Kupha tizilombo tamadzi kumabweretsa mavuto aakulu ku thanzi la anthu ndi malo okhala. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo mankhwala, mankhwala odzisamalira, ndi mankhwala a maindasitale amene sanayende bwino kapena kudziwika. Kuthetsa njira zimenezi kumafuna njira zothandiza zimene zimasintha mogwirizana ndi sayansi yatsopano ndi kupita patsogolo. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zimenezi, kuphatikizapo zotsatira zake za masiku ambiri, kumafuna njira yothandiza ndi yogwirizana ndi sayansi imene ingayambike pamene ntchito yatsopano yatulukira.

Vuto la Kuyamba Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Ena Oipa

Zinthu zopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwenso zimadziwika kuti ndi zinthu zimene zimayambitsa nkhaŵa (CECs), zimaphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene zapezeka m’madzi koma sizikuyang'aniridwa ndi kayendetsedwe kake kapena kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo mankhwala osokoneza thupi (EDC), zinthu zokhala ndi polyfluoralkyl (PFAS), tizilombo tosaoneka ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo, ndi majinito opha tizilombo. Kumwa madzi, madzi a pansi, ndi kuthambo kumayambitsa mavuto a thanzi la munthu monga matenda a kubereka, kuchedwa kwa kubadwa, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa matenda a kansa.

Mankhwala ambiri amene akutulukapo amachokera ku zochita za anthu. Mankhwala ndi zinthu zina zothandiza munthu amaloŵa m’madzi kudzera m'malo opangika ndi otayidwa osayenera. Mankhwala a m'mafakitale ochokera ku malo opangira zinthu, zinthu zogulitsira, ndi mafakitale otaya zinthu za m'madzi. Agriculturaoff imanyamula mankhwala ophera tizilombo, mankhwala a nyama, ndi mahomoni. Chifukwa chakuti zinthu zimenezi zimachitika nthaŵi zambiri (magawo 1 biliyoni kapena biliyoni imodzi), njira zochiritsira madzi sizingawachotse bwino. Kusoŵa kwa chidziŵitso cha zinthu zakupha kwa anthu ambiri kumawonjezeranso kupenda ndi kupanganso chigamulo.

Kumvetsa kwa sayansi yotulukira mankhwala opha majeremusi kukukula, koma pali zinthu zina zofunika. Mwachitsanzo, zotsatirapo za mankhwala ambiri amene alipo panthaŵi imodzi m’madzi sizikudziwika bwino. Ndiponso, zinthu zimene zimasintha pamene mankhwala opha tizilombo awonongeka m’malo kapena panthaŵi ya kuchiritsidwa kwa madzi zikhoza kukhala zakupha kwambiri kuposa zinthu za kholo. Kulephera kumeneku kumachititsa kuti njira yotetezera madzi ikhale yoteteza, kulimbikitsa kuletsa, kuyang’anira, ndi kufufuza.

Malamulo Ofunika Kwambiri a Kukonza Zinthu Zowononga Madzi

Njira zosiyanasiyana zothandiza popanga mankhwala opha tizilombo ndiponso kuteteza thanzi la anthu, ziyenera kukhala zothandiza kwambiri.

Kufufuza ndi Kufufuza Zinthu

Kuyesa nthaŵi zonse madzi otetezera kuti apeze madzi atsopano n’kofunika kwambiri kuti apeze mwamsanga ndiponso kuti aone ngati pali ngozi. Maboma ambiri masiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu amene amapanga CEC potengera njira zogwiritsa ntchito, poizoni, ndiponso malo oteteza zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imachititsa kuti bungwe la Contaminant Moniting Soning Source (UCMR) lizisonkhanitsa zinthu 30 zimene zikutulukira popangana ndi potengera njira zoyendera. Kufufuza kumeneku kumathandiza kuti pakhale maziko a sayansi komanso kuti athandize kufufuza ndi kukonza zinthu. Kutumiza makampani kuti aphatikizapo madzi a pansi, malo achinsinsi, ndi madzi a zosangulutsa kungatenge chithunzi chokwanira cha kuipitsa.

Kufufuza ndi Kukonzanso

Kuchirikiza kufufuza kwa sayansi kumatsogolera ku njira zotulukira bwino, tekinoloji yothandiza, ndi kumvetsetsa za ululu. Makampani a boma a zopangapanga zotulukira amawonjezera luso lapamwamba la zopangapanga, monga kupima zinthu zambiri ndi kukonza zinthu zasayansi. Zida zimenezi zimathandiza kutulukira zinthu zokopa zosadziŵika poyamba komanso zinthu zimene zimasintha. Kuwonjezera apo, kufufuza za sayansi yopanga zinthu zotsatsatsira zinthu za carbon orthoration, njira zotsogola zotsogola, mapulogalamu apamwamba, ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe kumasulitsa zinthu zina zothandizira kuchotsa zinthu zina zothandizira kukonza. Kugwirizana kwaubongo ndi maphunziro a zapamwamba kungaulutse luso la zopanga zinthu kuchokera ku malo ofufuza zinthu ndi ku kuchitika kwapamwamba.

Kuwapukutira

Malamulo okonzanso ndi okonzanso zinthu zokhala ndi mfundo zoteteza amasungidwa. Njira yachibadwa yokhazikitsa mlingo wa madzi oyenera (MCL) yozikidwa pa kupenda kochuluka kwa ngozi zingakhale zochedwa. Opanga malamulo ena amachirikiza mapulaneti ena, monga ngati matenda, kuyambitsa milingo ya kuyang'anira, kapena kuipitsa kofanana kwa poizoni kuti apange mapulogalamu. Makito a bungwe la European Union a madzi a Framediocracy Directive, mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsira ntchito njira ya oonera zinthu zimene zingayambitse ngozi yaikulu ndi kufuna kuyang'aniranso zinthu. M'dziko la U.

Maphunziro a Onse ndi Kusintha kwa Khalidwe

Kuthandiza anthu kuti adziwe zinthu zimene zingawachititse kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza madzi. Anthu akafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osagwiritsidwa ntchito angayambe kutaya mankhwala oyenera (m’chitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu achidule), kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito sopo ndi zinthu zina zosamalira zomwe zili ndi zinthu zoyambitsa mkangano, ndiponso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a mtedza ndi a m’munda. Pamene nzika zimvetsa kugwirizana kwa zochita zawo za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi madzi, iwo amachirikiza kwambiri njira za kagwiridwe kakedwe kake ndi kutengera makhalidwe amene amachepetsa kukwera kwa mankhwala otereka.

Mavuto a Kumwa Madzi

Ngakhale kuti n’zodziŵika bwino kuti n’kofunika kuthana ndi mankhwala opha majeremusi, pali zinthu zambiri zimene zimalepheretsa njira zogwirira ntchito bwino.

Sayansi Ili ndi Malire

Makemikolo ambiri m'zamalonda . "kuposa 3500,000" olembetsedwa padziko lonse lapansi. Kuchuluka kwa makampani ofufuza zinthu kuchuluka kuposa mphamvu ya mabungwe ofufuza zinthu zonse. Kwa anthu ambiri amene akutuluka, kulibe chidziŵitso chokwanira pa zochitika, njira zopimira, mphamvu za poizoni, ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kusiyana kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti kukhale kovuta kukhazikitsa malamulo oyenera ndi kulinganiza zinthu. Kuwonjezera apo, kufulumira kwa kupenda kwa mwambo kumatanthauza kuti pofika nthaŵi imene chinthu chakuikidwa, chingakhale chofala kale m'malo ozungulira.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Chithandizo N’kovuta

Kuchotsa maoda owonjezera a madzi kumafuna njira zamakono zochiritsira zimene zili zokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa njira zozoloŵereka. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera kwa carbon filtum, osmosis, ozonication , ndi UV zimatenga ndalama zambiri ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Midzi yaing'ono ndi yakumidzi, yomwe kaŵirikaŵiri imakhala yopanda chuma ndi zipangizo zamakono, ikhoza kuvutikira kuti ipeze ndalama zowonjezereka. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kusiyana kwa madzi abwino ndi chitetezo cha anthu. Poliisi imene imapereka chithandizo cha ndalama, monga momwe imathandizira Metho Water State Revoial Fund ku U. S, ingathandize, koma ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopezeka kaŵirikaŵiri.

Kulinganiza Zinthu Zofunika Pazachuma ndi Zaumoyo wa Anthu Onse

Makampani a madzi ndi makampani ayenera kupenda mtengo wa kugonjera ku mapindu a kuchepetsa maupandu a thanzi. Kwa ochiritsa ena, vuto la zachuma lingafanane ndi mapindu oyerekezeredwa a thanzi, makamaka pamene kuunika kwachepa. Komabe, kuchuluka ndi ziyambukiro za nthaŵi yaitali za manyukiliya ambiri obukawo sikunatengedwe bwino ndi kupenda kwamwambo kwa zofufuzira zamwambo. Okonza malamulo ayenera kulingalira kuti kuyenera, kusamala, ndi kuthekera kwa kuvulaza kosasinthika. Zosankha zooneka bwino zimene zimaphatikizapo kusungitsa madzi, kuphatikizapo maatomu, akatswiri a zaumoyo, magulu a anthu, malo okhalako, ndi anthu omwe akuthandiza kugwirizanitsa mavutowa.

Njira Zochititsa Chidwi Zoti Zinthu Ziziyenda Bwino

Kuti tithetse vutoli pamafunika kugwirizana m’mayiko osiyanasiyana ndiponso m’zigawo zosiyanasiyana za boma.

Mabungwe a Maboma Ofuna Kuthandiza Anthu ndi Ofufuza

Kugwirizana pakati pa mabungwe a malo okhala, madipatimenti a zaumoyo, ndi ofufuza amaphunziro kumathandiza kupeza zinthu zogwirizana, kukonza zinthu zatsopano, ndi kupanga njira zothandizira. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la EPA loona za malo osungira zinthu zachilengedwe (USGS) limathandizana ndi EPA kuyang'anira zinthu zomangira m’mitsinje ndi m’mitsinje. Kufufuza kogwirizana kumeneku kwavumbula kuti mankhwala ena alipo m’madzi ambiri, zomwe zimachititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi malo opangira mankhwala otayitsa ndi njira zoyendetsera zinthu.

Kusintha Ntchito

Makampani opanga ndi makampani a zamadzi amachita mbali yaikulu. Opanga mankhwala ena asankha dala zinthu zina za PFAS pochitapo kanthu ndi mphamvu ya boma ndi nkhaŵa ya anthu. Makampani a zopereka madzi akupanga maluso opindulitsa ndi okhoza kugula, monga ngati njira zopangira mendulo ndi magetsi opangira madzi. Makampani a makampani, monga ngati za za za m'Water Environment Federation, amapititsa patsogolo machitidwe abwino kwambiri ndi kufufuza pa kutulukira kwa ma PFAS. Amalimbikitsa udindo wa bungwe la kampani kudzera mwa malamulo [1] Monga ntchito yopanga (EPR) yopanga madongosolo a kuyendetsa zinthu zotayitsa katundu kuchokera ku zinthu zopanga madzi.

Kuloŵa M’gulu la Anthu ndi Kuyambitsa Zochita

Magulu a anthu akumeneko amene akhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowononga thupi kaŵirikaŵiri amasintha malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a ku Hoosick Falls, New York, ndi Bennett , Colorado, anachirikiza bwino lomwe ntchito ya boma ndi boma atatulukira kuipitsa PFAS m'madzi awo akumwa. Zigamulo za anthu, ma holoa, ndi malamulo akakamiza oyendetsa zinthu kuti akhazikitse malire okhwima ndi kupereka ndalama zothetsera. Magulu osintha zinthu poyang'anira ndi kupanga zosankha amatsimikizira kuti malamulo asonyeza zosoŵa za kumaloko ndi mapindu, ndipo amamanga chikhulupiriro m'madongosolo a madzi.

Malo Oonera Zinthu Padziko Lonse

Zinthu zopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi nkhani ya padziko lonse, ndipo mgwirizano wa mayiko onse n’ngofunika kuti zinthu ziyende bwino.

Ntchito Yam’madzi ya ku Ulaya Yoyenderana

EU yakhala mtsogoleri woyang'anira kutulukira zinthu zogwirizana ndi zinthu zokhala ndi mamembala kudzera m'magawo ake a Water Frame Workic Directive (WFD). WFD imagwiritsira ntchito “ndandanda ya pulogalamu ya" yodziŵira zinthu zimene zikufunikira kusamalidwa. Kusintha zinthu pandandanda, monga mankhwala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kumayang'aniridwa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kuti apeze zinthu zimene zachitika. Ngati ngozizo zatsimikiziridwa, zingawonjezeredwe pandandanda ya zinthu zofunika ndi njira zoyendetsera. Njira imeneyi yosinthira imachititsa kuti zinthuzo zikhalenso bwino poyerekezera ndi njira zamakono. EU yakhazikitsanso miyezo ya malo okhala ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndipo imalimbikitsa kuteteza kuipitsa.

Kuyamba kwa Boma la United States

Michigan sanatsatire malamulo a boma a makampani ambiri amene akutuluka, U.S. adatsogolera. California anakhazikitsa mlingo wa chidziŵitso ndi kulabadira kwa zinthu zina monga 1,4-dioxane ndi hexivated chromium. Michigan anatengera njira zina zamphamvu kwambiri za madzi a dzikolo za PFAS, kuphimba zinthu zisanu ndi ziŵiri zosiyanasiyana. Mayiko ena, monga New Jersey, New York, ndi Vermont, akhazikitsa malire awo kapena kuyambitsa maprogramu awo. Mabomawa apanga ntchito yokonza malamulo koma akuchititsanso chidwi cha dziko lonselo ndi kupereka zitsanzo za malamulo a m’tsogolo.

Zoyesayesa za Padziko Lonse ndi Bungwe la Zaumoyo la Dziko Lonse

Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO) lafalitsa malangizo a mmene madzi akumwa angathandizire anthu amene akutuluka. WHO imagwiranso ntchito ndi mayiko kukonza njira zoyang'anira ndi njira zothandizira ngozi. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ikuphatikizidwa kupenda kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoipitsa zimene zikubuka padziko lonse ndi kulimbikitsa dongosolo la makemikolo. Asayansi apadziko lonse, monga ngati bungwe la NORMAN ku Ulaya, amagaŵana chidziŵitso ndi njira zotulukira zinthu zopangira zinthu, njira zogwirizana ndi zoyendera.

Ntchito ya Kukonzanso Madzi

Njira zamakono zochiritsira ndi zofunika kwambiri pochotsa mankhwala opha tizilombo, koma ziyenera kukhala zowononga ndalama ndi zosavuta kugula.

Kaboni Yowala ndi Kutha kwa Mankhwala

Kaboni yopangidwa ndi kaboni (PAC/GAC) yopangidwa ndi ma jambulera a mphamvu ya kutsatsa malonda ambiri a zomera, kuphatikizapo mankhwala ndi PFAS . Komabe, PC ndi GAC imafunikira kukonzanso kapena kubwezeretsa ndalama zambiri. Njira zowonjezera zothandizira kuti thupi likhale lolimba (AOP), monga ngati ozone/hydrogen peroxide ndi UV peroxide, zingachepetse mankhwala oletsa mankhwala akupha. Makompyuta ameneŵa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa zomera zazikulu za m’madzi, koma mphamvu zawo ndi mankhwala amakhalabe zovuta.

Kusintha kwa zinthu ndi kupenda zinthu

Nanofiltiation (NF) ndi kubwereranso kumbuyo osmosis (RO) zingachotse mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zimene zikutuluka, kuphatikizapo mamolekyu aang'ono ndi maaon . RO n’ngothandiza kwambiri pochotsa PFAS, koma imatulutsa chinyalala chambiri chomwe chiyenera kutayidwa. Zipangizo zopanga zinthu monga nyuzingiliyoni zodulidwa ndi kutsogolo kutsogolo kwa osmosijetis zingasonyeze lonjezo la kuchiritsa mitsinje ya mchere. Mapixene oulutsa ndi ma hyperpote odium , zikufufuzidwabe kuchotsa ndi kuipitsa kwa ma fream. Pamene kuli kwakuti makamaka pamlingo wa openda, zinthu zimenezi zikhoza kutsogolera ku ku ku ku machiritso odyetsa ndi otsika bwino ndi otsika m’tsogolo.

Kuchiritsa Zamoyo ndi Madera Omanga

Zinthu zina zimene zimamera zingachotsedwe ndi tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso. Njira zothandizira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, monga ngati maselo a m'thupi a zinthu zamoyo, ndi kutulutsa majeremusi ndi mabakiteriya ena, zasonyeza kuti zichotsa mankhwala ena. Malo omangapo, amene amagwiritsa ntchito zomera ndi tizilombo kuchotsa ndi kuipitsa zinthu, amapereka njira yochepetsera, yosagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiritsa madzi otayika m'malo ena. Komabe, mphamvu zake zimasiyana kwambiri ndi mankhwala osokoneza thupi ndi nyengo, ndipo siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zonse.

M’tsogolomu Malamulo Oletsa Kumwa Madzi Akuloŵa M’malo

Kuti zinthu zotulutsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zikhale zogwirizana, njira zopangira madzi ziyenera kupitiriza kusintha ndi kugwirizana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana.

  • Kudzitetezera kwa mlingo wa kuthekera kwa madongosolo amene amalingalira kuwonjezereka kwa kupezeka panjira zambiri (kumwa madzi, chakudya, mpweya) ndi kudutsa pakati pa anthu osatetezereka (ana, akazi apakati, okalamba).
  • Lamulo la Precautiotion system kumene, mosasamala kanthu za kukayikira, zochita zimachitidwa kuchinjiriza kuvulaza kothekera ngakhale ngati sayansi siitsimikiziridwa mokwanira.
  • [[FLT :0] Malamulo oletsa kuipitsa audzu ndi kuletsa kuipitsa amene amalimbikitsa kupangidwa kwa makemikolo abwino ndi njira zopangira zimene zimaletsa zinthu zosatha kapena zakupha.
  • Kuonekera kwa magetsi ndi kupezeka kwa anthu onse ku kuyang'anira zotsatirapo za madzi, kulola anthu kupanga zosankha ndi kusunga zinthu zofunika kugamulidwa.
  • Madzi osungidwa osungidwa [[FL:1] amene amagwirizanitsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthaka, machitidwe aulimi, mankhwala a madzi otayidwa, ndi madzi akumwa kuchepetsa kunyamula katundu wowonongeka.
  • [[MLT:0] Kutenga maziko ndi kukulitsa ntchito kutsimikizira kuti madzi owonjezera ali ndi zipangizo ndi ukatswiri wa zopangapanga kuti apereke chithandizo chapamwamba pamene chikufunikira.

Kumaliza

Njira ya madzi imafunika kukonza zinthu zatsopano ndi kuteteza thanzi la anthu. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zofufuzira, kukonza malamulo, ndi kulimbikitsa mgwirizano, anthu angathe kukonza bwino zinthu zimenezi zowononga ndi kutsimikizira kuti madzi abwino ndi abwino kwa onse. Njira ya m’tsogolo imafunika kuphatikizana kwa sayansi, kusinthasinthasintha, ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu. Palibe njira imodzi yokha imene idzathetsa vutoli, njira yothandiza ndi yothandiza kukonza zinthu. Pamene oyendetsa madzi atsopano akupitiriza kutulukira ndi kuwonjezereka, njira ya madzi iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, umboni wokhudzana ndi mfundo yakuti kulowa m’madzi oyera. Njirazo n’zofunika kwambiri, koma ndi mchitidwe wapamwamba, ndi wothandiza kuti madzi adzakhale bwino mbadwo wamtsogolo.