Chiyambi: Chivomezi Chochititsa Chidwi Chikusinthanso Kuntchito

Kwa zaka zambiri za zana la 20, lamulo la ntchito linakhazikitsidwa pa malo a ntchito: kuloŵa ntchito yachinyamata, kugwira ntchito nthaŵi yonse kufikira nyengo yokhazikika ya kupuma pantchito, ndiyeno kutuluka. Chitsanzo chimenecho chikunyonyotsoka pansi pa kulemera kwa chimodzi cha masinthidwe amphamvu koposa a anthu m'mbiri . Ukalamba wapadziko lonse wa antchito. Pafupifupi dziko lililonse lotukuka ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chuma, chiŵerengero cha antchito a zaka 55 ndi achikulire chikukwera kwambiri, pamene gawo la antchito achichepere likuchepa. Malinga ndi kukwera kwa moyo wa [[FLT: 0], podzafika 2050 mmodzi mwa antchito anayi m'maiko a OECD, chidzakhala cha zaka zoposa 55, poyerekezera ndi mmodzi mwa asanu ndi mmodzi m’ma 6 lerolino. Chikhotererochi sichikuwonjezereka ndi kuwonjezereka kwa moyo, ndi kukwera kwa zaka zachuma.

Malamulo amene panthaŵi ina anaikidwa kukhala opuma pantchito pa 65, amene anapereka chitetezo chochepa pa tsankho la msinkhu, ndi amene anapereka malo ochepa kwa antchito okalamba tsopano akulembedwanso m'manyumba omanga nyumba zogwirira ntchito kuchokera ku Tokyo mpaka ku Stockholm , D.C. Kumvetsetsa kugwirizana pakati pa ntchito zaukalamba ndi kusintha kwa malamulo nkofunika kwa mabwana, akatswiri a HR, opanga malamulo, ndi antchito enieniwo. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza oyendetsa masinthidwe a anthu, kusintha kwalamulo kumene kukuchitika, mavuto ndi mipata imeneyi ikupanga, ndi malo a mtsogolo a ntchito kaamba kaukalamba.

Kusintha kwa Moyo Wawo ndi Mmene Ntchito Inakhudzira

Chifukwa Chake Ntchitoyo Ikukula

Ukalamba wa antchito si chinthu chachilendo . N’chifukwa chake anthu akukhala ndi moyo wautali. Zaka 67 m'chaka cha 2000 mpaka zaka 73 m'chaka cha 2020, ndipo ukupitirira kukwera. Chachiwiri, chiwerengero cha ana obadwa chatsika kwambiri. M’mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya, Japan, South Korea, ndiponso ngakhale mbali zina za North America, chiŵerengero cha kubala chimakwera kwambiri kuposa mmene chimakhalira ndi ana 2.1 pa mkazi mmodzi.

Kuchuluka kwa anthu kumeneku kumalimbikitsa maboma kupendanso zaka za mwambo wa kupuma pantchito. Mwachitsanzo, Japan, ili ndi chimodzi cha anthu akale kwambiri padziko lonse, ndipo pafupifupi 30% ya nzika zake zitafika zaka 65. Boma la Japan lakweza zaka zapansi ya boma ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo olimbikitsa olemba ntchito kuti asunge antchito kufikira zaka 70. Mofananamo, ku United States, Social Security yokwanira ya zaka za kupuma pantchito ikukwera pang’onopang’ono kufika pa 67, ndipo anthu ambiri a ku Amereka akuchedwa ntchito chifukwa chakuti sangathe kupuma pantchito. [[FLT: 0].S . Komiti ya Zoŵerengera za Ntchito imachita ntchito kuti antchito a zaka 65 ndi achikulire azikhala mbali ya kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya ntchito mpaka 2030.

Ziyambukiro Zakuntchito Zoposa za Unduna wa Anthu

Ogwira ntchito okalamba amabweretsa mapindu ndi mavuto omwe. Ogwira ntchito achikulire amadzetsa chidziŵitso, chiweruzo, ndi chidziŵitso cha malo. Koma angayang'anenso ndi mavuto aukalamba okhudza thanzi, mathayo osamalira makolo okalamba kapena okwatirana, ndi kuchuluka kwa mikhalidwe yosatha. Zinthu zimenezi zimakhudza ntchito, kuchotsedwa kwa ntchito, ndi malamulo a ntchito ofunikira. Malamulo a ntchito ayenera kuyambika kuti athetse zinthu zimenezi. Malamulo atha kuwonjezera pa zochitika zaubwenzi ndi kuyembekezera malo okhala, kulinganiza kwanthaŵi yokhazikika, ndi kupindulitsa thanzi. International Labour Organization .

Malamulo Ofunika Kwambiri Osintha Ntchito

Kukulitsa Nyengo Yopuma Pantchito ndi Kupuma Pantchito

Chimodzi cha zivomerezo zachindunji kwambiri za lamulo chakhala kusintha kwa nyengo ya kupuma pantchito yalamulo. Maiko ambiri achotsa nyengo zoikidwiratu za kupuma pantchito (mzere, United States, New Zealand, ndi utumiki wa boma la Canada). Ena, mofanana ndi United Kingdom, achotsa nyengo yosadziŵika ya kupuma pantchito kwa antchito ambiri, kulola anthu kupitiriza kugwira ntchito kwautali monga momwe angathere. Ku Japan, [FLT: 0] Law kaamba ka kukhazikitsa ntchito ya Okalamba tsopano amalimbikitsa makampani kukweza msinkhu wawo wa ntchito kufikira 70 kapena kugwiritsa ntchito “ikupitirizabe ntchito.

Malamulo a ntchito asinthanso. Malamulo a kachitidwe ka ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri amalanga ntchito yaganyu pambuyo pa kulephera kugwira ntchito, kapena kuyang'anira madesiki monga kutha kwa ntchito, kuyambitsa zilango. Malamulo atsopano m'maiko onga Sweden, Denmark, ndi Germany amalola antchito okalamba kuchepetsa pang’onopang’ono maola awo pamene akupeza ndalama zolandira ndalama zochepa. Malamulo ameneŵa amazindikira kuti antchito ambiri okalamba amafuna kukhala otomera koma pang’onopang’ono. Mwachitsanzo, pulogalamu ya ku Germany ya “Alterteilzeit” (kupuma pantchito) inakhala chitsanzo cha mapangano osinthasintha zinthu pa nthaŵi yodutsa mu EU.

Kuntchito Kumakhala Malo Ogonana ndi Anthu Ovutika

Kusintha kwa msinkhu kokhudzana ndi kufooka kwa thupi, nthaŵi za kuchita mochedwa, maso ndi kusamva zowonongeka kuntchito . Malamulo akufunikira mowonjezereka kupempha olemba ntchito kupereka “malo abwino ogona. Osati kokha kaamba ka kupunduka [1] komanso kaamba ka zopinga zogwirizana ndi ukalamba. Aumelt Obrounting Commissioner ([[FLT: 0] EOC [1] [[FLT]]) apereka malangizo osonyeza bwino kuti kulephera kukwaniritsa zopimira zodziŵika za antchito okalamba kungachititse tsankhu la ukalamba pansi pa Active Act.

Ku Ulaya, Frame Working Directive on Occupational Safety and Health yamasuliridwa kukhala yophatikizapo kupima antchito okalamba. Mayiko onga Finland ndi Netherlands ali ndi maprogramu a dziko amene amasintha ntchito, monga ntchito zosinthasintha, kuwala kowongoka, ndi kuchepetsa phokoso. Ntchito za South Korea Paproject of Age Dicrimition in Working and Ellial Stubections mofananamo ndi lamulo lakuti antchito atenge “miyendo yofunikira" kuthandiza antchito okalamba. Nyumba zimenezi sizimangosunga antchito okalamba ndi opindulitsa okha koma zimachepetsa kubwezera ndi kubwezera kwa antchito.

Kulimbikitsidwa Kuteteza Munthu Wodwala Matenda Opatsirana

Kusankhana misinkhu kumakhalabe vuto louma . AARP kufufuza kosalekeza kumasonyeza kuti pafupifupi chigawo ziŵiri mwa antchito a zaka 45 ndi okalamba awona kapena kukumana ndi kusankhidwa kwa msinkhu kuntchito. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, malamulo ambiri akutsendereza ndi kuwonjezera magulu otetezedwa. U.S. uli ndi Age Discrimination in Broad Act (AAA) ya 1967, koma amagwira ntchito kwa antchito 20 kapena kuposapo ndipo saitchula malamulo amphamvu kwambiri. Mayiko ena akhazikitsa malamulo, monga ngati Calinian’s Holice ndi Act Act , zimene zimaletsa kuvutitsa ndi kusokoneza ngakhale bwa bwa bwana.

, bungwe la EU Mount Efolucial Directive limaletsa tsankho la msinkhu pantchito ndi ntchito. Chikalata cha UK cha Malogiration 2010 chimalimbitsa ndi kulimbikitsa chitetezo. Chikalata cha Age Discination Arenation chakonzedwanso kuti chithetse mitundu ya tsankho, monga “kuchuluka kwa [1] kukana kumene kumayambukira okalamba. Chizoloŵezi n’chokhudza kuchotsa ntchito yopereka umboni kwa antchito; mayiko ambiri tsopano amafuna kuti olemba ntchito alungamitse kusiyana kulikonse kwa msinkhu wolingana ndi kofunika. Akatswiri a zamalamulo akuneneratu kuti kukonzanso kwina kudzaphatikizapo kutetezera kudana ndi chigawa cha auchi, kumene ziwiya zaudindo za okalamba mosadziŵa kukondera omaliza maphunziro kapena kulanda ntchito kumene kumene amakumana ndi ntchito.

Kum’siya ndi Kupindula Nako

Pamene zaka za kupuma pantchito zikuwonjezereka, malamulo a ntchito ndi makampani a penshoni amavuta kwambiri. Kusinthaku kumaphatikizapo kukweza zaka zimene ndalama za penshoni ya boma zilipo (U.S. ikuyendera ku 67; UK yaikweza kufika pa 66 ndi 68). Koma kusintha kwa malamulo kwatsopano kumaloŵetsa “ufulu wa ntchito” malamulo amene amalola anthu okalamba kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo za penshoni pamene akugwira ntchito, popanda chilango. Kusintha kwa ndalama za penshoni kwa UK 2015 kunapatsa anthu ufulu wowonjezereka kuti apeze miphika yawo yopereka ndalama kuchokera ku zaka 55. Mofananamo, makonzedwe okonzedwa bwino a ku Japan tsopano amalola kuti anthu apansiyo a zaka za kupuma pantchito apitirize.

Mapindu a zaumoyo alinso okonzedwanso. M'Chikalata cha Afford Care ku United States, chimaletsa kulipira zaumoyo malinga ndi zaka, koma olemba ntchito akulimbana ndi mtengo wa kupatsa antchito okalamba inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo imene ingakhale ndi ndalama zambiri za mankhwala. Mayiko ena, monga Singapore, ayambitsa “ntchito , akupatsa olemba ntchito ndalama zothandizira kuchepetsa mtengo wa antchito okalamba, kuphatikizapo kupima zaumoyo ndi maprogramu abwino. Malamulo amene amafuna kuti munthu athe kuphunzitsidwa, kukwezedwa, ndi kupindula mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu wake akuchuluka.

Mavuto kwa Olemba Ntchito ndi Opanga Malamulo

Kuwononga ndi Kudera Nkhaŵa za Zochita Zake

Olemba ntchito nthaŵi zambiri amadandaula kuti antchito okalamba amalipira ndalama zambiri . Makampani amalipira ndalama zambiri, amalipira ndalama zambiri, ndiponso amalipira ndalama zambiri za inshuwalansi. Ngakhale kuti zimenezi sizili zopanda umboni, iwo amanyalanyaza kutsika kwa ndalama zoyendera, kukhulupirika kwapamwamba, ndi luso lapamwamba lomwe limachititsa kuti anthu okalamba azivutika. Komabe, kuti athe kusamalira bwino ntchito, kusintha kwina kwa lamulo kumaphatikizapo ndalama zothandizira kapena ngongole ya msonkho. Mwachitsanzo, “Ajeremani azuschus". Amapereka ndalama zopezera antchito olembedwa ntchito kwa nthaŵi yaitali. “Audindo Opereka Ntchito Yopititsa Pa ntchito Audindo A''''''''''. Amapereka zisonkhetso kwa makampani amene amalandira ndi kulipira antchito okalamba 60 ndi achikulire.

Kupanga zinthu ndi nkhaŵa ina. Kusintha kwa thupi ndi maganizo kungayambukire liŵiro ndi nyonga, koma malo okhala ndi chizindikiro cha ntchito chotseguka [1] monga kusintha ntchito zolemetsa ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuchepetsa zinthu. Malamulo a ntchito ayamba kufuna kuti mabwana ayambe kuganizira ntchito zina asanachotse antchito okalamba amene satha kuchita ntchito zawo zoyambirira. Zimenezi n’zofanana ndi ntchito yosamalira pansi pa lamulo lolemala ndipo ndi malo omakulakulakula la kugwiritsa ntchito.

Kuyendetsa Ntchito m’Mibadwo Yosiyanasiyana

Antchito achichepere angaletse kukwezedwa kapena kudzimva kuti anzawo achikulire amatsekereza kupita patsogolo. Malamulo a ntchito akulankhula pang’onopang’ono ndi mphamvu zimenezi. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena a U.S. aletsa “mapangano a ntchito ." zikalata za ntchito, kuletsa makampani kukakamiza antchito okalamba kuti apeze malo ogwirira ntchito. Magulu a France angachititse kuti antchito aang'ono apeze ntchito. apepuse de cohéion social afuna kuti makampani agwirizanitse mapangano a kutumiza chidziŵitso kwa achikulire kwa antchito. Malamulo ameneŵa amasonkhezera kuganikiza kupyola pa kugonjera ndi kugwirizana kwenikweni.

Kulephera Kuphunzira Zinthu Mosiyanasiyana

Masinthidwe a zasayansi, ndipo antchito achikulire sangakhale ndi maphunziro a zophunzirira za pulogalamu yatsopano kapena zamakono. Ku Finland, Act on the Communion of Labour Market Intatection [1] imapereka ndalama kwa olemba ntchito okalamba opha. Popanda zichilikizo zalamulo, antchito achikulire oterowo, amene akulephera kugwira ntchito kwanthaŵi yaitali, kuwonjezeka kwa kuthekera kwa ntchito kapena kutuluka kwa ntchito.

Mwayi wa Kusintha ndi Kuphana

Ntchito Yosinthasintha ndi Makonzedwe a Kutali

COVID-19 Mliri wa kufalikira kwa ntchito yakutali ndi ya zinzake. Kwa antchito achikulire, imeneyi ndi njira yosintha maseŵero. Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuyang'anira malo awo antchito, ndi kusintha kwa mapangano a zamankhwala kungatalikitse kwambiri moyo wa masiku. Mayiko ambiri kuphatikizapo Ireland, New Zealand, ndi Spain . Ndalama zosinthasinthasinthasinthasintha za ntchito zimene zimagwira ntchito kwa antchito onse, koma ndi zinthu zapadera kwa antchito achikulire. Olemba ntchito ena ochita upainiya amagwiritsira ntchito maprogramu a masiku anayi a ntchito kapena “kulimbana ndi ntchito za masiku a ntchito. . . Kuyamba ntchito zimenezi, pamene zikuchirikizidwa ndi lamulo, zingagwiritsiritse ndalama zamtengo wapatali.

Kupanga Ntchito ya Ukalamba ndi Maprogramu a Zaumoyo

Ergonomics ndi chiyambi chabe. Malo a ntchito amene amachepetsa mavuto obwerezabwereza, kukonza ntchito, ndi kugogomezera ntchito yamanja angapindulitse antchito onse koma makamaka othandiza anthu okalamba. “Silver Human Resources Centers . Amagwirizanitsa anthu okalamba ndi ntchito za nthaŵi imodzi, zodekha. Malamulo a boma ku Sweden amafuna kuti ntchito zaumoyo ziphatikizepo kupenda koopsa. Sayansi ya ukalamba, ikuyembekezera kuti malamulo a ntchito aziphatikizapo miyezo yatsatanetsatane ya kuwala, phokoso, ndi ntchito yosoka antchito achikulire.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Oyenera Poyenda

Mmalo mwa kuwona antchito okalamba kukhala mtengo, olemba ntchito opita patsogolo ndi madongosolo a zamalamulo akuwazindikira iwo monga nkhokwe ya chikumbukiro ndi ulangizi wa zapanthaŵi ya ntchito. Ku Singapore, “National Silver Academy” akugwirizana ndi olemba ntchito kupanga njira za antchito okalamba kukhala ophunzitsa. Maboma ena a United States amapereka ngongole ya msonkho kaamba ka kugwiritsa ntchito antchito okalamba monga alangizi m'maprogramu ophunzitsa ntchito. Masinthidwe alamulo amene amatetezera kupuma pantchito ndi nthaŵi yapadera amatheketsa chidziŵitso chimenechi popanda kukakamiza chosankha chanthaŵi zonse pakati pa ntchito yanthaŵi yonse ndi ntchito yopuma pantchito.

Chochitika Chamtsogolo: Kulinga ku Kupinga Malamulo Ophatikizapo Anyengo

Luso la Zaluso, AI, ndi Kusintha

Chimodzi cha mavuto aakulu kwambiri a m’tsogolo ndicho kusankhana pa msinkhu wa algorith. Zida za AI zolembedwa ndi mphamvu ya kulembetsa zingatsegule antchito okalamba mwa kuyambitsa maphunziro aposachedwapa kapena kutsekereza ntchito. Poyankha, bungwe la United States Semetic Modys Optiontion Commission linayambitsa njira yoyankhira ku Al. Bungwe la EUUS ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito majeremusi monga apamwamba ndi osasinthasinthasinthasinthasintha. Malamulo a ntchito a m’tsogolo adzafuna kuti ayesedwe kuti apange zosankha zaukalamba, mofanana ndi kuyesedwa kaamba ka fuko ndi kukondera.

Kugwirizana kwa Miyezo Padziko Lonse

Pamene dziko lililonse likusintha ntchito zaukalamba, kugwirizana kukubuka. “Zaka za Zaka za Ukalamba za United Nations zimalimbikitsa mayiko kuti achotse zopinga kwa antchito okalamba. Bungwe la International Labour Organization la “Old Workers Committee Commentation" (R162) limapereka maziko amene maiko ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito monga maziko. Kuyembekezera kugwirizana kowonjezereka kwa njira, makamaka m'malonda monga EU ndi CPPPP, kumene makonzedwe a ntchito a ntchito amafunikira kuvomerezedwa ndi ufulu wa antchito achikulire.

Kuipa Koyenera

Pomalizira pake, kusintha kwa ntchito zaukalamba sikuyenera kuthetsedwa koma kuyenera kuvomerezedwa. Masinthidwe a lamulo amene amatheketsa antchito okalamba kukhala achangu, olemekezedwa, ndi osungika achuma singothandiza chabe kwa anthu. Nkofunika kuti anthu asungidwe ndi kutumiza chidziŵitso, ndi kulimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu. Masinthidwe alamulo amene tsopano akuchitika akuyala maziko a mtsogolo mmene zaka zapita sizikulepheretsanso kukhala ndi phande, koma mbali yotchuka ya kusiyana kwa anthu. Olemba ntchito ndi opanga malamulo amene amasunga ntchito zaubwenzi adzakhala malo abwino kwambiri kuti akope anthu aluso, adzipindulitse, a kuyenda bwino, ndi kupambana m'zaka makumi ambiri zikubwera.

Pamene tiyang’ana kutsogolo, zitaganya zachipambano kwambiri zidzakhala zija zimene zimawona ntchito zaukalamba kukhala zolemetsa, koma monga chuma. Lamulo ndilo njira imene ingasinthe masomphenyawo kukhala zenizeni . Mwa kutetezera antchito okalamba, kuwonjezera machitachita, ndi kutsimikizira kuti ufulu ndi ulemu wa antchito onse, mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu, zikuchirikizidwa. Masinthidwe amene timatenga lerolino adzaumba dziko la ntchito kaamba ka mibadwo ikudzayo.