Chiphunzitso cha Chisinthiko Chimene Chinasintha Kumasuka kwa Anthu a ku America

M'mbiri yonse ya zamalamulo ku America, malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ochepa akhala ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu kwambiri pa kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi kuposa chiphunzitso cha kuloŵetsedwamo. Dongosolo la malamulo limeneli, lozikidwa pa Kusintha kwa 14th Amendment, lasintha ubale pakati pa maboma a boma ndi ufulu wotsimikiziridwa ndi Bill of Rights. Kwa ochirikiza ufulu wa nzika. Kumvetsetsa ufulu wa nzika, nkofunika chifukwa chakuti limakhazikitsa maziko alamulo kaamba ka kutsutsana kwa malamulo kwa zitetezero zazikulu za malamulo.

Asanaloŵetsedwe m’bungwe la Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Anthu, linagwira ntchito kokha ku boma la boma, kusiyira maboma ufulu wa kuletsa kulankhula, kufunafuna kosalingalira, kapena kukana njira yoyenerera. Chiphunzitso cha kulowa m'gulu chinasintha zonsezo mwa kupanga kuti Malamulo a Ufulu Woyenera kwambiri alimbikitsidwe kutsutsana ndi boma ndi maboma akwawo. Kusintha kumeneku sikunachitike usiku umodzi; kunaonekera kudzera m'zigamulo zapadera za khoti la Supreme Court zomwe zinatenga mbali yaikulu ya zaka za zana la 20. Chotulukapo ndicho malo alamulo ovomerezeka bwino kwambiri m’mene ufulu wa anthu amayenera kutetezera maboma onse 50.

Maziko a Kusintha

Malamulo oloŵetsedwamo ali m'Chilamulo cha 14th Amendment , chovomerezedwa mu 1868. Chikalata chake cha Accounting Claus chikunena kuti palibe boma limene li "lingachotse munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda dongosolo loyenerera la lamulo" kwa zaka makumi ambiri, akatswiri ndi oweruza anatsutsana ngati mawu ameneŵa adayenera kugwiritsira ntchito Bill of Rights ku maboma (kuphatikizapo zonse) kapena ufulu wokhawo wolingaliridwa kuti "kusankha ufulu" (kusankha ufulu).

Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kulowa m’gulu losankha, kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu pa mlandu umodzi pa maziko. Kuyesa kuti kaya kuyenera kuli kophatikizapo kumafunsa kaya ngati kuli "kugwirizana ndi lingaliro la ufulu wolamulidwa" kapena "kuzikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ya mtundu umenewu ndi miyambo. Kutsatira kumeneku kwalola khoti kukulitsa chitetezo pang’onopang’ono pamene likulemekeza ufulu wa boma ndi ufulu wa boma.

Jasitisi Benjamin Cardozo analongosola muyezo wofunika kwambiri mu Palko v. Connecticut [1] (1937 , akulongosola kuti ufulu wina ndi wofunika kwambiri kwakuti kuphwanya kwawo kukakhala "kusokonezeka kwa ufulu wofunika kwambiri polingalira za ufulu wolamulidwa . Malamulo ameneŵa otsogozedwa zaka makumi ambiri a kusankha zochita ndipo adakali otchuka lerolino.

Ntchito ya Lamulo la 14 la Dongosolo la Claus

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boma lililonse lidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda lamulo... Zachigamulo za khotizo zatsimikizirabe mfundo yofunika pa ufulu ndi chilungamo. Kumasulira kumeneku sikunachotsedwe malamulo; otsutsa anatsutsa kuti opanga malamulo a kukonza za ufulu wa 145 Demetrine Reformation sanafune kuti atengere Bill of Rights. Komabe, zigamu za khotilo latsimikizirabe mfundo yokhudza ufulu wa munthu, kupanga maziko a malamulo otetezera dziko lonse.

Kukula kwa Mbiri Yakale kwa Kusintha

Kwa zaka za zana loyamba pansi pa Konsichushoni, Bill of Rights inagwira ntchito kokha ku boma la boma. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsimikizira zimenezi mu Barron v. Baltimore (1833), kumene Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anakhulupirira kuti Kukonzanso zinthu kwachisanu sikunagwire ntchito. Kuletsa kumeneku kunatanthauza kuti maboma angakhoze, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri anachita, kuswa ufulu umene tsopano timaulingalira kukhala waufulu, ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi kutetezera ku kusanthula kosayenera kwa boma.

Kuikidwa mwalamulo kwa Lamulo la 14 mu 1868 kunayambitsa maluso atsopano, koma poyamba khotilo linazengereza kuligwiritsira ntchito kukakamiza Bhili la Zoyenera kutsutsa maboma.

Kusintha Koyamba: Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Nkhani yochititsa chidwi imene inatsegulira khomo loti aloŵetsedwemo inali Gitlow v. New York (1925). Benjamin Gitlow anali wochirikiza chipani cha anthu wozembera kuimbidwa mlandu pa kutsutsa kwa upandu wa ku New York chifukwa chofalitsa chilengezo chochirikiza kugwetsedwa kwa boma. Gitlow anatsutsa kuti chigamulo chake choyambirira chinaswa ufulu wake wa kulankhula. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsimikizira chitsimikizo chake, kupeza kuti kulimba mtima kwake sikunali kutetezeredwa, koma m'khoti la mlandu wakupanga chilengezo chachikulu: "Popeza kuti tili ndi kuganiza kuti ufulu wa kulankhula ndi wa manyuzipepala ndi kusindikiza koyamba kumbuyo kokambirana koyambirira kupwindamakula ndi kumbuyo kwa ufulu wa munthu wotetezedwa ndi ufulu wa munthu mmodzi wa kumbuyo kwa ufulu wa ku kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa ku kumbuyo kwa lamulo la kukhazikitsa kwa lamulo kwa Coumoni choyamba.

Pamene Gitlow analephera mlandu wake, lamulo la lamulo limene anakhazikitsa linatsegula njira ya kupambana ufulu wa anthu kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Mlanduwo unasonyeza kuti chitetezo cha ufulu wa ufulu wa kuyankhula cha First Amendment, chomwe kale chinali chitetezero kwa ochenjeredwa a boma, tsopano chikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa maboma ndi boma.

Kusankha Kutenga: 1930s-1960s

Pambuyo pa Getlow , Bwalo lamilandu linaphatikizapo Bill of Rights . Near v. Minnesota[FL:3] (1931]), Khoti linaphatikiza ufulu wa osindikiza, kuswa lamulo la boma limene linalola zofalitsa. [FLT:] [FLT:] [4] DEVONE v. Oregon (37]) inaphatikiza kuyenera kwa msonkhano wamtendere. Cantwell. Connecticut v[F:] (1940]) m'maseŵera a chipembedzo.

Ma 1960, pansi pa Justice Earl Warren, adawona kuwonjezereka kodabwitsa kwa kuphatikizidwa. Khoti la Warren linali lokangalika kwambiri m'kugwiritsira ntchito njira zaupandu ku maiko. Mapp v. Ohio [1] (1961]) adaphatikiza lamulo la Demendment [Lachinayi Lopansidentimenti, lofuna kuti makhoti a boma asatulutse umboni wopezeka kuchokera ku ku ku kufufuzidwa kosayenera ndi kudwala. [[FLT:] Gedeon v. Wainright [1] [1963] (1963]) adaphatikizapo lamulo la Sikisith Demendment ku uphungu, kutsimikizira kuti olakwa ali ndi ufulu wa ku maloyansi. [FLD] [FLD]

Mapangano ena ofunika anaphatikizapo Klopefer . North Carolina [FLT :1] (1967) kaamba ka kuyenera kwa kuyesa kofulumira, Dincan v. Louisiana (1968) kaamba ka kuyenera kwa mlandu wa ajuli m'mabwalo a milandu aakulu, ndipo . Maryland v. (69]) kaamba ka chitetezo ku ngozi yowirikiza kaŵiri. Pofika kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Warren, pafupifupi chitetezo chonse m'mabwalo la ufulu wa anthu, chinali .

Nkhani Zazikulu Zimene Zinaumba Chiphunzitso Chosemphana ndi Malamulo

Kumvetsetsa nkhani zapadera zimene zinayambitsa chiphunzitsocho nkofunika kwambiri pa ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu.

Kusintha Koyamba kwa Malamulo

  • Gitrow v. New York (1925) [1] – Mawu aulere agwiritsidwa ntchito ku magawo
  • Near v. Minnesota (1931) [[FL:1] – Ufulu wa nyuzipepala
  • De Jonge v. Oregon (1937)[FL:1] – Kumanja kwa msonkhano
  • Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940) [1] – Kutsatira chipembedzo kwaulere kunagwiritsiridwa ntchito
  • Everson v. Board of Education (1947) – kukhazikitsa Claus

Kukonzanso kwachinayi

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961)[FLT ] – Lamulo la Exclussion
  • Wolf v. Colorado (1949) [[FL:1] – kufunafuna ndi kugwidwa ndi chibayo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito

Kusintha Zinthu kwa Kasanu

  • Chahicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad v. Chicago (1897) [1] – Kutenga Claus
  • Malloy v. Hogan (64) [1] – Mwayi wotsutsa kudzipatula wogwiritsidwa ntchito
  • Benton v. Maryland (1 969)[[FL:1] – chitetezo cha ngozi chogwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵiri

Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Chisanu ndi Chimodzi

  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) [1] [1] – Kuyenera kwa uphungu wogwiritsiridwa ntchito
  • Pointer v. Texas (65) [1] – Kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi mboni zolembedwa
  • Klopefer . North Carolina (1967) [1] – Kuyenera kuyesa mofulumira
  • Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) – Kuyenera kuzenga mlandu wa ajuli

Kusintha Zinthu kwa Malamulo kwa Malamulo Kumene Kunachititsa Kuti Pakhale Ufulu Wachisanu ndi Chitatu

  • Robinson v. California (62)[FL:1] – Chilango chachilendo ndi chachilendo choperekedwa

Chiyambukiro cha Chiphunzitsocho pa Kumasuka kwa Chiŵeniŵeni

Chiphunzitso chophatikizapo chakhala chida champhamvu kwa ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu, kupereka maziko alamulo kutsutsa malamulo a boma ndi zochita zimene zimaswa ufulu walamulo. Atsogoleri asanayambe, anafunikira kudalira kwambiri pa malamulo a boma ndi makhoti a boma, amene kaŵirikaŵiri anapereka zitetezero zocheperapo. Kukhazikitsa ufulu wa boma umene maboma onse ayenera kuulemekeza, kutsimikizira kuti nzika ya Mississippi imasangalala ndi malamulo a Otetezera a Fourth Mendement monga nzika ya Massachusetts.

Kufanana kumeneku kwatsimikizira kukhala kosuliza m'mbali zingapo. Kuphatikizapo malamulo aupandu, maboma akakamiza kupereka maloya kwa oimbidwa mlandu, kuchotsapo umboni wopezeka mosakhala mwa lamulo, ndi kupereka machenjezo omveka bwino ponena za kuyenera kwa kukhala chete. M'malo a ufulu wa kulankhula, kuphatikizapo kulola mabungwe aufulu a boma kutsutsa malamulo a boma ndi kuteteza mawu otsutsa. M'malamulo achipembedzo, kuphatikiza malamulo oyanja chipembedzo chimodzi kwachititsa kuvomereza chipembedzo china kapena kutsendereza chipembedzo china.

Kwa mabungwe onga American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) ndi Center for Constitution Rights , kuphatikizapo kumapereka zipolopolo za lamulo zobweretsa milandu mwachindunji ku khoti la boma pansi pa 42 U.S.C. . . . . . chigamulo chimene chimaloleza anthu kusungirira akuluakulu a boma chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo. Njira imeneyi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'nkhondo za m'mabungwe, ufulu wa akaidi, ndi kuvuta kuyang’anira maprogramu a boma.

Kupatsa Mphamvu Boma Linawazetsa

Kugwirizanitsa kwaperekanso mphamvu zochirikiza kugwira ntchito pa mlingo wa boma. Chifukwa chakuti Bill of Rights yolembedwayo imakhazikitsa muyezo wochepa, maboma angapite patsogolo kutetezera ufulu pansi pa malamulo awo. Makhoti aakulu ambiri amasulira malamulo awo a boma kupereka zitetezero zazikulu kuposa za boma la Boma la Boma . Kutsatira kwake kumatchedwa "University yatsopano yachiweruzo ya boma. Chotero kumapanga dongosolo lamphamvu ziŵiri: malo a boma a ufulu ndi kuthekera kwa kuchirikiza zitetezero za boma. Ochirikiza malamulo angasankhe mwadongosolo kuti alondole kapena kulondola malamulo a boma pansi pa boma, malinga ndi zimene zimapereka chitetezo cholimba.

Kulimbitsa Uyang’aniro wa Chiweruzo

Chiphunzitso choloŵetsedwamo chawonjezera kwambiri uyang'aniro wa boma wa machitidwe a boma. Makhoti a Federal tsopano amapenda mokhazikika njira za upandu wa boma, malamulo a boma olamulira ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi machitidwe a boma oyambukira ufulu wachipembedzo. Uyang’aniro umenewu wapangitsa maboma kukhala oŵerengera kwambiri ku Malamulo ndipo wathandiza kuchotsa machitachita amene amaswa zoyenera zapadera. Kukhoza kubweretsa milandu m’khoti la boma, ndi chitetezo chake cha ufulu wa boma ndi mphamvu ya ufulu wa anthu, kwakhala phindu lalikulu kwa ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu.

Komabe, uyang'aniro wofutukuka umenewu wachititsanso kupeputsa. Osuliza amanena kuti kuphatikiza kuwonongeka kwa boma ndi kulola oweruza a boma kusankha njira zachiŵiri za boma. Oweruza ena, makamaka Clarence Thomas, adakayikira chiphunzitso chosankhika, kutsutsana za kubwerera ku chidziŵitso choyambirira chimene Bill of Rights samagwira ntchito ku maboma. Ngakhale kuti zigamulo zimenezi, kuphatikizako zidakali zogwirizana ndi malamulo ndipo zimavomerezedwa kwambiri ndi anthu alamulo.

Ufulu Wopanda Malamulo ndi Tsogolo la Kusemphana Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti Bill of Rights Office yaikulu yakhala ikusungidwa, matumba angapo sagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mpando wachitatu woletsa asilikali opitirira theka sunagwiritsiridwe ntchito m'mayikowo, ngakhale kuti zimenezi ndi chifukwa chakuti ufulu wachisanu sunapezeke. Kuyenera kwa Commergament kwa kupatsidwa mlandu waukulu wa ajuli, ndipo mayiko amakhalabe omasuka kugwiritsira ntchito njira zina zothandizira monga kuweruza kapena chidziŵitso. Lamulo la Eighth Amendment la kuchulukitsitsa ndalama silinanso kuloŵetsedwa mwalamulo, ngakhale kuti Khotilo lakhala ndi chitetezo chogwirizana ndi lamulo la Gweruzo la Claus Claus.

Second Amendment inapereka funso lotsutsa kwambiri. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, Bwalo Lapamwamba silinagamule ngati kuyenera kusunga ndi kunyamula zida kunali kogwirizana ndi maboma. Chimene chinasintha mu McDonald v. Chicago [1] (2010]), pamene khoti linakhazikitsa Second Amendment , kuletsa chibage cha Chicago. Chigalamu chinali 5-4, ndi Jamu Samuel Alito analemba kuti ufulu wa kudziimira pawekha ndi "chidziŵitso cha Dziko Lonse laufulu."

Tsogolo la kuloŵetsedwamo lingaphatikizepo kuyenera kosandandalikidwa mwachindunji mu Bill of Rights. Mwachitsanzo, kuyenera kwa kukhala kwaumwini, kodziŵika mu . Connecticut (65]) ndi kofutukulidwa mu [[FLT:] Roe v. Wade [[FLD:3] [7773])] ndi [FLT] ]bergefell v. Hodgev . Hodges (20: 5), imachokera ku "UMB" ya Bill of Rights ndi Demeticivementsss Claus Claus. Izi sizikutsatira ufulu wa mwambo wofanana, koma zimangotsatira ufulu wofanana ndi wofanana ndi wotsatira ufulu wa anthu.

Mabuku Othandiza Othandiza Ochirikiza Masiku Ano

Kwa ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu amakono, chiphunzitso chophatikizapo chimakhala chida chofunika kwambiri. Pamene chitokoso lamulo la boma limene limalemetsa kulankhula mwaufulu kapena kukhazikitsa zilango zaukali, funso loyamba liri: Kodi lamulo limeneli limaswa lamulo loikidwa ndi lamulo? Ngati nditero, wochirikizayo angabweretse chinenezo pansi pa lamulo la boma, kufunafuna mpumulo wa mwamsanga m’khoti la boma. Njira imeneyi imalola ochirikiza kupyola makhoti audani ndi kudalira pa zitsanzo za boma zopangidwa bwino.

Kugwirizanitsa kumathandizanso mkupiti wa mlandu m'dziko lonselo. Mabungwe angapange makhoti ofanana m’maiko ambiri, kudalira pa malamulo alamulo amodzimodziwo, kutsutsa machitachita ofalikira monga kujambula fuko, malamulo a ovota, kapena ziletso pa ntchito yotsutsa. Kufanana kwa ufulu wophatikizidwa kulola ochirikiza kuyambitsa mafotokozedwe achidule ndi mawu a mfundo zimene zimagwira ntchito mosasinthasintha kumbali zina.

Ndiponso, kuphatikizapo kukuyambitsa mafunso atsopano a zamalamulo. Mapangano aposachedwapa okhudza kuletsa kutembenuza anthu, ziletso pa mapulogalamu a zaumoyo, ndi kulephera kwa chipembedzo ku malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana ndi boma zonse zophatikizapo ufulu Woyamba wa Kusintha zinthu. Kusintha kwa luso kukuwonjezeranso nkhani zophatikizapo, monga ngati malamulo a boma oletsa kufunafuna zinthu za pa Intaneti akugwira ntchito kusonkhanitsa zinthu za pakompyuta kapena kugwiritsa ntchito ma dron ku ntchito apolisi.

Kugwira Ntchito Mkati mwa Magulu Ovuta a Magulu

Pamene akukhazikitsa malo a pansi a boma, ochirikiza ayenerabe kuyang'ana kucholoŵana kwa boma. Ufulu wina umaphatikizidwa mbali imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, Chisinthiko chachisanu ndi chimodzi cha ufulu wa kuweruza milandu ya ajuli chinaphatikizidwa mu Dincan v. Louisiana [1] (1968), koma Khoti laona kuti kuyenera sikumagwiritsira ntchito milandu yaing'ono yolipiridwa ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena yochepera m’ndende. Mofananamo, Demendment (Indement) ku mlandu wa ajuli yachiŵeruzi) sanayambe kuphatikizidwa, kutanthauza kuti angagwiritsire ntchito njira zosaimira malamulo m'nkhani zachiŵeru.

Kuwonjezerapo, kuikidwa kwa ufulu sikumasankha okha ukulu wa ufulu umenewo. Khoti Lapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri limamasulira ukulu wa ufulu wosiyana m'nkhani ya boma kusiyana ndi m'nkhani ya boma. Mwachitsanzo, chitetezo cha Coyamba Computerment kaamba ka kulankhula kwa malonda ndi kulankhula kwa antchito apoyera chingakhale ndi masinthidwe osiyanasiyana pamene agwiritsiridwa ntchito ku boma ndi boma lakumaloko. Ochirikiza ayenera kukhalabe ogwirizana ndi matanthauzo a khotilo.

Kumaliza: Choloŵa Chokhalitsa cha Kudetsedwa

Chiphunzitso cha kuloŵetsamo ufulu wa anthu a ku America chasintha kwambiri, kupereka Bill of Rights kuchokera ku chitetezo cha boma lokha ku chitsimikizo cha dziko lonse cha ufulu wofunika. Mkati mwa zaka zana limodzi za zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu, pafupifupi kuyenera kulikonse koikidwa m'mapangano khumi oyambirira kwakhala kosungidwa motsutsana ndi maboma. Chisinthiko chalamulo chimenechi chapatsa mphamvu ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu kutsutsa kutsendereza boma, kutetezera kogwirizana ndi mapangano adziko, ndi kuchititsa maboma kukhala ndi mlandu pamlingo uliwonse.

Pamene kuli kwakuti makambitsirano onena za ukulu woyenera wa kuloŵetsamo akupitirizabe, lamulo lake lalikulu . Nlofunika kwambiri kwakuti palibe boma limene lingawaswe n’kukhalabe maziko a lamulo lachimereka. Kwa aliyense womenya nkhondo ya ufulu wa anthu, kuzindikira sikuli kokha kuphunzira; kuli kufunikira kothandiza kwa kukhutiritsa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito. Chiphunzitsochi chimapereka mawu alamulo ndi ziŵiya za malamulo kutetezera ufulu wa kulankhula, ufulu wachipembedzo, njira yoyenera, ndi chilungamo chofanana m’mbali zonse za dzikolo.

Pamene mavuto atsopano abuka, kuyambira pa kuyang’anira kwa wailesi ndi kugwirizanitsa malingaliro achinsinsi, dongosolo lophatikizapo mosakaikira lidzayesedwa ndi kuyengedwa. Koma mbali yake ya maziko kupezera ufulu munthu aliyense pa chiwembu cha boma siingachepetse. Chiphunzitso chophatikizapo chimaimira mphamvu yokhalitsa ya Malamulo kusinthira ndi kutetezera ufulu wa Aamereka onse, kulikonse kumene amakhala.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka ponena za kupita patsogolo kwa mbiri yakale kwa kugwirizanitsa, onani [[FLT :2] Malamulo a Ufulu pa webusaiti ya National Archives [[FLT :3]. Kumira kwambiri mu Demendment ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake, fufuzani [[FLT:] [[FLT:] Malamulo oikidwa kuchokera ku Laibulale ya Nyumba za Malamulo [[FLT:] [1] . [[FLT:] . [FLT:] [FL:] [FFL:]] .AFULT [F:]