Chuma Chisanagwirizane ndi Chipangano Chabwino Lachisanu

Pasanafike 1998, chuma cha Northern Ireland chinaletsedwa kwambiri ndi nkhondo ya ndale zadziko yotchedwa kuti Yosagwirizana. Mpata wapakati pa Northern Ireland ndi Republic of Ireland unali ndi zida zankhondo zambiri, wokhala ndi malo ofufuzira ndi malo a zamalonda amene anasokoneza malonda ndi maulendo. Mabizinesi anayang'anizana ndi ndalama zogulitsira malonda, kusatsimikizira, ndi malonda ogaŵanika. Kudalira ndalama m'zamalonda kunali pang'ono, ndipo ntchito za zachuma m’madera a malire a dziko la Britain zinali zofooka kwambiri. Kusoŵa ntchito ku Northern Ireland kunali kokwera kwambiri kuposa UK Ireland, kukafika 14% pakati pa zaka zapakati pa 1200,000, pamene GDP pa 5 peresenti kumbuyo kwa UK ndi Republic. Kudalirana kwa boma la Britain kunali kwakukulu, ndipo kuyendetsa chuma kunali kowopsa ndi kusoŵa chitetezo. Kuwomba kwa ubongo kunatsogoleranso ku UK ku K, antchito ambiri pakati pa Northern Republic ndi Ireland, posagwirizana ndi kugaŵana kwa malonda kwa Ireland kwa zaka 5 za kumapeto kwa zaka za kumapeto kwa Ireland.

Dziko la Ireland linakhudzidwanso, ngakhale kuti linakhudzidwa pang'ono. Malo a dzikolo anasoŵa ntchito kwambiri ndi kupeza ndalama zochepa kuposa boma lonse. programu ya EU Single Markets, inayamba mu 1992, lonjeza kuchepetsa zopinga koma sikanatha kugonjetsa zopinga za ndale. Nkhondo yoleka nkhondoyo inapangitsa kuti chuma chikhale ndi chiyembekezo cha ndalama, ndi kuchuluka kwa maulendo ndi ndalama, koma kutha kwa moto mu 1996 kunasintha. Zinaonekera bwino kuti kukhazikika kwa ndale kunali kofunika kuti chuma chipitirizebe.

Mmene Chipangano Chabwino Chachisanu Chinachotsera Zopinga ndi Kuphana

Chikalata cha Good Frieve Agreement (GFA), mwalamulo Chipangano cha Belfast, chinasainidwa pa 10 April 1998. Ngakhale kuti chinali kwenikweni ndi malo andale, chinali ndi makonzedwe angapo amene anachirikiza mwachindunji kugwirizanitsa chuma. Chipanganocho chinakhazikitsa bungwe la Utumiki la North- South Southern Council (NMC) kuti lilinganize malamulo ku makampani kuphatikizapo malonda, ulimi, zoyendera, ndi zokopa. Chinapanganso makampani asanu ndi imodzi a ku North ndi South Idereland, kuphatikizapo InterTraireland , imene yapatulidwa kupititsa patsogolo malonda oikako chitetezo. Chigwirizanocho chinakhazikitsa maboma onse aŵiri kuchotsapo ntchito zotetezera ndi kuyendetsa malire a dziko. Pofika 2005, malo onse oyendera asilikali ankhondo anachotsedwa, ndipo machekedwe a miyambo anachepetsedwa.

GFA inatsimikiziranso kuti ku Northern Ireland kunali kupitirizabe kukhala mamembala a European Union (monga mbali ya UK) ndi dziko la Republic, kutsimikizira maulamuliro onse aŵiri anagwirizana limodzi. Zimenezi zinathandiza malonda opanda masunamo ndi ntchito. Ndalama za EU za mtendere ndi IntereG, zimene zinayamba mu 1990, zinawonjezedwa pambuyo pa GFA, kugaŵira mamiliyoni a mayuro kuti agwirizanitse maofesi ozungulira, maphunziro, ndi kutukuka kwa malonda. Ndalama zimenezi zinathandiza kumanganso chikhulupiriro ndi kupanga madongosolo amene anadutsa malire.

Malonda ndi Kuika Malo

Mwa njira iliyonse, malonda a malire a malire anawonjezeka kwambiri mu 1998 kufika pa 2016. Malinga ndi InterTradeireland , malonda pakati pa Northern Ireland ndi Republic anawonjezeka kuchokera pa ndalama pafupifupi £1.5 biliyoni mu 1998 mpaka kuposa $4,5 biliyoni pa 2016. Mabizinesi anakulanso. Mabizinesi amene amagulitsa kumayiko ena anakwera ndi 50% m’zaka khumi zoyambirira pambuyo pa panganolo. Makampani onse a chuma apeza mapepala a ku kampani, ndi machekedzana ophatikizana ndi zakudya, malonda, malonda, ndi malo a zamalonda. Ogulitsa malonda onga a Thesco ndi Supervial adakula kuchokera ku mbali zonse ziŵiri, makampani opanga ndi opanga makampani opanga mabanki opangana mipano.

Kupanga ndalama za kampani ku Northern Ireland kunawonjezeka kwambiri. Chisungiko chinapangitsa chigawochi kukhala chokongola kwambiri kwa anthu ochokera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana, makamaka ku United States. M'ma 2000, kuwinda kwa makampani monga Seagate, Bombardier, ndi Almac chinapanga ntchito zikwi zambiri. Kutsika kwa msonkho wa kampani ya dziko la Republic ndi antchito aluso chinathandizanso ku Northern Ireland makampani amene anakhoza kufika kumsika wakummwera. Tourism, imene inali yosalimba m'malire m'madera a malire a Thumba, Bombadierrade , inakula. Chiŵerengero cha alendo opita ku Northern Ireland chinakwera kuchokera 1.4 miliyoni mu 1998 kufika ku 4 miliyoni mu 2017, ndi kukwera kwa chuma kwa zaka 4.

Ntchito Zophunzitsa ndi Zopititsa Patsogolo

GFA inathandiza kuti pakhale kuyendetsa bwino zinthu kwambiri zimene zinathandiza kuti anthu agwirizane. Msewu wa A1 / N1 wolumikiza Belfast ku Dublin unakonzedwa ndi ndalama zoyendetsera dziko la Dublin, kuchepetsa maulendo ndi kuwonjezera chitetezo. Makampani a sitima anapanga malonda, ngakhale kuti si zodabwitsa. Kutsegulidwa kwa Belfast Peace Bridge ndi maofesi a padoko la Dublin kunathandiza kwambiri kuyendetsa malonda. Makampani apadera a EUP Programmes Body (SEUPB) anayendetsa ntchito zaumoyo wa munthu, maphunziro, ndi mphamvu zobwezeretsera. Mwachitsanzo, kutsegula kwa njira zothandizira kulowa mzera wa Kathy ndi ntchito pamodzi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zaumoyo m'malire. Makampani onse a magetsi, omwe anakhazikitsidwa mu 2007, magetsi ndi kuchepa kwa ndalama zoperekedwa kwa anthu.

GFA inapanganso malo osungirako ndalama. Kumpoto kwa Ireland Guide kunasintha mphamvu pa kutukuka kwa chuma, ndipo maulamuliro otsatirapo anatsatira njira zokopa ndi kukulitsa mbali ya anthu. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Investive Northern Ireland mu 2002 kunawonjezera kuchirikiza kwa mabizinesi. Kukula kwa Celt Tiger ya Republic kunaloŵa m'Nter Ireland, ndi makampani a kummwera oika chuma ndi malonda. Pofika 2008, chuma cha Northern Ireland chinakula, ndipo ntchito zinayamba kulowa pansi pa 5%.

Ntchito ya Bungwe la European Union Yokulitsa Kuchulukana

Chiŵalo cha EU cha maprogramu onse aŵiri AK ndi Ireland chinapereka dongosolo logwirizana ndi lalamulo. Msika wa Single chotsa ntchito za madzoma ndi miyezo yovomerezana. Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) inawonjezera ulimi kumbali zonse ziŵiri. Ndalama za kumanga, makamaka za Mtendere ndi InterreG, zoikizidwa pa biliyoni yoposa pa 882 ku Northern Ireland ndi malire pakati pa 1995 ndi 2020. Ndalama zimenezi zinachirikiza zonse kuchokera ku mapaki amalonda oyendera pamodzi kuti agwirizane ndi chitaganya. GFA ikuvomereza tsatanetsatane za m'malo a EURO ndipo inapereka maboma aŵiri kugwira ntchito mkati mwake.

EU inalimbikitsanso mwachindunji kugwirizana mwa kulamula Northern Ireland kugwirizana ndi malamulo a malo okhala ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe anagwirizana ndi Republic. Mabungwe amalonda, monga Irish Business ndi Whaters Confederation (IBC) ndi Kugwirizanitsa kwa Briteni Industry Infor Ireland (CBI NI), kugwirizana ndi ndawala za malamulo. Chuma chonse cha dziko chinakhala chikhale chovomerezeka kwambiri, chogwiritsidwa ntchito m'zikalata zalamulo ndi mathekishoni a zachuma. Pofika mu 2016, Republic inali msika wa ku Northern Ireland wa malonda aakulu koposa, wogulitsa katundu 25% wa kugulitsa katundu wake ku mayiko ogulitsa zinthu ku mayiko.

Brexit ndi Pangano la Kumpoto kwa Ireland – Ntchito Yatsopano

Chigamulo cha UK cha kuchoka ku EU mu 2016 chinakhala chiwopsezo chachikulu pa makonzedwe a zachuma a GFA. Ngati malire ovuta anaikidwanso, malonda angawonongeke, mtendere ukanachotsedwa, ndipo chuma chonse cha dziko lapansi chikanawonongeka. Kupeŵa zimenezi, EU ndi UK adakambirana ndi Northern Ireland Protocol , imene inayamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 January 202. Lamulolo linasunga Northern Ireland pamsika umodzi wa EUC kuti lipeze zinthu zabwino, kutanthauza kuti palibe macheke a ku Northern Ireland ndi Republic. M’malomwake, mayeso adalembedwa kuchokera ku Great Britain kupita ku Northern Ireland, kupanga malire otchedwa Ireland.

Malamulowo anatsimikizira kuti makampani a kumbali zonse ziŵiri za malire a Ireland akapitiriza kugulitsa popanda malamulo, zopinga zopinga, kapena zipangizo zamagetsi. Zimenezi zinasungitsa kupangidwa kwa GFA-era . Komabe, zinayambitsanso kuvuta kwatsopano. Makampani a ku Northern Ireland adayang'anizana ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana kuposa aja a ku Great Britain, kuchititsa kusokonezeka kwa zopereka ndi kuwonjezereka kwa zolemba. Mabizinesi ena, makamaka m'zakudya za gri, anafunikira kusinthira ku malamulo aŵiri. Boma la UK lina linawonjezeranso nyengo za padera ndipo linafuna kuti likhale ndi mapangano andale.

Mu February 2023, bungwe la UK ndi EU linavomerezana ndi bungwe la Windsor Framework, limene limayendera njira za kampani za madera a ku Northern Ireland, kuchepetsa macheke a katundu amene anaikidwa ku Northern Ireland kokha, ndipo linapereka njira ya democracy ya ku Northern Ireland yosonkhezera malamulo a EU. Pamene kuli kwakuti ntchito ya pa farameyo inathetsa nkhani zambiri zothandiza, sinathetse kuvuta kochititsa mkangano pakati pa malo a ku Northern Ireland monga mbali ya gawo la UK la magawo a maiko a ku Northern Ireland ndi mbali ya msika umodzi wa EU.

Kusintha kwa Brexit pa Malonda a Kumpoto kwa Kum’mwera

Mosasamala kanthu za Protooctive, malonda pakati pa Northern Ireland ndi Republic adayenda bwino. Ngakhale zili choncho, zamalonda za pakati pa Great Britain ndi Northern Ireland zakhala zokwera mtengo ndi zochedwetsa, ndi mabizinesi ena opimira ku Republic kapena ku maiko ena a EU. Mwachitsanzo, masupaketi ena a ku Northern Ireland tsopano kuchokera ku Republic kuti apeŵe kuchedwa kwa miyambo. Makampani onse a ku Northern Ireland afuna kusungitsa mapangano otsatsa malondawo kuti apeze njira yopitira ku EUC.

Komabe, si zonse zimene zili zabwino. Makampani aang'ono a m'madera amalire amayang'anizana ndi katundu wowonjezereka ngati agulitsa ndi Great Britain. Malonda ena, makamaka a zachuma ndi kuyenera kwaukatswiri, amakakamizikabe. Msonkhano wa ku Northern Ireland walephera kugwira ntchito mochititsa khosi mkati mwa 2022-2823 .2023 unachedwetsa kuikidwa kwa ndalama zobwezeredwa (PUS propeal PH). Boma la UK logadated Esparence Provices Ful Fund, lofuna kulowa m'malo mwa EUB, lachedwa kukhazikitsa ndi kuchepetsa.

Mavuto Amene Alipo

Ngakhale kuti GFA yapambana, kugwirizana kwa chuma sikuli kokwanira. Ndalama zimene munthu aliyense wa ku Northern Ireland amapeza zidakalipo pafupifupi 80% ya mlingo wa Republic ndipo zikucheperapo pa avareji ya UK. Zopangapanga n’zochepa, chifukwa cha mbali ina chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nkhondo ndi kulephera kwa maluso. Deverry ~Londonderry, Newry, ndi Strabane iyang'anabe ndi kusoŵa ntchito kwapamwamba, zimene zimachititsa kuti pakhale pafupifupi 30% ya ntchito. Kukula kwa chigawo chachinsinsi kwakhala kosiyana, kochitidwa ku Belfast ndi kummaŵa. Malo onga Derry ~Londonderry, Newry, ndi Strabane akuyang'onokabe ndi kusoŵa ntchito kwa anthu ambiri ndi malipiro otsika.

Kusakhazikika kwa ndale zadziko m'Gulu la Northern Ireland kwalepheretsa kulinganiza kwanthaŵi yaitali kwa zachuma. Kugwa kwa Msonkhano kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2020, ndi kachiŵirinso mu 2022, kuchedwetsa zosankha za chuma, ziŵerengero, ndi kuchirikiza malonda. Kusoŵa kwa mkulu wa ntchito kwa boma ku Northern Ireland kunalepheretsanso boma la Northern Ireland kusonkhezera mogwira mtima kwambiri kukambitsirana kwake pambuyo pa kuima kwa . Kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pa malamulo a Protoment / Windsoractive Forrame kwachititsa kusatsimikizirika kwa olemba ndalama, ngakhale kuti ambiri alingalira kuti ngozizo zikhoza kuyang'anizana ndi mavutowo.

Kusintha kwa Malonda ndi Malonda

Malonda a ntchito zapanthaka achuluka kwambiri, komanso antchito ambirimbiri akudutsa malire tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuyenda kumeneku n’kokwera kwambiri makamaka m’matauni a m’malire a dziko monga Newry ndi Dundalk. Komabe, kusiyana kwa misonkho, madongosolo a zachitetezo, ndi maluso a kakhalidwe ka anthu kuyambitsa kusokonezeka. Malipiro apamwamba a dzikoli amakopa antchito ena a ku Northern Ireland, komanso amayendetsa ndalama za olemba ntchito a m'dzikolo. Gulu la Northern Ireland likukalamba, ndipo nthaŵi zina kusamuka kwa makondetsa, kusoŵa kwa maluso kukubuka m'magawo onga IT, kusamala zaumoyo, ndi unjiniya.

Mipata ilipo m'malonda obiriŵira ndi kusintha kwa makompyuta. Malonda a mphamvu zamagetsi otha kukonzedwanso akukula, ndi mphepo ndi ntchito za dzuŵa kumbali zonse ziŵiri za malire. Kugwirizana kwa mtanda wa mtanda ndi kupita patsogolo kukuwonjezeka, makamaka kudzera ku Tetrarch ndi Bio Medical Research Network . Programme imapatsa Northern Ireland phindu lapadera: kupezeka ku maindasitale onse aŵiri a UK ndi EU . Ngati kugwetsa chipambano, zimenezi zingakope makampani akunja ofunafuna malo apamwamba m'misika yonse iŵiri.

Ulendo ndi Kugaŵanika kwa Mtendere

Malo a mtendere ogaŵanidwa m'zokopa alendo ndi aakulu. Mu 2019, Northern Ireland analandira alendo oposa 5 miliyoni, omwe akugwiritsa ntchito $1.2 biliyoni. Magest-pandemic Filimes adakopa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, koma mavuto akuphatikizapo mavuto a moyo, kukwera kwa mavitamini a gulu la Tourism Ireland, amene amagulitsa chilumbachi monga malo amodzi. Mu 2019, Northern Ireland analandira alendo opitirira 5 miliyoni, omwe akuwononga ndalama $1.2 biliyoni.

Kusiyana kwa Zinthu ndi Kusunga Ndalama M’tsogolo

Falfast-Dublin njanji yapansi ndi yosadalirika poyerekezera ndi malo ena a ku Ulaya. Kuzungulira kwa malire kwa , kugwirizanitsa Derry ~Londonderry ku Dublin, kwakhala kukuvomerezedwa kwa zaka zoposa khumi chifukwa cha mavuto alamulo ndi kutsutsana kwa ndalama. Ndege za Belfast-Dublin n’zochedwa ndi zosadalirika poyerekezera ndi malo ena a ku Ulaya. Kuphatikizapo malo a malire a malire ndi ozungulira. Komabe, pulogalamu ya EU PORY , yovomerezedwa mu 2022, idzakhala ndi maprojekiti opiti a m’mphepete wa m'mphepete wa dziko lonse, kuphatikizapo makompyuta, kugwirizanitsa kwa magetsi, ndi ntchito zaumoyo. Dolo lina la UK’s City Falst, Derry~Ldory, ndi kumpoto kwa chigawo cha ku chigawo cha chigawo cha madzulo ndi ku chigawo cha chigawo cha , ndi kukwera kwa yunivesite, ndi kukwera kwa maofesi, ndi kuyendetsa kwa maofesi.

Kumaliza – Cholowa Chabwino cha Pangano Lapachisanu

Chikalata cha Good Lachisanu Agreement chinasintha kwambiri zachuma pa chilumba cha Ireland. Icho chinaloŵa mmalo malire a nkhondo otseguka ndi malonda ogwirizana; chinaloŵa mmalo kukayikirana ndi madongosolo a mgwirizano; ndipo chinapanga mikhalidwe ya kugaŵikana kwa mtendere kumene kwathandiza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Ngakhale kuti panganolo silinali pangano la zachuma kwenikweni, makonzedwe ake anathandiza kuti chuma chikhale chofunika kwambiri pa kupita patsogolo kwa Northern Ireland. Msika wa EU ndi ndalama zomanga zinalimbikitsa kulemera kumeneku, ndipo linapanga mgwirizano waukulu kwambiri pakati pa chuma cha dziko lonse lomwe tsopano lagwirizana ndi mavuto a Bret.

Zaka zamtsogolo zidzayesa kulimba kwa kugwirizana kumeneku. Pangano la malamulo a ku Northern Ireland / Windsor Frames liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’njira imene imasungitsa malonda osasokonezeka a ku North ndi South ndi pamene kulibe kusokonezeka kwa Mpuma ndi Kumadzulo. Kukhazikika kwa ndale ku Belfast nkofunika kwambiri polinganiza za nthaŵi yaitali. Kupitiriza kuyendetsa zinthu zamakono, maphunziro, ndi mphamvu zobiriwira zidzafunika kuti athetse kusiyana kwa ntchito. Mabungwe a GFA, makamaka Msonkhano wa Kumpoto ndi Kumpoto kwa Utumiki ndi Mabungwe a Iplitation, kudakalibe kofunika kwambiri kuti athetse kusagwirizana ndi kupitirizabe kwa chuma.

Kupenda mwatsatanetsatane makonzedwe a GFA achuma, onani [[FLT:] British-Irish Council . InterTrareIland ya chaka ndi chaka Trade ndi Busitale [Malonda] imapatsa mapepala a malonda a Prestive [FLT:] Trade ndi Amalonda [Malonda]. Kugwirizana kwa chuma kochitidwa pansi pa Chipangano Chabwino n’kodabwitsa, koma kumafuna kukwaniritsa kuthekera kwake kosinthasintha kwa mwamsanga ku Ulaya.