Ziphunzitso zochepa m'lamulo la America zimabutsa mkangano wofanana ndi kuyambika kwa mawu. Nthanthi imeneyi yomasulira imavomereza kuti tanthauzo la Malamulo linakhazikitsidwa panthaŵi ya kupangidwa kwake . Kusintha mwachindunji mmene makhoti, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika zimafikira nkhani zotsutsana za ufulu ndi kusanthula boma. Kumvetsetsa chisonkhezero cha chiyambi pa mikangano imeneyi kuli kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsetsa mfundo ya kuvomereza kukhazikitsa Kombo kwa Malamulo kwa First Remendment jurisprudential m’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri.

Kumvetsa Mfundo Zoyambirira: Mfundo Zogwirizana ndi Mfundo Zake

Kumasulira sikuli chiphunzitso cha chinsinsi koma ndi banja la njira zomasulira zimene zili ndi thayo lalikulu: Malamulo ayenera kumvedwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyamba panthaŵi imene anatengedwa. Mantha aŵiri aakulu ndi cholinga choyambirira [, chimene chimafunsa chimene olembawo anafuna kuti akwaniritse, ndipo tanthauzo lapoyera , limene limafuna tanthauzo lachibadwa lakuti raving likanakhala ndi mawuwo. Zomalizazo, zochirikizidwa ndi Woweruza Antonin Sccalia, zakhala zopanga zazikulu m'kambira yamakono ya jurisruppence.

Okhulupirira mfundo zoyambirira amanena kuti njira imeneyi imaletsa kuweruza, imaletsa oweruza kukhazikitsa makhalidwe awo aumwini, ndi kusungitsa kuŵerengera kwa demokalase. Monga momwe Woweruza Scalia wa malemu ananenera motchuka, Constitution ndi “kalata yakufa” koma yakufa m’lingaliro lakuti tanthauzo lake silisintha popanda kukonzedwa mwalamulo, kukhazikitsa ndi kunenera. Komabe, otsutsawo amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chimakhala chosatsimikizirika chifukwa chakuti umboni wa mbiri yakale ungakhale wochepa kapena wotsutsana, ndi kuti sichingafotokozetseke masinthidwe a anthu.

Ziŵerengero zazikulu m'gulu la olemba oyambirira zimaphatikizapo osati Scalia okha komanso Robert Bork, Randy Barnett, ndi posachedwapa, Woweruza Neil Gorfore ndi Woweruza Clarence Thomas. Zolemba zawo ndi malingaliro zaumba kamvedwe kamakono ka ufulu wa kulankhula pansi pa maziko a kuyambika kwa zinthu. Kaamba ka kupenda kwaukatswiri, onani [[FLT: 0] Encyclopedia ya Filosofi yoloŵa pa chiphunzitso cha programism .

Mpumulo Woyamba Kudzera m’Chilamulo cha M’Baibulo

First Amendment imapereka kuti “Chilamulo sichingaletse lamulo lililonse kuletsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena kufalitsa nkhani.” Wolemba mabuku wina anafunsa funso lalikulu ndilo zimene “ufulu wa kulankhula” umatanthauza chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18. Kumvetsa zinthu sikunali kuyenera kwenikweni kunena chilichonse, koma lingaliro lochepa lozikidwa pa lamulo la Angelezi wamba ndi kachitidwe katsamunda.

Panthaŵi ya kutembenuza, lamulo la Chichewa la Chingelezi kaŵirikaŵiri linaletsa ziletso zokhalako asanatulutsidwe (madongosolo achinyengo) koma linalola chilango pambuyo pofalitsidwa kaamba ka kuukira boma, kunyoza, ndi kunyoza. Komabe, maboma ambiri a ku America adakana kale mbali za lamulo la Bshishishi loukira boma. Madinese 1798 Sedition Act, yopatulidwa ndi bungwe la Federalist Congress, loletsedwa ndi maupandu, ndi mawu anjiru otsutsana ndi boma. Zimenezi zinatsutsidwa mwamphamvu ndi Thomas Jefferson ndi James Madison, amene anatsutsa mfundoyo. Madine Divine’s Reso adatsutsa kuti ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kusindikiza nkhani ndi kuletsa ndi kuti choonadi chinali choletsa kutsutsa zinenezo za ufulu wa ku Amerekani.

Anthu amene amaika maganizo awo pa nyengo yoyambika, nthawi zambiri amanena kuti mfundo za Madison ndi umboni wabwino kwambiri wosonyeza kuti mfundo yoyamba ya Baibulo inakonzedwa kuti iteteze anthu andale ndiponso kuti boma lisamaonedwe ngati loletsa ndi loletsa anthu kuweruza akuluakulu a boma.

Kulankhula Momasuka Pansi pa Mawu Oyambirira

Chiyambukiro cha ufulu wa kulankhula nchowonekera kwambiri m'zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu zimene zimadalira pa kusanthula kwa mbiri. Mu [FLT] Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008) ndi New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Breen [FLT]] [202] [2], Khoti linagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zoyambirira kuchirikiza ufulu wa mfuti. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira ya kulankhula siili yophunzitsa: Bwalo linafufuza kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri ya kumanja ndipo kenaka linafunikira malamulo amakono kuti akhale ogwirizana ndi kuzindikira. M’nkhani yamakono, malingaliro ofanana ndi [FL:] United States.[10]

Oweruza oyambirira amakayikira magulu atsopano a kulankhula kosatetezereka, monga ngati “kuda mawu” kapena“ kuuzana” kowonjezereka kuposa Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969] muyezo. Iwo amatsutsa kuti kumvetsetsa kwa mbiri yakale kwa “ufulu wa kulankhula” sikunaphatikizepo malingaliro onyansa kapena audani, koma kulankhula kumene kunapangitsa kuti anthu apandu ayambe kuchita zinthu kapena kuyambitsa kuipitsidwa ndi mbiri yakale monga kunyozedwa kapena kunyozedwa.

Mbali ina kumene nkhani za kuyambika kwa chipembedzo ndi chiphunzitso cha kukhazikitsa ndi . Kaya Lamulo Loyamba limagwira ntchito ku boma ndi boma lakumaloko. Lamulo loyamba linangokakamiza boma la boma. M'chaka cha 1868, Courtth Amendment, linavomerezedwa kuti ligwiritse ntchito Bill of Rights ku maboma. Olemba mbiri yakale anatsutsa ngati opanga malamulo a bungwe la Geneth Conformation ofuna kuphatikiza Bill of Rights kapena maudindo ena ndi kuteteza ufulu wa kulankhula. Khoti Lapamwamba la ufulu wa kulankhula lavomerezedwa kwambiri, koma oyambirira ena, monga Thomas, atsutsa kuti zinsinsi za malo ena, monga mathayo kapena zikalata za Imniclaus Clasko, zimene zingasinthe kutetezera ndi kuteteza kwachinyengo.

Kudziimira pa Mwini wake ndi Malingaliro a Chiyambi: Boma Lilimbana ndi Ochirikiza Ufulu Waumwini

Chiyambukiro cha kuyambika kwa nkhani za kusanthula kuli chokulira, makamaka pamene muyezo wa boma ndi kusanthula kwaumwini ukutsekerezedwa m'nyengo ya manambala. Mpukutu Woyamba wa Amereka umaletsa ntchito ya boma yokha / osati makampani a anthu. Chotero, chigamulo cha pulogalamu ya za mayanjano cha kuchotsa zophatikizidwa si “udindo” m’lingaliro la lamulo. Otembenuza agogomezera kusiyana kumeneku, akutsutsa kuti boma silingakakamize mapulatifomu kuchititsa kulankhula (monga malamulo ena a boma ayesapo kuletsa) chifukwa chakuti zimenezo zingasokoneze ufulu wa pulatifomu wa kulankhula mwaufulu.

Komabe, pamene boma lenilenilo lifufuza , kaya mwa kuweruza otsegula, kuletsa zitsutso, kapena kusanthula mawu okakamiza [1] kutembenukira ku mbiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu Schenkck v. United States (1919), Jaji Oliver Wendell Holmes analongosola bwino lomwe “ngozi yeniyeni ndi yapachiyambi" kuyesa kupenda malamulo a kulankhula mkati mwa nkhondo. Pamene kuli kwakuti si lingaliro lachiyambi (Holmes anali pragmatist), mlanduwo umasonyeza mmene malankhulidwe aufulu a dziko. Oyambirira afunsa kuti: Kodi nchiyani chinali chidziŵitso choyambirira cha mphamvu ya boma yoletsa kulankhula m'nthaŵi za mavuto? Kuyambitsa Sdentio adatsutsanso mwamphamvu, koma anatsutsa mwamphamvu.

Katswiri wamakono wa maphunziro a zaumulungu amanena kuti mphamvu ya boma ya kusanthula njochepa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kuchotsa kwa mbiri yakale kwa kululuza kunali kochepa ndi kophatikiza zinthu zokopa “zokondweretsa,” si zonse zonena za kugonana. Mofananamo, kuipitsa kunaletsedwa ndi chiyeneretso chakuti mawuwo akhale onama ndi ovulaza ku mbiri. Osinkhuka amazengereza kufutukula magulu atsopano monga“ mbiri yosadziwika bwino" kapena “kutchuka, chifukwa palibe chilolezo cha mbiri yakale cholamulira choonadi. Kukambitsirana kwa chinenero chomveka ndi chisinthiko changozi, onani [FL:] Oyzik of [F:]

Mbiri Yakale Imafotokoza Zolankhula Zomasuka

Anthu olemba malamulo a m’Baibulo azindikira kuti mfundo za m’Baibulo zonena za ufulu wolankhula sizinali zoteteza anthu kuti azilankhula.

  • Kudziwitsana : mawu onyansa, onyansa, kapena osonyeza zamaliseche, oweruzidwa ndi miyezo ya chitaganya ndipo osoŵa phindu laluso kapena la sayansi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mawu otsutsa [1]: kutukwana kwaumwini kochitidwa kwa munthu amene mwachibadwa amasonkhezera kuswedwa kwa mtendere. Kusiyana kumeneku kunadziŵika mu Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire [FLT :3] (1942) koma kwagwiritsiridwa ntchito pang’ono.
  • Kusintha [[FLT :]: ndemanga zonama zimene zimavulaza mbiri. Olemba za m'Chipangano angatsutse kuti muyezo weniweni woyambitsidwa mu New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964]) ((64]) unapitirira chidziŵitso choyambirira, umene unalola choonadi kukhala chotetezera koma sunafunikire umboni wa kudziŵa bodza kwa akuluakulu a boma.
  • Kusonkhezera kuchita zosayeruzika zoyandikira [1]: kuwongolera kwamakono kwa “ngozi yowonekera ndi yomwe ilipo”, tsopano yolamuliridwa ndi Brandenburg [ muyezo (1969).

Zotsatira zake n’zakuti anthu olemba mbiri safuna kuwerenga mawu olakwika kapena onyoza ena, pokhapokha ngati mbiri ikusonyeza kuti mawu otero anali olangidwa panthaŵi imene ankayambika.

Mavuto Amakono: Kulankhula ndi Mawu Osokoneza Bongo, Kudana ndi Anthu Ena, ndi Kuwanena Molakwika

Kukhulupirira zinthu zoyambirira kumayang'anizana ndi chiyeso chake chovuta kwambiri pamene akugwiritsa ntchito nkhani zamakono zimene olemba saganizira. Kodi tanthauzo loikidwiratu la 18 lingayende bwanji pa mapulogalamu a za nyuzi, kutumiza mauthenga obisa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti? Olemba mfundo za m’Baibulo ayankha kuti, osati luso la zopangapangapanga, sapirira. Mfundo yakuti palibe lamulo limene limagwira ntchito kutseka nyuzipepala monga momwe ikugwirira ntchito. Mfundo yakuti boma silingalangire akuluakulu a boma potsutsa vidiyo ya Youtube monga mmene imachitira ndi pepala.

Komabe osuliza amanena kuti ofufuzawo sanaphatikizepo kugwiritsa ntchito maalamu, kugwiritsa ntchito trollage, kapena ndawala zogwirizanitsa. Zochitika zimenezi zimadzutsa mafunso amene ofufuza zinthu zoyambirira sizingathetsedwe mosavuta mwa kuyang'ana mbiri yakale. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la boma lofuna mapulatifomu kuti achotse kuloŵerera kwa masankho achilendo. Ngati tanthauzo loyamba la Kukonza Koyamba linali loletsa kuletsa asanaletsedwe, ndiye lamulo limene limafuna kuti zinthu zina zimene zilipo zichotsedwe likhale lovomerezeka. Koma ngati tanthauzo loyamba litaphatikiza ufulu waukulu wa boma pa ulamuliro wa osindikiza, pamenepo malamulo otero angatsutse kulekana kwa manyuzipepala ndi boma.

Kutsutsana pa malamulo a chidani ndi mfundo inanso. M'mademokrase ambiri a Kumadzulo, malamulo audani amaletsa mawu amene amasonkhezera udani kapena tsankho. United States, pansi pa mwambo waufulu wa kulankhula, alibe chiletso chachisawawa cha kulankhula . Chifukwa chachikulu cha kuyambirira ndi kumasulira mawu. Mkhalidwe umenewu umasiyanitsa United States ndi Germany, Canada, ndi United Kingdom, amene amaŵerenga monga opatuka, monga ongosiyana ndi mbiri yakale. Monga chotulukapo, kulankhula kumene kuli kwautundu, kugonana, kapena kutsutsa kwake kumatetezeredwa mwalamulo popanda kulowa m'gulu limodzi la magulu odziŵika.

Misinformation, makamaka ponena za thanzi la anthu ndi masankho, yasonkhezera kuchitapo kanthu kwa boma. Olemba mbiri yakale kaŵirikaŵiri amakana lamulo loterolo, akumanena kuti boma siliyenera kukhala woyambitsa choonadi. Mmalomwake, mankhwala a kulankhula mawu oipa ali mawu ambiri . Chiphunzitso chimenecho nchozikidwa pa kugulitsa malingaliro olingaliridwa ndi John Milton ndi John Stuart Mill, ndipo chimatulutsa mawu otsutsa Justice Holmes pa [FLT:] AMBLM v. United States . . Kutsutsa kumeneko, ngakhale kuti si kuyambika kwa njira, kumasonyeza kukayikira kwa mbadwo koyambirira kwa kusanthula boma. Kuwona mmene kuyang'aniridwa kwamakono kumagwirira ntchito kwa pa intaneti, onani [FLD] Lawrim (FFF:]

Ntchito ya Mapulasitala Achinsinsi

Kusintha kwakukulu kwa mathero kwa malingana amakono ndiko kusiyana pakati pa boma ndi zochita zaumwini. Pamene Twitter kapena Facebook achotsa zophatikizidwamo, chimenecho si kuswa kwa First Amendment chifukwa chakuti kukonzanso kumagwirizanitsa boma lokha. Olemba m'malemba amatsutsa kuti boma siliyenera kukakamiza mapulatifomu kuyambitsa kulankhulana mwachitsanzo, mwa kuwopseza kwa ntchito yotsutsa kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo oyenera kuchita kusintha zinthu. Chifukwa chakuti kukhoza kukwaniritsa boma ndi kupyola pa Kremya. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mapulatifomu ali omasuka kugwiritsa ntchito chiweruzo chawo cha olemba, mogwirizana ndi zoyenera zawo zaufulu. Zimenezi zachititsa kutsutsana: mapulatifomu ena otsutsa maganizo oyenera kutsutsa, koma oyambirira akulingalira kuti mankhwala alionse a boma asakhale oyenera kuwonjezera pokhatanthauzira malamulo a boma pokha pokha ngati a lamulo lotetezedwa ndi malamulo a boma.

Matanthauzo ndi Zoloŵa M’malo za Kumasulira Mawu Koyambirira

Kusinthasintha kwa ufulu wa kulankhula sikunangokhala kopanda chitsutso. Akatswiri a malamulo a moyo amatsutsa kuti tanthauzo la Malamulo liyenera kusintha kuti agwirizane ndi mikhalidwe yatsopano, ndi kuti okonza okhawo akufuna kumasulira mosinthika. Amatchula kuti Kusintha Koyamba kwakhala kukugwiritsidwa ntchito kutetezera mitundu ya mawu oyambitsawo, monga zithunzi zoyenda, zojambula mawu, ndi malamulo a kompyuta. Kwa akatswiri a malamulo a moyo, phindu la ufulu wa kulankhula ndi ufulu wa democracy avernance , osati kumasulira kwa mbiri yakale.

Akatswiri a zaumulungu amatsutsa kuyambika kwa zinthu chifukwa cha kukhala woumirira kwambiri ndi kunyalanyaza zotulukapo zenizeni za dziko za zosankha. M'nkhani ya kusanthula, iwo amatsutsa kuti njira ya mbiri yakale yokha ingatetezere mawu ovulaza amene amafooketsa njira za demokrase, zonga ngati mademokrasi kapena kusokonezeka kwa mavairasi. Iwo amayanja mayeso olinganiza bwino amene amayesa chikondwerero cha boma ndi chiletso cha kulankhula, mmalo mwa kusiyanitsa mbiri yakale kotheratu.

Njira ina ndiyo malembo [[FLT :1], amene amagaŵana kuyambika kwa mawuwo, koma samafuna kuti matanthauzo a mbiri yakale akhale ofanana ndi amakono. Olemba malemba ayang'ana ku tanthauzo la mawu monga momwe amvetsedwere lerolino, amene angasiyane ndi tanthauzo loyambirira la anthu. Justice Scalia, wolemba ndi woyambirira, kaŵirikaŵiri anakometsera aŵiri, koma pambuyo pake oweruza, mofanana ndi Justice Kagan, adavomereza malembo osinthika kwambiri amene nthaŵi zina amasuntha kuchokera ku Chiphunzitso choyambirira.

Mosasamala kanthu za matanthauzo ameneŵa, kuyambirira kumakhalabe mphamvu yaikulu m'makhoti a ku America. Chigogomezero chake pa makhoti ndi oweruza a mbiri yakale kuti achite mwamphamvu ndi nyengo yokhazikitsidwa, imene kaŵirikaŵiri imavumbula kuti zitetezero zamakono za kulankhula nzofala kuposa chidziŵitso choyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Chidziŵitso cha United . FEC , chimene chinachepetsa malire a masankhoti ogwiritsa ntchito, chinali chozikidwa pa kuŵerenga koyambirira kwa Chisinthiko choyamba. Pamene kuli kwakuti, chigamulocho chikusonyeza mmene kutetezera kwaufulu kwa kulankhula kwa oseŵera atsopano ndi opanga mafilimu atsopano.

Kukhulupirira Zinthu Zakale ndi Malire a Kuyamba kwa Mawu a Mulungu

Chimodzi cha zisulizo zopitirizabe za kuyambika kwa mawu m'dera la ufulu nchakuti mbiri yakale kaŵirikaŵiri njosadziŵika bwino. Mbadwo woyambirira sunagwirizane kwambiri ponena za ukulu wa mawu aufulu . . Aalien ndi Sedition Acts ndiwo chitsanzo chachikulu. Oyambirira ayenera kusankha kuti ndi magwero ati a mbiri yakale amene angapeze mwayi: zolembedwa ndi James Madison, nkhani za malamulo wamba za William Blackstone, kapena miyambo ya boma. Akatswiri osiyanasiyana angafikire pa mfundo zosiyana ponena za tanthauzo loyambirira la Kukonzanso Koyamba, kutsogolera ku chimene otsutsa amatcha “Chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi nkhope yololera kapena yosinthasintha.

Mwachitsanzo, Jasitisi Thomas, wotchuka wolemba nkhani, watsutsa kuti First Amendment’s Free Press Claus poyambirira inatetezera kokha manyuzipepala monga gulu, osati olankhula amodzi. Kuŵerenga kochepa kumeneku kukakhala ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kwa olemba ndi atolankhani odziimira okha. Olemba mbiri ambiri amakana lingaliro limenelo, koma chitsanzocho chikusonyeza mmene kufufuza kwa mbiri yakale kungatulutsire zotulukapo zoposerapo. Kupenda njira zodziŵira njira za kuyambika m'nkhani zaufulu, onani nkhani iyi kuchokera ku Harvard Law Review on progresism ndi kulankhula kwaufulu .

Ndiponso, chiphunzitso choyambirira chiyenera kutsutsana ndi kuphatikizidwa kwa First Amendment ku maboma. Mpando wa Azindikiro wa 144 unavomerezedwa mu 1868, pambuyo pa kumvetsetsa koyamba kwa First Amendment. Zimene “ufulu wa kulankhula” zinatanthauza kwa olemba pa 14491 Demendment zingakhale zosiyana ndi tanthauzo la 1791. Akatswiri ena a mbiri yakale amanena kuti nkhani yofunika iyenera kukhala 1868, osati 1791. Zimenezi zimasokoneza kwambiri, popeza kuti pambuyo pa msonkhano wachiŵiri wa Civil War panali zokumana nazo zawo ndi kupendedwa kwa nkhondo ndi Reinkon.

Kumaliza: Kuyamba Kuphunzitsa Ana Kumakhudza Ufulu Wolankhula ndi Kuwabera

Kuyambirira kwa dziko la America kumasintha kwambiri makambitsirano a ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kusanthula mwa kuchirikiza kumasulira kwa lamulo kwa mbiri yakale. Ochirikiza ake amanena kuti njira imeneyi imapereka bata, kuvomereza, ndi kukhulupirika ku dongosolo la demokrase. Zowona, oweruza oyambirira amakhala otsimikiza kukhala otetezera ufulu wa kulankhula, okayikira za kusiyana kwatsopano kolingaliridwa ndi malamulo amakono kapena magulu achifunitso. Chotulukapo chake ndicho chitetezero chachikulu kwa mkangano, chonyansa, ndipo ngakhale kulankhula kwaupandu ngati sikugwera m’magulu otsalira, odziŵika m'mbiri.

Komabe kuyambirira sikunayambitse. Nthaŵi ya manambala, ndi chidziŵitso chake chocholoŵana ndi malo ake obisika amphamvu, imayesa malire a malamulo amakhalidwe abwino a chisanu ndi chitatu. Osuliza amanena kuti njira ya mbiri yakale yokha ingasiye chitaganya kukhala chosavuta kuvulaza kuti opanga mafaelo osalingaliridwa, monga ngati mabodza amene amawononga thanzi la anthu kapena kukhulupirika kwa anthu. Olemba za m'malemba oyambirira amayankha kuti mankhwala a kulankhula koipa ndiwo mawu ambiri, osati kusanthula boma, ndi kuti tanthauzo loyamba la Kukonzanso zinthu ndilo nlopeputsa kwambiri kutetezera kugulitsa kwa malingaliro.

Pomalizira pake, mkangano wa kuyambika kwa zinthu ndi kuyankhula ndi womasuka ndi mkangano wonena za mtundu wa Malamulo enieniwo: kodi ndi pangano lotsimikizirika kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake la mbiri, kapena chikalata chamoyo chimene chimagwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yatsopano? Mbali zonse ziŵiri ziri ndi zigomeko zokakamiza, ndipo zosankha za Khoti Lalikulu zidzapitirizabe kusonyeza kupsinjika pakati pa njira za kuyambika kwa zinthu ndi njira zosakhala za chiyambi. Pamene luso latsopano la zopangapanga ndi zachikhalidwe cha anthu likuwonekera, nkhani ya mmene chiphunzitso choyambirira chimayambukirira ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kusanthula malamulo a ku America. Kaamba kafufuzidwe kambiri ka mawu aufulu m'nyengo yamakono, [FLD:] mu United States [FLD] nkhani imeneyi ya BBS [F:]

Chowonekeratu nchakuti chiphunzitso choyambirira chayambitsa mfundo za mkangano. Ngakhale adani ake ayenera kuloŵa m'zitsutso za m'mbiri, kaya agwirizane ndi njirayo kapena ayi. Vuto lopitirizabe kwa omasulira onse . . Omasulira ndi osakhala oyamba omwe, ndi kulinganiza zinthu monga ku America, kupeza kulinganiza pakati pa malamulo a maziko a malamulo ndi kukambirana zenizeni za dziko zosiyana kwambiri ndi zimene zinapanga First Amendment. Kulinganiza kumeneko kudzasankha tsogolo la ufulu wa kulankhula ku America.