Malamulo a boma amasintha malamulo, chuma, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimene zimalamulira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuchokera pa mtundu wa mpweya ndi madzi mpaka kupezeka kwa mankhwala ndi maphunziro. Komabe nzika zambiri, aphunzitsi, ndi ophunzira amapeza njira imene malamulo ameneŵa amapangidwira kukhala osawoneka kapena osafikirika. Kumvetsa bwino mmene malamulo a anthu amapangidwira kupatsa mphamvu anthu kuti azichita nawo moyenerera ulamuliro wa demokrase, kaya mwa kuvota, kuchirikiza, kapena kungodziŵa. Nkhaniyi imapereka kusweka kwakukulu, mbali ya [1] ndi kusweka kwa dongosolo lopanga zinthu, mphamvu zimene zimasonkhezera, ndi oseŵera aakulu ndi kutsutsa zimene zimalongosola zotsatira zake.

Ziyeso za Mfundo za M’dziko

Njira ya kachitidwe kake siikhala yotsatizana, koma akatswiri apanga dongosolo lothandiza: malongosoledwe a maprogramu, kukhazikitsa malamulo, kutengera malamulo, kulinganiza, ndi kupenda lamulo. Pasiteji iliyonse imaphatikizapo oseŵera osiyanasiyana, mfundo zogamulapo, ndi zopinga zimene onse pamodzi boma silimasankha zimene boma limachita.

Malo Okonzera Agenda

Agenda ndi njira imene mavuto ena amaonekera kukhala oyenera kusamaliridwa ndi boma. Si nkhani iliyonse ya chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena ya zachuma imene imachititsa kuti izichitika pa nkhani za anthu; mpikisano wofuna kusamala ndi woopsa, ndipo ndi mavuto okhawo amene amakhudza anthu onse, apamwamba, kapena mabungwe akuluakulu amene amapindula.

  • Malingaliro a Public ndi maprotous rootism province - nkhaŵa yofalikira, yowonjezereka ndi zitsutso kapena zifuno, ingakakamize nkhani pa maganizo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, mwana wa sukulu wa 2018 anailemba mwezi wa March pa mkupiti wathu wa miyoyo yoika mfuti programme pa chigawo cha ndale zadziko cha U.S.
  • Kuulutsa kwa media [1] -'FLT' – Oulutsa nkhani angawonjeze vuto mwa kubwerezabwereza kusimba, kukakamiza, kapena kusanthula manyuzipepala. Chiyambukiro cha nyuzi za malamulo chalembedwa bwino; talingalirani mmene mzera wa maora 246 wa nkhani unakwezera vuto la opioid kapena kusintha kwa nyengo.
  • Gulu losonkhezera kwambiri [1] - Mabungwe oimira malonda, ntchito, malo okhala, kapena zinthu zina zolembedwa nthaŵi zonse amaumiriza akuluakulu osankhidwa kuti ayankhire nkhaŵa zenizeni. Bungwe la American Petroleum Institute lakhala likusunga malamulo a mphamvu ya magetsi kwa zaka makumi ambiri.
  • Kusintha zochitika [1] – mwadzidzidzi, zochitika zazikulu profile `zonga masoka achilengedwe, kuwombera kwa anthu, kapena ngozi za zachuma . Vuto la zachuma la 2008, linayambitsa kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu (m.g., Dodd kanyefrank Act) yomwe inalekedwapo.

Maulamuliro a mphamvu, malamulo a mabungwe (m’njira yakuti, ulamuliro wa komiti ya kondera ya authorion), ndi kusintha kwa ndale kofala kumene kumasankhidwa kuti kupendedwe mosamalitsa.

Kusintha Kayendedwe ka Mankhwala

Ngati nkhani yatha kukhala ndi malo ochitirapo zinthu, opanga malamulo ayamba kupanga njira zothetsera vutoli.

  • Mabungwe a boma [1] – Ntchito ya antchito a boma ndi oikidwa m'madipatimenti andale kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga zosankha zatsatanetsatane za malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe lotetezera zachilengedwe la U.S. limasanthula malonda a project proft proftware deviced projectives asanakhazikitsa miyezo ya kulingana kwa mpweya.
  • Oweruza ndi antchito awo [[FL:1] – Ziŵalo za Congress kapena nyumba ya malamulo zikugwira ntchito ndi komiti zothandizira kukonza ndalama, kaŵirikaŵiri pambuyo pa kuweruza umboni wa akatswiri.
  • Matanki oganizira ndi mabungwe ofufuza – Magulu a Nonpartisan onga Brookings Institution kapena RAND Corporation imapanga mapendedwe okhwima amene amaumba ndandanda ya zinthu zimene zilipo kwa opanga malamulo.
  • Mabungwe a ku kampani ndi makampani - - Akanema ameneŵa amatchula njira zosankhidwa, nthaŵi zina kuwatcha “lamulo lachitsanzo” limene lingayambitsidwe ndi opanga malamulo achifundo.

Cholinga cha zimenezi n’chakuti pakhale dongosolo lothandiza kuti anthu apeze ana olera.

Kulera Ana a Ana

Kutengera lamulo la kulera mwana ndi nthaŵi pamene lamulo lolingaliridwa lilandira chilolezo chovomerezedwa ndi bungwe lolamulira.

  • Mavoti a U.S. amafunikiritsa kuchokera ku zipinda zonse ziŵiri, kuwonjezera macheke ndi mipata ya kukonzanso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Malamulo otsatizana [[FLT :1] - Prezidenti, akazembe, ndi a meya angatsatire malamulo ena popanda chilolezo chalamulo, makamaka m'mbali za ulamuliro. Pulezidenti Obama’s Defered Action for Childhood Applictions (DACA) ali chitsanzo chotchuka.
  • Maperendendi ndi kulongosola demokrase – M'maiko ena ndi maiko, nzika zingavote mwachindunji pa chigamulo cha lamulo. Chikalata cha California 13 (19788) ndi mapilo a Switzerland amasonyeza mmene kulera mwana kungapeŵere mwachindunji mabungwe oimira.
  • Kukhazikitsa malamulo - Komiti yokhala ndi ulamuliro wogawidwa ingapereke malamulo ogwirizana amene amatsatira bwino malamulo. Malamulo a Federal Communications auchete amagwirizana ndi mfundo za m'dziko ndi nkhani.

Kulera ana opeza si chinthu chovuta kuchimvetsa chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri safuna kulera ana opeza, amalolerana, ndiponso amalola kuti ana ena abereke ana ena.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Lamulo

Atavomerezedwa, lamulo liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito . "kaŵirikaŵiri] mbali yocholoŵana ndi yosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kutsatira kumaphatikizapo kutembenuza malembo a malamulo kapena malangizo a akuluakulu a boma ku ûtheplace. Ntchito zofunika zikuphatikizapo:

  • [[MLT:0] Kulemba malamulo atsatanetsatane [ – Malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala autali; mabungwe ayenera kupereka malamulo akutiakuti amene amamveketsa zofunika, njira zoyendetsera, ndi njira zosungitsira.
  • Chuma chomapanga zinthu [[FLT :1] – Mabajeti a mabanki ayenera kuyenerera, antchito olembedwa kapena kugawidwanso, ndi maziko omangidwa kapena kukonzedwanso. Affordible Care Act inadodometsedwa ndi ndalama zothandizira poyambirirapo.
  • Kuphunzitsa antchito – Frontproline antchito , aphunzitsi, oyang’anira zaumoyo, okhometsa msonkho] ayenera kumvetsetsa njira zatsopano ndi zisonkhezero.
  • Kugwirizanitsa m'zigawo zonse – malamulo ambiri amafunikira kuchitapo kanthu ndi milingo yambiri ya boma kapena mabungwe, kuchititsa mavuto a kugwirizana. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo a maphunziro a boma (Aliyense Wophunzira Atenga Bwino Act) kumadalira kwambiri pa boma ndi akuluakulu a maphunziro a m’dzikolo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi kungasokonezedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu a boma, kusapereka ndalama zokwanira, kutsutsa ndale, kapena kuvuta kwambiri.

Kupima Malamulo

Njira zimenezi ndi monga:

  • Kusanthula kwa chidziŵitso cha zinthu – kupima zizindikiro zonga ngati mlingo wa upandu, kuyesa mayeso, zotsatira za thanzi, kapena ma milingo ya malo okhala asanasinthe lamulo ndi pambuyo pake.
  • Kuyankha kwa pulogalamu – kufunsa mafunso, timagulu ta oimira, ndi khutu lapoyera kumapereka chidziŵitso cha mmene lamulo limakhalira kwa oyambukiridwa.
  • Maphunziro odziwitsa - Kuyerekezera zotsatirapo kuzungulira kapena kwanthaŵi yaitali kumathandiza kusiyanitsa mphamvu ya malamulo.
  • Kusanthula kwa CostÍbenefit[[FT:1] – Ma-Fumal Aunification (m., ndi Boma la U.S. la Umboni) amapima mtengo wa ndalama wa lamulo ndi mapindu ake.

Kufufuza kumabwereranso m'dongosolo la malamulo. Ngati programu yapezedwa yosagwira ntchito, ingathetsedwe, kukonzedwanso, kapena kuloŵedwa mmalo ndi [1] Kutsogolera ku dongosolo latsopano la mapulani ndi kukonza. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwa kakhalidwe kabwino m'ma 1990 kunasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi maprogramu a ndalama a projekiti a Stock programunce a ndalama asanabadwe.

Mfundo Zazikulu Zimene Zimakhudza Mfundo Zokhudza Anthu

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti aliyense amene akufuna kumvetsa chifukwa chake malamulo ena amakhudza ena.

Lingaliro la Zandale ndi Kulekanitsa

Luso la zasayansi limapereka njira imene opanga malamulo amaonera mavuto ndi njira zothetsera. Anthu okonda kuchirikiza njira zotsatizana malonda, boma lopereŵera, ndi udindo wa munthu payekha, pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri amavomereza kuti boma lichitepo kanthu, lizitsatira malamulo, ndi kuti lizigwirizana. Partisan polation . Makamaka ku United States . Amaletsanso kulera ana osabereka ndiponso kuletsanso kuti zinthu zisaikidwe pa nkhani yokhudzana ndi nkhani. Nkhani yokhudza malamulo a nyengo imaonetsa bwino mmene kayendetsedwe kake kake ka zinthu zina.

Mavuto a Zachuma ndi Ovuta

Kukula kwa zachuma kapena kutsika kwa chuma kungayambukire mwachindunji zimene maboma angachite ndi zimene adzachita.

Anthu Ogwirizana ndi Anthu Ena Ndiponso Zimene Anthu Ambiri Amaganiza

Magulu a anthu angasinthe nkhani yapoyera ndi chitsenderezo chosankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma. Gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe, bungwe loona za malo okhala, ndi magulu aposachedwapa a Black Live Confect ndi # Magulu onse a MeToo asintha kwambiri pa mfundo za boma.

Zochitika Padzikoli Ndiponso Mavuto a Padziko Lonse

Nkhondo, miliri, mavuto a zachuma, ndiponso mapangano a mayiko osiyanasiyana zingapose mfundo za m’banja.

Ntchito ya Otenga Malo m’Njira Yotsatira Lamulo

Lamulo silimapangidwa ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa okha; akanema osiyanasiyana — ponse paŵiri mkati ndi kunja kwa boma — shape pulatifomu iriyonse.

Ogwira Ntchito m’Boma

  • Oweruza ndi ndodo zawo [1] – Amayambitsa ngongole, kukambirana, ndi kuyang’anira.
  • Mabungwe a nthambi otsatizana – Amakhazikitsa malamulo, kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi kupereka ukatswiri.
  • Courts [[FLT :1] – Kupenda Chiweruzo kungathetse kapena kuchirikiza malamulo, monga momwe Bwalo Lapamwamba la United States linachitira ndi mbali za Afford Care Act ndi kuchotsa mimba.
  • Mabungwe a boma [1] , m'madongosolo a boma, boma ndi maboma a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amayesa ndi malamulo amene pambuyo pake amadziŵitsa ntchito ya dziko (m’chitsanzo, kaboni wachiŵiri).

Ochirikiza Chipembedzo cha Boma

  • Magulu opimira ndi osonkhezera ofikira anthu [1] – Iwo amapereka ukatswiri, nkhani za mapulogalamu, ndi ndawala ya zigamulo kapena kutsutsa. Kampani ya zachuma imasonyeza kuti ndalama zawo zikhoza kubweretsa zotsatirapo za malamulo.
  • Matanki a maganizo ndi ofufuza amaphunziro – Zimapereka umboni ndi malingaliro amene amaumba chinthu chofunika kukhala cholondola kapena chabwino koposa.
  • Media [1] [1] Kusankha, kujambula, ndi kubwereza nkhani, ziyambukiro zimene anthu amalingalira kukhala zofunika (mphamvu yolamulira).
  • Anthu – Voters, omenyera ufulu, ndi mabungwe a udzu amakakamiza mwa masankho, kutsutsa, ndi kulankhulana mwachindunji.

Mavuto Amene Anachitika pa Kayendetsedwe ka Lamuloli

Ngakhale kuti njira yosonyezera zinthu pa siteji imathandiza kwambiri, njira yeniyeni yoyendetsera dziko ndi yowononga, yochedwa, ndiponso yosavuta kulephera.

Mipata ya Olamulira ndi Kudula Mitengo

Ngakhale malamulo okonzedwa bwino angalephere kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Antchito a ntchito yokonza mapulogalamu angatsutse kusintha kumene kumasokoneza njira zozoloŵereka. Kuphunzitsa kosakwanira, chitsogozo chosadziŵika bwino, ndi malamulo otsutsana ochokera ku mabungwe osiyanasiyana auyang’aniro angatsogolere ku kuphedwa kosiyana kapena kosaphula kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha kochuluka kwa maphunziro kwatulutsa zotulukapo zogwiritsa mwala osati chifukwa chakuti malingalirowo anali olakwa, koma chifukwa chakuti kukwaniritsidwa kwake kunali kosagwirizana m’madera zikwi zambiri a sukulu.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ndalama Ndiponso Kungoberekera

Chiyambukiro chopambana cha magulu achiwongola dzanja otchuka kwambiri . mwapadera m'madongosolo a zachuma opanga projekiti amene amalola ndalama zopanda malire zowonongedwa / zikumalingalira za chilungamo cha demokrase. Otsutsa amanena kuti kaŵirikaŵiri malamulo amayanja opereka ndalama ndi opanga malonda a anthu ambiri pa anthu onse. Kufufuza kwa wasayansi yandale Martin Gilens kwasonyeza kuti anthu apamwamba a zachuma ndi magulu olinganiza a zachitukuko ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu kwambiri pa malamulo a U.S.

Zotsatirapo Zake Zosayembekezereka

Andale zimapanga madongosolo awoawo a ndale zadziko. Programu zimene zimapindulitsa malumbiro aakulu (m’chitsanzo, Social Security , Medicare) zimavuta kuchotsa pandale, ngakhale pamene umboni unena kuti kusintha nkofunika. Mosiyana, malamulo angatulutse ziyambukiro zowonjezereka zosayembekezeredwa: mapindu a chimanga olemeretsa; zofunikira zaubwino za ntchito zingakhale zowonjezera umphaŵi kwa magulu ena. Kusanthula ndi kuyang'anira kwa kachitidwe ka zinthu nkofunika, koma kaŵirikaŵiri ndale zadziko zimachititsa kuti maphunziro anthaŵi yaitali ikhale yovuta.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira mmene malamulo a anthu amachitidwira . Kuchokera pa kudziŵidwa koyamba kwa vuto mpaka kuŵerengera komaliza kwa zotsatirapo . Masiteji asanu ndi asanu a stage akupereka njira yolinganizidwa yopendera chifukwa chake malamulo ena amapambana pamene ena akuvutika. Nzofunikanso kuzindikira mbali za malingaliro, zachuma, za mayanjano, ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse zowongolera zimene zili zothekera. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika zodzipereka, chidziŵitso chimenechi si chida chothandizira anthu otchuka. Mwa kumvetsa mmene malamulo amagwirira ntchito, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchitidwa, kuchitidwa, anthu, anthu angayende bwino, angapangire oimira awo, ndi kuthandiza ntchito yopitiriza yolamulira ya democracy.

Kufufuzanso mutu, talingalirani kuŵerenga U.S. kupenda kwa boma kupanga malamulo a boma , Brookings Institution’s Research , kapena [FLT ,4] Goverment Accounting Office of Office of recustomment Office