Chiyambi: Kachipangizo Kotetezera Olephera Kuteteza

Bukhu la Malamulo la United States linalingaliridwa poyamba kukhala loletsa boma la boma lokha. Maboma anasiidwa omasuka kulongosola ukulu wa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, chenicheni chimene chinasiya Aamereka ambiri . Makamaka ziŵalo a magulu opatulidwa ndi kuponderezedwa ndi malamulo a boma. Chiphunzitso cha kuphatikizana kosasankha, chozikidwa pa Servement’s Procession ya 147 Reformation Claus, chinasintha kwambiri dziko. Mwakufuna kuti maboma alemekeze ufulu wochuluka wotchulidwa m'malamulo a Livill of Rights, gulu losankha lakhala njira yodalirika yotetezera anthu osoŵa chitetezo ku tsankho, kuchitiridwa nkhanza, ndi kachitidwe kopanda chilungamo kwa boma.

Kusankha sikunadziwike kuti anthu agwirizane ndi ufulu wao. M’malo mwake, kumachitika mlandu, kumanja, kudzera m'makhoti a boma. Kuphatikizanso kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti ufulu umene amauona kukhala “wogwirizana ndi njira yolamulira ya ufulu” wapangidwa ku mayiko. Anthu opanda chitetezo cha boma ndi mafuko ang'onoang'ono, akazi, LGBTQ+, anthu opunduka, osauka, ndi achipembedzo chakhala galimoto yaikulu imene yakhala ikusungidwa ndi ufulu wawo wa anthu wamba ku boma.

Mbiri Yayamba Kusintha

Ulendo wa kusankha unayamba ndi chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Barron v. Baltimore [1] (1833), lomwe linakhulupirira kuti Bill of Rights inagwira ntchito ku boma lokha, osati ku maboma. Kulamulirako kunakhalapo kwa zaka makumi ambiri, ngakhale pambuyo pa kusokonezeka kwa Malamulo a 149 mu 1868, amene ali ndi mawu akuti “Boma lililonse lidzalanda munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Kuyesa msanga kugwiritsira ntchito Commotion of Rights ku mabomawo kunatsutsidwa, monga mu [FOLD2:] Case- Case [FFON] [F3] [183] [18], pamene Khoti la lamulo la I - drougnognet .

Chiphunzitso chamakono cha kugwirizanitsa kosankha chinatulukira kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20. Gitlow v. New York [FLT:] (1925), Bwalo Lapamwamba linasonyeza kuti ufulu wa Kusintha Koyamba ndi kusindikiza unagwiritsidwa ntchito ku maboma kudzera ku Century Process Claus. Pambuyo pa zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, Khoti linagwiritsa ntchito “maufulu apamwamba” kuyesa kuti lione kuti ndi ati ufulu wa Boma unali wofunika kwambiri kuti alemekeze ufulu umene uyeneranso kuulemekeza. Monga momwe Chilungamo cha Kadio chinalembera motchuka mu [FLD:2] Plat v. Conftocticut , (197) “mayenera kuvomereza ufulu wa ufulu wa kusiyanitsa ndi ufulu umenewu. Monga momwe Chilungamo cha Blamo lotchuka chosiyana ndi Chigamu cha Chigamu chonse cha Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Blansi. Chikalata chotchedwa Blation, chotchedwa kuti chivomereze ndi“ Zoweruza cha Malamulo cha Blansinsinsiti.

Mwa zosankha zambiri, zambiri za iwo zochokera ku kupanda chilungamo kumene kunachitidwa ndi magulu osoŵa chitetezo . Khotili laphatikiza pafupifupi makonzedwe onse a Bill of Rights . Chodabwitsa n’chosiyana ndi lamulo la Third Amendment loletsa asilikali kupitirira theka, Findmerment yofunikira kuti apereke mlandu waukulu kwa ajuli, ndi kuletsa kwa Eighth Amendment pa beil yochulukitsitsa. Koma chitetezo chachikulu cha ufulu wa kulankhula, kutetezera chipembedzo, ku ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njiru, kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu, kuyenera kwa kutsutsana ndi mboni, kukana kuweruza auchiweruzi ndi chilango chankhanza ndi maboma achilendo.

Mmene Kusankha Kwabwino Kumatetezera Motsimikizirika Anthu Okhoza Kuletseka

Maboma ndi maboma ambiri a boma, chifukwa chakuti nthawi zambiri ankakhazikitsa malamulo amene ankavulaza mwachindunji magulu ameneŵa, kukhazikitsa malamulo odzisankhira kunakhala chida chofunika kwambiri chopezerapo mavuto malamulo ameneŵa m’khoti. Pansipa, tikufufuza mmene kuphatikiza ufulu wachindunji kwatetezera anthu ambiri osatetezeka.

Ufuko ndi Umodzi Waumodzi

Palibe gulu limene lapindula ndi kusankha mitundu ing'onoing'ono, makamaka Aafirika. Infligitions . .Thitreetenth , 145th , ndi 15th . Inalinganizidwa kuchotsa malamulo a ukapolo, koma Kummwera inakhazikitsa dongosolo latsopano la kugawa ndi kuchotsapo ndi kugaŵana kodziŵika monga Jim Crow. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza kusankhidwa kwa fuko pansi pa “osiyana koma olingana” chiphunzitso cha [[FLT: 0]. Pylvelv. Ferguson[FL:1] (18). Komabe, kuphatikiza kosankha kunalola khoti kuukira malamulo a boma pomalizira pake monga kuswa ufulu waukulu.

Nkhani yotayika inali Brown v. Board of Education (1954), yomwe inanena kuti kusankhana mafuko m'masukulu a anthu inaswa chitetezo cha Kutetezera kwa M’mbuyo wa 144. Ngakhale kuti Brown anagamulidwa pa chitetezo chofanana m’malo mwa kukhazikitsa maziko, malingaliro ake anazikidwa pa chiphunzitso chakuti kuyenera kwa kusakhala apandu kunali kofunikira. Mapanganowo anaphatikizapo chitetezo cha Kusintha koyamba kwa kulankhula ndi msonkhano kuti atetezere ufulu wa anthu. [FLT:] [FLT:]] Mafulk] Ogwirizana. South Caroline V[FLT: 3] [63] anatsutsa chitsimikiziro cha kutsutsa mtendere wa boma, kukhazikitsa malamulo okhazikitsa malamulo. [Foptting: [Fov]

Kuphatikizapo kwa Kusintha kwa Kachinayi kotetezera ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, kogwiritsiridwa ntchito mu Mapp v. Ohio [1] (1961), kunalinso ndi zotsatira zazikulu kwa anthu ochepa. Apolisi tsopano anafunikira kupeza zikalata zozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuyendetsa mitundu ya anthu pansi pa malamulo a boma. Lamulolo . Linapeza umboni woletsedwa [1]

Akazi ndi Uchinyama

Kusankha kwakhalanso kothandiza kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa akazi. Ngakhale kuti bungwe la Expand Protection Claus of the 144th Amendment linamasuliridwa poyamba kuti lilole tsankho la kugonana, kuphatikizidwa kwa njira zofunikira ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha kunatsegula njira zatsopano. Mu Reed v. Reed[FLD:1] (1971], Khoti Lapamwamba la nthaŵi yoyamba linaphwanya lamulo la boma limene linapatula pa maziko a kugonana, kugwiritsa ntchito chinjirizo la Acikomyunizimu la kumanja kwa Clausle. Koma linali kuphatikiza kwa kuyenera kwa kulowa kwa munthu mmodzi, Wachisanu, Wachisanu, ndi Wachisanu, ndi Wam'chisanu, ndi wotsatira malamulo a Sept .

Mu Roe v. Wade [773]), khoti linazindikira kuti ufulu wa malamulo wa kubisa zinthu waperekedwa ku chigamulo cha mkazi cha kuchotsa mimba. Pamene kuli kwakuti Roe [ adagwedezeka kuyambira pamenepo, chiphunzitso chachinsinsi cha m’kati chinamangidwa pa kuphatikiza. [papitalipa] Ndani [[FLT] Amene Mkazi wathanzi ndi . Hellerst (20] (20) adadalira pachitetezero cha 144 Deslation of Deration (kuchotsa mimba) chomwe chinaika ziletso zosayenerera kufunafuna chisamaliro. Kwa akazi, kutetezera ufulu wa kutetezera ufulu wa kudziko la Texas.

Kwa anthu, kuphatikizana kwa mtundu umodzi, kwapanga maziko a malamulo a boma ovuta omwe amakana kuwachitira mofanana. Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015), Khoti Lalikulu linaphatikiza kuyenera kwa ukwati wa pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi mmodzi pansi pa Ser Project ndi Security Classies . Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani yaikulu ya kulankhula za mkhalidwe wa kugonana, kulingalira kwake n’kwakuti ufulu wa kukwatira ndi kutetezera anthu muukwati ndi kuukholo. Kuwonjezera apo, ufulu wa ufulu wa kukhazikitsa ufulu wa kulankhula kwa Oyambirira wa kuuzana kuti adzisonyeze kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi.

LGBTQ+ chitaganya

Kuphatikizidwa kwa kuyenera kwa mayanjano achinsinsi ndi kubisika kunali kosiyana kwa LGBTQ+ anthu. Mu Lawrence v. Texas (2003), Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula lamulo la Texas limene linapanga lamulo la kuphwanya lamulo la communism sodomy. Jaji Kennedy, kulemba kwa anthu ochuluka, anakhulupirira kuti ufulu wotetezedwa ndi Ceclaus Clausce anaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa achikulire kuchita za kugonana mwachinsinsi popanda kusokonezedwa ndi boma. [FLT:] LT:] LLT. mokhutiritsa anagwirizanitsa kuyenera kwa kugonana, kugwedetsedwa [FLD:] BVFFFF]

Kumanga pa Lawnce , khoti mu . Chosankhachi chinaphatikiza kulingana kwa ukwati monga lamulo la dziko lonse, malamulo a boma omwe analetsa ukwati wapakati. Kulamulirako kunali ndi mapindu aakulu a LGBTQ , kuphatikizapo ufulu wotenga ana, choloŵa, ndi kusamala za m'chipatala. Kupanda kusamalana ndi ufulu wa anthu ambiri.

Ndiponso, kuphatikizidwa kwa ufulu wa kulankhula wa First Amendment ndi ziganizo zaufulu za LGBTQ+ anthu pa kusanthula kwa boma kwa mawu awo ndi malamulo amene angawakakamize kubisa kudziŵika kwawo. Khotilo mobwerezabwereza lanena kuti boma silingakakamize anthu kulankhula m’njira zimene zimachotsera anthu ufulu wawo, kuchirikiza chitetezo chimenechi m’Gamplement yophatikizapo First Amendment.

Anthu Olumala

Pamene kuli kwakuti mbali yaikulu ya mapangano amakono a zoyenera za kupunduka ndi statory (American Okhala ndi Chilamulo Chopunduka cha 1990, Chilamulo cha Rehabilitation Act cha 1973), kuphatikizana kwa malamulo ena alamulo kwapereka chitetezo chowonjezereka. Chiletso cha Eighth Amendment pa chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo, chophatikizidwa mu Robinson v. California [FLD] [1962] [1962] [I]) Chinagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuswa lamulo la boma limene linaipangitsa kukhala chipandu kuti “ike kumwerekera ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Bwamalu linali ndi chilango cha kumwerekera kwa zinthu zachilendo, chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chimagwirizana ndi kupunduka kwa [1] Chilema cha Selmergated . Lamulo limeneli lakhala likutetezera anthu ndi matenda a m’maganizo chifukwa cha kulangidwa kwa anthu chifukwa cha chiwerumo.

. . . . . . . . . [[FLT: 1] . [1982], Khoti Lapamwamba la Supreme linafotokoza kuti munthu wolemala maganizo amene anadzipereka ku bungwe la boma anali ndi njira yoyenerera yoperekera chithandizo choyenera pa mikhalidwe yotetezeka, ufulu wakudzilamulira, ndi maphunziro oyenerera. Posachedwapa, Olmested v. L. L. (1999) anamasulira ADC kulongosola kuti apereke machitidwe oyenera kwa anthu pamene ali oyenerera, komanso khoti logwirizana ndi ufulu wake wodziŵika ndi ufulu woyenerera ndi Claus.

Kutetezeredwa kwa Lamulo Lachinayi la Kuletsa kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri kwakhalanso kofunika kwambiri kwa anthu opunduka, makamaka m’nkhani ya kudzipereka kwaufulu ndi kuchinjiriza. Makhoti afuna kuti atsatire njira zotetezera zokhwima za m’thupi asanamanidwe munthu ufulu wa kuthupi, kutsimikizira kuti anthu osavuta samasungidwa popanda kuchitapo kanthu.

Anthu Osoŵa Chuma

Amphaŵi kaŵirikaŵiri akhala osavuta kwambiri kugonjetsa, makamaka m'dongosolo la chiweruzo. Kusankha kwapereka chitetezo chofunika kwa oimbidwa mlandu olakwa. Mu Gideon v. Wainright [1963], Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti kuyenera kwa Sixth Amendment kuperekedwa kwa maupandu, kufunikiritsa kupereka malo a loya kwa oimbidwa mlandu amene sangathe kulipira wina. Chigamulochi chinali chachilendo chifukwa chakuti chinafanana ndi kuseŵera pakati pa olemera ndi osauka. Momwemonso, Griffin. Illinone v [FF:3] [1956]

Kuikidwa kwa chiletso cha Seveni cha Kusintha zinthu, chogwiritsiridwa ntchito mu Timbs v. Indiana (2029), kutetezera anthu olandira katundu wawo kugwidwa ndi boma kupyolera m'makwanero a boma. Kulamulira kumeneku kunayesa kukhoza kwa boma ndi apolisi a kumaloko kupeza phindu la kulanda chuma cha osauka. Mchitidwe wa Classiace umafunanso kuti anthu amve kaye asanathetse mapindu a mtendere ([[FLT:]] Goldberg v. Kelly ., , akutsimikizira kuti boma silingadule popanda thandizo.

Anthu Ang’onoang’ono Achipembedzo ndi Osamuka

Free Exening Classie of the First Amendment, yophatikizidwa mu Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940), imateteza zipembedzo za anthu aang'ono ku malamulo a boma amene amayang'anira zikhulupiriro zawo kapena zochita zawo. Mwachitsanzo, Mboni za Yehova, zinapindula mwamsanga pamene Khoti linawononga lamulo la boma lofuna kuti anthu apeze chilolezo, posunga kuti boma silingagwirizanitse chipembedzo pa laibulale yalamulo. [[FLT:] [FLT] V.V.Vner [FL:] [196]), Khoti inakhazikitsa lamulo laulerezo popanda chitetezero cha chipembedzo.

Kwa osamukira kudziko, kuphatikizapo kwasankha kwakhala kochepa chifukwa boma la boma limasunga mphamvu yaikulu pa kusamuka. Komabe, Act Procession Claus imateteza anthu, osati nzika zokha, m’gawo la U.S.. [[FLT: 0] Plyler v. Doe (1982], Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa lamulo la Texas limene linakana maphunziro a anthu onse osalembedwa kuti ana. Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti kukondera kwa boma kuswa Expressoal Claus, kulingalira kuti ana anali opanda chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo lililonse la kusamuka ndi kuti maphunziro anali ofunika kwambiri. Kupambana, kuwonjezera kutetezedwa kwa ufulu wa anthu. [FOLD:2] . [FFT.FFT3] [FFF]] [2001], Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti Khoti losagawanika la Crome, kumasulidwa kwa Boma Clavice, ngakhale kumasula koyenera ku ufulu wa boma.

Malire a Kusankha

Ngakhale kuti pali mphamvu, kuphatikizapo sikuli chitetezero changwiro. Si zonse zimene zaikidwa m'bungwe la ufulu. Chifuniro cha Find 5 Conference kuti aweruze mlandu waukulu wa ajuli m'milandu ya boma sichimagwira ntchito ku mayiko. Chitetezero cha Third Amendment suli cholembedwa, ngakhale kuti sichiri chofunikira. Chofunika kwambiri, ufulu wachiŵiri wa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida unasungidwa mu [[FL:0] McDonald v. Chicago. (20: 10) , ndi ukulu wa zimene zikukhalabe zopikisana. Anthu otetezeka akukhala ndi malamulo oletsa angapezenso ufulu wawo wachiŵiri wotetezera, koma angawonjezenso kuopsa kwa kusoŵa ziletso zoyendera ufulu wa chipani.

Komanso, kusankha mayanjano sikuletsa kukonderana kwa boma. Malamulo a Khoti Lalikulu a kupenda amasiyana. Malamulo a mafuko, khotilo limagwiritsira ntchito kupenda kosamalitsa, kumene kuli kovuta kukhutiritsa maboma. Koma kuti magawo ozikidwa pa kupunduka, msinkhu, kapena chuma, Khoti lizigwiritsa ntchito maziko oyenera, likupatsa lamulo losonyeza kuchedwetsa kwakukulu. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti magulu osatetezeka samaikidwa kukhala “ayeso". kapena“ makalasi a a a aasi" pansi pa ezachitetezo za kuteteza Clauslease angakupeze kukhala kovuta kutsutsa lamulo lalamulo lalamulo la lamulo la lamulo mwa kuphatikizapo kokha.

Kuphatikizanso, kutetezeredwa kwa anthu osatetezereka kumadalira pa kufunitsitsa kwa makhoti a boma kuzindikira zoyenera zatsopano. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, Khoti Lalikulu lachita mosamala kwambiri kuti likhale ndi ufulu wokhudzana ndi kuchotsa mimba, kukana kupanga magulu atsopano a ufulu wofunika kwambiri pa Centre Proces Claus. Mwachitsanzo, Khotilo linagwa mu . Jackson Mabungwe a Zaumoyo [Akazi] ndi . Chigamulo chimenechi sichingasinthidwe kapena kuchepetsedwa ndi masinthidwe a nzeru zapamwamba za anthu.

Kumaliza: Kusankha Anthu Kukhala Oyenera Kukhala ndi Moyo

Kusankha kuphatikizapo kudakali chimodzi cha ziphunzitso zofunika kwambiri za lamulo zotetezera ufulu wa anthu otetezereka. Mwa kupanga unyinji wa Malamulo a Ufulu Woyenera wa maboma, kumatsimikizira kuti ufulu wofunika kwambiri . "ukatangale, kusindikiza, chipembedzo, uphungu, umbuli, ndi kuyenera kwa boma. Mbiri ya kuphatikiza anthu odzisankhira ndiyo mbiri ya ufulu womakula: kuyambira pa kulowa m’malo kwa ufulu wa kuteteza otsutsa ndale zadziko, kufikira ku kugwirizanitsidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu osauka, ku ku kugwirizanitsa kwaposachedwapa kwa kulingana kwa ukwati kwa okwatirana amodzimodziwo.

Kwa aliyense amene moyo wake umadalira pa kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu walamulo, kuphatikizidwa kwapadera kuli mlatho walamulo pakati pa lonjezo la Bill of Rights ndi mphamvu yeniyeni ya boma. Nzika zokhoza kuloŵetsedwamo zakhala zothandizira zazikulu za mlatho umenewu, kuugwiritsira ntchito kutsutsa kugaŵana, tsankho, chilango, ndi kukana mautumiki ofunika. Pamene dziko likupitirizabe kulimbana ndi nkhani za kusalingana ndi chilungamo, kugawana kosankha kudzakhala chida chofunika kwambiri chothandizira kutsimikizira kuti palibe boma lingatsutse anthu ake ufulu womasulira ufulu wa ku America.

[[ML:0] Ziŵiya:[[Mboni:1]