Kuyambira m'ma 1790 ndi kufulumira m'ma 1820 ndi 1830, kagulu ka malingaliro a demokrase kanafalikira m'dziko la achichepere. Maboma anayamba kuchotsa ziyeneretso za chuma kwa amuna achiyera, zosonkhezeredwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa malire ndi kukwera kwa demokrase ya Jacksonian. Pofika m'ma 1850, ziletso zonse za katundu pa kuvota kwa amuna oyera zinatha. Komabe, kuwonjezeka kumeneku kunalimbitsa kwambiri malire a fuko ndi amuna. Pamene kuli kwakuti ma franchize anakula kwa amuna achiyera, maboma ambiri amakhazikitsa malamulo mwachindunji oletsa anthu Akuda kuchokera ku voti. New York, mwachitsanzo, anasungabe chiyenetso cha katundu cha anthu a Black Covitation ngakhale pambuyo pochichotsa pa kuvota kwa azungu.

Kuleka: Fuko, Mtundu, ndi Nzika

Lipabuliki yoyambirira inawonanso kugwirizanitsa kwalamulo kwa kusiyanitsa fuko. Lamulo la Kubadwa kwa 1790 linasunga unzika wa "omasuka azungu," kuyala maziko alamulo kaamba ka ziletso zosankha zimene zikapitirizabe kwa mibadwo. Akazi, mosasamala kanthu za fuko, anakanidwa onse. Eni America analingaliridwa kwambiri kukhala kunja kwa chitaganya cha ndale zadziko pokhapokha ngati anatengera ndi kukana kugwirizana ndi mafuko. Nyengo imeneyi inakhazikitsa njira: njira iliyonse yofikira ku demokrase yowonjezereka kwa gulu limodzi logaŵikana linzake kaŵirikaŵiri inatsagana ndi zopinga zatsopano kaamba ka ena.

Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ndi Madeti Okonzedwanso: 1861 - 1877

Malamulo Owonjezera a 13 ndi 14: Kulandira Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Dziko ndi Kukhala Nzika

Nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni inasintha kwambili maunansi a boma ndi ufulu wa anthu. Mkangano wa 13 wopeputsidwa, umene unavomerezedwa mu 1865, unathetsa ukapolo, koma sunatsimikizire kuti ufulu wovota unali wochepa. Lamulo la 14 Lowonjezera, lomwe linavomerezedwa mu 1868, linakhazikitsa ufulu wa kukhala mbadwa ndipo linakhazikitsa "kuteteza malamulo mofanana. Komabe, mbali yake yachiwiri inachititsa kuti asiye kutsatira ufulu wosankha ngati boma linakana ufulu wa kusankha kwa nzika iliyonse ya zaka 21 zopitirira 21, lamulolo silinatsati likhale logwirizana ndi lamulo.

Mpumulo wa 15: Lonjezo la Chisinthiko Lokhala ndi Mabogi Ovuta

Demendment ya 15th Amendment, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1870, inali mfundo yachindunji kwambiri pa kuvota. Inkaletsa boma la boma ndipo inaletsa nzika kukana ufulu wosankha "chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, kapena ukapolo wapapitapo. Imeneyi inali ntchito yaikulu ya Republicainstries , yomwe inatheketsedwa ndi anthu akuluakulu a m'mayiko a Congress ndi kulinganiza kwa ndale kwa anthu a mtundu wa Black amene angomasulidwa kumene. Pakati pa 1870 ndi 1876, mazana a anthu a Black anavotera ku South, kusankha oimira a Black ku mabungwe ndi Congresssion.

Komabe, chinenero cha kusintha chinali ndi kufooka kwakukulu. Sichinatsimikizire molunjika kuyenera kwa kuvota; chinangoletsa zifukwa zina zotsutsira. Chikho chimenechi chikanagwiritsidwa ntchito posachedwa. Ndiponso, chitsutsocho sichinatchule kuti ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi, ndipo ochirikiza akazi anakhumudwa kwambiri kuti cholinga chawo sichinaphatikizidwe. Lonjezo la 15 la Demetriation linaperekedwa mwamsanga monga mmene combo cha Reconsoleation chinagwetsera pansi.

Kutha kwa Kukonzanso ndi Kuwonjezereka kwa Kutsenderezedwa kwa Asilikali

Pofika 1877, ndi Kulolerana kwa 1877 ndi kuchotsedwa kwa asilikali a boma kuchokera ku South, Reconstructon inali itatha bwino. Magulu ankhondo onga Ku Klux Klan ndi White League anagwiritsira ntchito uchigaŵenga, kuopseza, ndi kupha kotheratu kutsendereza kuvota. Zimenezi zinayala maziko a kuukira kochitidwa mwalamulo pa ufulu wosankha umene ukakhala pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi.

Jim Crow Era: 1877-1965

Kuphonya Malamulo: Kuyesa Kuŵerenga, Kukhoma Misonkho ya Pollson, ndi Agogo Aakulu a Claus

Kuyambira m'ma 1890, maboma a Kum’mwera amasintha malamulo awo ndi malamulo a masankho ndi chifuno chomveka cha kuchotsa ovota Akuda ndi kupeŵa chinenero cha Azungu cha 15 Demendment. Mississippi anatsogolera njira mu 1890 ndi malamulo atsopano amene anafuna ovota kupambana mayeso a kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, kupereka msonkho wofunsira, ndi kukwaniritsa zofunika za anthu okhala. Maboma ena anatsatira: Louisiana, Alabama, North Carolina, Virginia, Georgia, ndi ena ofanana ndi zimenezo.

Masitepe ameneŵa anali a fuko lapamaso koma anali ochitidwa ndi tsankhu lankhanza. Kuyesa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga kaŵirikaŵiri kunali koyenera, kofuna kuti anthu a Black afotokoze mbali zosadziŵika za Konsichushoni pamene ofufuza achiyera anagaŵiridwa zigawo zopepuka kapena kuchotsedwa kotheratu kupyolera mwa , ziganizo za agogo , zimene zinalola aliyense amene agogo ake anasankha asanakhale 1867, kuti avote popanda kukumana ndi kulemba kapena kulipira msonkho. Popeza kuti palibe munthu wakuda Kummwera anakhoza kuvotako chisanafike chaka cha 1867, chivoticho, chikalatacho chinagwira ntchito kwa azungu okha. Pofika 1910, mdima cha nyuzipepala yovota ya ku Deest South adagwa kufupi .

Kutha kwa Malo a Kum’mwera

Kusankhana sikunali chinthu cha ku Southern. Maboma ambiri a Kumadzulo ndi Northern anasunganso zopinga. Oregon ndi mayiko ena a Kumadzulo anakhazikitsa malamulo otsutsa Atchaina Aamereka. New York ndi Pennsylvania anasunga zofunika za chuma kaamba ka anthu a Blackvota kuyambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20. Onada a America sanapatsidwe kukhala nzika mpaka Indian Cintugenship Act ya 1924, ndipo ngakhale zitatero, mayiko ambiri anagwiritsira ntchito mayeso a kulemba ndi njira zina zowaletsa kuvota. Aamereka a ku Southwester adayang'anizana ndi misonkho, ziletso za zinenero, ndi kuopseza.

Chilango cha Akazi: Mpumulo wa 19

Demendulo la 19, linavomerezedwa mu 1920 pambuyo pa nkhondo ya zaka makumi ambiri, inaletsedwa kukana voti pamaziko a kugonana. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zinaŵirikiza kaŵiri kusankhidwa, kukonzedwa kwa chitetezo kunagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana. Mwa njira imeneyi, akazi akuda ku South adathabe kuchotsedwa ndi malamulo a Jim Crow omwe anapondereza amuna Akuda. Akazi a ku America sanathere ntchito yonse mpaka 1924, ndipo ambiri anatsekedwabe ndi malamulo a boma. Mpando wa 19th Demendment unali chilakiko chachikulu, koma sunapambane ndi malamulo apadziko lonse.

Dera la Chivomezi: 1950s-1965

Mavuto a Malamulo ndi Mizu ya Mazira

Komiti yamakono ya Chivil Rights Movement inabweretsa mphamvu ndi kuonekera kwatsopano ku zoyenera zovota. Khoti Lapamwamba linayamba kuswa zina za nyumba zalamulo za Jim Crow. Mu Smith v. Alwright (19444]), Khoti linagamula kuti Texas Democratic Party ya Democraticism inali yosagwirizana ndi mapangano a boma, kuswa chimodzi cha zida zogwira ntchito kwambiri zochotsa . [FLT:] Gomillion v. Lightfoot [FLT:] (1960), khoti linakamenya gerder ku Tuke, Alabama adachotsapo malire onse a ku Black.

Grassroots mabungwe, kuphatikizapo Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Wophunzira Nonlig Cordinating Committee, ndi Congress of Friginety, adayambitsa kulembetsa kwa ovota ku South. Zoyesayesa zimenezi zinatsutsidwa mwachiwawa. Mu 1963, antchito za ufulu wachibadwidwe Medgar Evers anaphedwa ku Missississippi. Mu 1964, mkupiti wa Freedom Summer inawona kupha kwankhanza kwa James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, ndi Michael Schwerner. Chiwawawa, chinaulutsa pa wailesi yakanema ya dziko lonse, inayambitsa chitsenderezo cha boma.

Lamulo Lovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu la mu 1965: Kuloŵererapo kwa Malamulo a M’dziko

Selma ku Montgomery mu March 1965, ndi zithunzi zotchuka za otsutsa omvera ochitidwa mwamtendere ndi asilikali a boma omwe anamenyedwa pa Edmund Pettus Bridge, malingaliro a dziko. Mtsogoleri Lyndon B. Johnson analankhula ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ya boma m'kaundula wa dziko lonse, kufuna kuti pakhale lamulo lamphamvu lovomereza ufulu wa kuvota. Chotuluka chake chinali Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe cha mu 1965, chimodzi cha mbali zogwira mtima kwambiri za malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe m'mbiri ya America.

Kachitidweko kanali ndi makonzedwe ofunika angapo. Kusankha 2 kunaletsa kachitidwe kalikonse ka kuvotera kamene kanasankha pamaziko a fuko kapena chinenero cha anthu ochepa. Securiction 5 [ adafuna maulamuliro okhala ndi mbiri ya tsankho — makamaka m'Malekezero a Kummwera — kuti apeze chivomerezo cha boma, kapena " kutsendereza," asanapange masinthidwe alionse a njira zawo zovotera. [[FLT: 4.] Sact 4 (b) [FLT) inakhazikitsa njira yodziŵira kuti malamulo anali ophikira. Kuchitanso mayeso ndi ziŵiro zina zopimira. Chiyambukiro china china chinakwera mu 064] mu [1]

Kufutukula Franchise: 1965-19990

Mpumulo wa 26: Kuchepetsa Nyengo Yotanganitsa Zinthu

Paja mu 1971, Okonzanso 26 adavomereza kuti ayambe zaka za kuvota kuyambira 21 mpaka 18.

Lamulo la Kulembetsa la National Voter la 1993

Wodziŵika monga "Motor Voter" Act, lamulo limeneli likufuna kuti voti avomerezeke kwambiri mwa kufuna kuti maboma apereke mwayi wolembetsa ku maofesi a laisensi ya oyendetsa galimoto, mabungwe othandizira anthu onse, ndi maofesi a mautumiki opunduka. Linakhazikitsanso njira yolembera makalata amodzi. Kachitidweko kanawonjezera kwambiri kulembetsa, makamaka pakati pa anthu otsika ndi anthu ochepa, komanso kanayambitsanso mikangano yopitirizabe yokhudza kuvota ndi kudalirika kwa mapepala olembetsa.

Maballet Opingasa ndi Chinenero

Voting Rights Act inasinthidwa mu 1975 ndi 1982 kuphatikiza zitetezero za magulu a zinenero za anthu ochepa. Zilango za nzika za anthu olankhula chinenero china osati Chingelezi ziyenera kupereka zipangizo zovotera ndi chithandizo cha zinenero ziŵiri. Makonzedwe ameneŵa akhala ofunika kwambiri kutsimikizira kuti anthu a ku Spain, Asia, Eni America, ndi madera ena, ngakhale kuti kumvera ndi kutsata sikusintha.

Zana La 21: Rockback, Kubwereranso M’mbuyo, ndi Kulimbananso

Shelby County v. Wolamulira ndi Kufooka kwa VRA

Chochitika chimodzi chokha chotsatirapo cha ufulu wosankha m'nyengo yamakono chinali chigamulo cha 2013 cha Khoti Lalikulu John Roberts analemba kuti njirayi inali yochokera ku ma 1960 ndi 1970 ndipo sinavomerezenso mikhalidwe yomwe ilipo. Khotilo linapereka lingaliro lakuti, Court ikhale ndi ufulu wosankha.

Nyumba ya boma yalephera mobwerezabwereza kukwaniritsa njira yogwirizana ndi boma. Patangotha maola angapo kuchokera pamene boma linagamula, chigawo cha Texas, North Carolina, Alabama, ndi Mississippi anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo atsopano a ovota, kutseka malo ovota, ndi kutulutsa mapepala ofufuzira — kusintha kumene kukanafuna chilolezo cha boma. Kufufuza kwa 2018 kochitidwa ndi Boma Accounting Office kunapeza kuti malamulo a voti okha anachepetsa ndi maperesenti aŵiri, ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu kwambiri pakati pa ovota ochepa.

Malamulo a Chivomezi, Zochotsa, ndi Malo Osokera

Chiyambire 2013, malamulo oletsa kuvota akhazikitsidwa m'dziko lonselo. Ochirikiza amanena kuti amaletsa chinyengo cha kupeka, ngakhale kuti chinyengo chimenecho nchosapezeka. Otsutsa amatsutsa malamulo amakono a kupondereza ovota, kujomba kochepa, ndi kuvota okalamba amene sangakhale ndi chizindikiro chofunikira. Zoyeretsa zokhala ndi dzina lachikale, zochitidwa moyerekezera ndi kuyeretsa, zayambukiranso anthu ochepa ndi ocheperapo amene apeza. Pakati pa 2016 ndi 2019, oposa 17 miliyoni ovota anachotsedwa m'mapepala a Brennan Center ya Chilungamo.

Malo otsekera awonjezekanso. Pakati pa 2012 ndi 2020, malo ambiri a kum’mwera, makamaka m’madera a Black - jority, achepetsa kwambiri chiŵerengero cha malo oonera, zomwe zimachititsa kuti adikire nthawi zambiri ndi kuti achepe. Kusintha kumeneku, ngakhale kuti kawirikawiri kumakhala kosiyana pakati pa mitundu, kumakhala ndi zotsatirapo zosasinthasinthasinthasinthasintha.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kuzisintha

Partisan gerrymaning — kujambula magawo a masankho kuti apatse chipani chimodzi mwaŵi — kwakhala kocholoŵana ndi kwaukali ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mathekishoni apamwamba ndi mapu a programu. Kuŵerengera anthu ndi kupenda kotsatirapo kwa mapulogalamu kwapadera kunasonyezedwa ndi mapu ojambula kwambiri a m'mabwalo monga North Carolina, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, ndi Ohio. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhulupirira kuti paractic gerrymerning ndi funso lachiat lachiat , lokhoza kufikiridwa ndi makhoti a boma, mokhutiritsa mawu ovomereza kuletsa kulamulira.

Kulamulira kwaufuko kukukhalabe kovuta pansi pa Chikalata cha Zosankha, koma Chigamulo cha Shelby County chafooketsa ziŵiya zopezeka kwa otsutsa. Kuphatikizana kwa kugawana ndi kubwezera kwa mafuko kungaluluze mphamvu ya kuvota ngakhale pamene osankha ochepawo sanaletsedwe mwachindunji kuponya maboloti.

Kusankha kwa Anthu 2020

Chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2020 chinachitidwa pa mliri wapadziko lonse, kuwonjezera kuwonjezeka kwa kuvota posamutsa makalata, kuvota koyamba, ndi njira zina zopezera anthu. Turrout inali yaikulu kwambiri m'zaka zoposa 100, ndipo anthu oposa 155 miliyoni anavota. Komabe, chinyengo chofalikira — kuwonjezeka kwa Donald Trump ndi nduna yake yomwe panthaŵiyo inali wogwirizana naye — kunayambitsa kusadalirana ndipo, potsatira, ziletso zatsopano zopangira mapepala.

Mu 2021 ndi 2022, maboma 19 anakhazikitsa malamulo oposa 30 oletsa kulowa m'kuvota, malinga ndi Brennan Center . Malamulo ameneŵa amaphatikizapo zofunika za wovota zopotola zokhwima, malire pa kuvota, ziletso zoponya mabokosi, ndi zilango zowonjezereka zaupandu kwa akuluakulu a masankho ndi ovota. Panthaŵiyi, maboma ena, monga Georgia ndi Texas, akhazikitsanso malamulo amene apatsa akuluakulu a gulu la osankha ndi kukhazikitsa zigamulo.

Malo Amene Alipo Panopa Ndiponso Mavuto Amene Amakhalapobe

Kukhumudwa Kochititsa Chidwi

Aamereka pafupifupi 4.6 miliyoni satha kuvota chifukwa cha kusweka kwa mlandu. Malinga ndi lamulo la Sentensication Project . Malamulo ameneŵa amasiyana kwambiri ndi boma: maboma ena amabwezeretsa ufulu wosankha atamaliza chigamulo, pamene ena amafuna njira yofunsira, ndi mayiko aŵiri — Maine ndi Vermont — amalola akaidi kuvota. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa madera a Black ndi Hispanic kumatanthauza kuti kuchotsako ntchito monga chopinga chamakono kuti atengemo mbali, ndi mizu kubwerera kumbuyo ku nyengo yapambuyo pa kukonzanso pamene malamulo ameneŵa adalinganizidwa bwino kutsendetsera ku chisankho cha Blansi.

Kupeza Zoyendera M’matumba a Anthu

Ovota a ku America akupitirizabe kuyang'anizana ndi zopinga zapadera, kuphatikizapo kusoŵa maadiresi okhala, kuchepa kwa kulowa ku maofesi a DMV kaamba ka ovota, ndi tsankho ku malo ofunsira. Maboma ambiri, kuphatikizapo North Dakota ndi Montana, apereka malamulo amene ochirikiza Anambala a ku Nards akutsutsa motsutsana ndi mamembala a fuko. Nkhani 2020 Acristagua Band of Cahuilla Indiya . Schwarzegger [1] ndipo pambuyo pake kutsutsa kumenyera ufulu wa mafuko.

Kubwezeretsedwa kwa Lamulo Lopatsa Ufulu

Kuyesa kubwezeretsa ndi kulimbitsa Lamulo la Kuyenera kwa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe kwapangidwa m'Congress. Chikalata cha John Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act, chomwe chinaperekedwa ndi Nyumba mu 2021 ndi 2022, chikakonzanso njira yoperekera ndi kubwezeretsa lamulo loyambirira. Ufulu wa Vote Act ukanakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko kaamba ka kuvota koyamba, kuvota kwa makalata, ndi kulembetsa. Malamulo onsewa alephera kupita patsogolo mu Khoti chifukwa cha kutsendereza ndi kugwiritsira ntchito Revotister. Malamulo a boma ovomereza ufulu wa chisankho akupitirizabe kukhala funso lalikulu la ndale.

Kutengamo Mbali Pakati pa Achichepere ndi Nzika Zachibadwa

Achichepere anakwera mu 2020 koma osasintha. Nzika zachibadwa, zimene zimapanga mbali yowonjezereka ya voti, kaŵirikaŵiri zimayang'anizana ndi ziletso za chinenero, njira zocholoŵana, ndi kusocheretsedwa. Kuwonjezereka kwachikhalire kwa mavoti papositi ndi mavoti oyambirira kukhoza kuwonjezereka kapena, ngati kusweka, kuimika mastamenti omwe alipo.

Ntchito Yosaletsedwa ya Demokrase ya Amereka

Mbiri ya ufulu wovota ku United States siiri njira yolunjika kuchokera ku kuikidwa. Ndinkhani ya mapindu ovuta ogwirizana ndi kutsutsana ndi ndandanda ya nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Magwero a chilengedwe chonse cha makhalidwe abwino angawongolere ku chilungamo, monga momwe Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. ananenera motchuka, koma samasintha. Imakhomerezedwa ndi ochirikiza, olinganiza, maloya, ndi nzika wamba zimene zimakana kuvomereza kuchotsedwa kwa boma kukhala kwachikhalire.

Lerolino, kuphwanya malamulo nkochuluka kuposa pambali iliyonse m’mbiri ya America, komabe sikumakhala koyenera. Kufikira ku pepala la oimba kumadalirabe pa kumene munthu amakhala, fuko lawo, ndalama zawo, ndi kukhoza kwawo kuyendetsa malo ovuta kwambiri. Kumvetsa mbiri ya mmene tinafikira kuno — kusintha, malamulo, zigamulo za khoti, ndipo, koposa zonse, zoyesayesa zosatha za awo amene anamenyera ufulu wa kuvota — nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kutsimikizira kuti demokrase ya ku America ikukhala mogwirizana ndi lonjezo lake.