Table of Contents

Monga anthu a padziko lonse, kusiyanitsa ukalamba ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwaonekera monga chimodzi cha mavuto aakulu kwambiri a thanzi la anthu a nthaŵi yathu. Malamulo amwambo a mankhwala osokoneza bongo, opangidwa makamaka ndi achinyamata m’maganizo, kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera kufotokoza chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu okalamba amene akulimbana ndi kumwerekera ndi kumwerekera. Kusiyana kumeneku kwa malamulo ndi kachitidwe ka zinthu kwapangitsa kuti anthu achikulire ambiri asiye kuthandizidwa. Kuthetsa mavuto ameneŵa kumafuna kuti ayambenso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zopangira mankhwala osokoneza bongo, msinkhu, kulimba, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zimene anthu okalamba akufunikira.

Kumvetsa Mliri wa Kukula kwa Anthu Akuluakulu Omwe Ali ndi Matenda Ogwiritsa Ntchito Pogwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo

Pafupifupi munthu mmodzi wa zaka 65 ndi kupitirirapo amakhala ndi matenda osokoneza bongo, ndipo chiwerengerochi chikuwonjezeka kwambiri.

Pakati pa 2022 ndi 2023, chiŵerengero cha imfa zogwirizana ndi mankhwala chinawonjezeka ndi 2.3% ya achikulire a zaka 55-64 ndi 11.4% kwa achikulire 65 ndi achikulire. Ziŵerengero zimenezi zikusonyeza chiwonekedwe chochititsa chidwi cha vuto limene likuwonjezereka mmalo mwa kuchepa. Imfa za mlingo wa anthu achichepere, koma achikulire (65 ndi kukwera) anaona kutsika pang'ono kwa 8.8%, zikugogomezera chiyambukiro chachikulu pa anthu ovutika ameneŵa.

Mmene Ana Amakulira Akamakula ndi Mmene Amasinthira Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito Zinthu Zosagwiritsidwa Ntchito

Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kukukhulupiriridwa ndi mbadwo womakula wa ana, umene unabadwa pakati pa 1946 ndi 1964, umene unamwa moŵa ndi mankhwala oledzeretsa pausinkhu waung’ono. Mbadwo wa obala ana wakhala ndi mlingo wokulirapo wa mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito pamlingo uliwonse wa moyo poyerekezera ndi mibadwo yapitayo, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa maganizo kulinga ku kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zogwiritsiridwa ntchito mkati mwa kukulira kwawo ndi kuwonjezereka kwa utali wa moyo.

Mankhwala amene anthu achikulire ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito molakwika amasiyana ndi amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi achinyamata. Mankhwala ofala kwambiri ndi mowa, mankhwala operekedwa ndi mankhwala monga opiates ndi benzodiazepine (BZD), ndi mankhwala opitirira pa anthu achikulire a zaka 65 ndi achikulire omwe akumwa mowa kwambiri tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo pafupifupi 65 peresenti ya anthu 65 pa 100 alionse amamwa mowa wambirimbiri chaka chathachi, ndiponso anthu oposa 10 alionse a zaka 65 ndi achikulire omwe tsopano.

Kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mankhwala ogodomalitsa kuli makamaka chotengera kwa achikulire. Matenda osachiritsika amakula monga mbali ya ukalamba, ndipo achikulire kaŵirikaŵiri amapatsidwa mankhwala ambiri kuposa magulu ena a misinkhu, kuchititsa kuyambukiridwa kwa mlingo wokulirapo kwa mankhwala okhoza kumwerekera. Kufufuza kwina kwa achikulire 3,000 a zaka 57 - 85 kunasonyeza kuphatikiza mankhwala operekedwa ndi dokotala, mankhwala osachiritsidwa, ndi mankhwala owonjezera, ndi owonjezerapo 80% a ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ochiritsira tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi pafupifupi theka kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kapena mankhwala owonjezera asanu.

Zothandiza Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zosafunika kwa Anthu Akuluakulu

Zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti munthu wachikulire adwale matenda ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi monga kupweteka kwa nthaŵi yaitali, kupunduka kwa thupi kapena kusayenda bwino, kutha kwa moyo kapena kudwala, kumwalira kwa okondedwa, kupuma pantchito kapena kusintha kwa ndalama, matenda, matenda osatha, ndiponso mankhwala ndi zina zowonjezera.

Kudzipatula kwa anthu achikulire chifukwa chosiyana maganizo ndi anzawo, kumachititsa kuti anthu ambiri azisowa anthu ocheza nawo. Anthu achikulire amene amakalamba, monga achibale awo kapena anzawo, azichokapo kapena kutha.

Mliri wa Chovid-19 unawonjezera zambiri mwa zinthu zimenezi. Vuto loopsa limeneli lachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana . Kuphatikiza pa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa za boma ndi kuchepa kwa chithandizo cha banja ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu amene akhalapo m’nthaŵi ya mliriwu.

Kusamalira Zamankhwala ndi Zaumoyo Kwapadera kwa Achikulire

Kukalamba kumasintha kwambiri mmene thupi limagwirira ntchito ndi kuchitapo kanthu ku zinthu zina, kumachititsa achikulire kukhala pangozi kwambiri ya kuyambukiridwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa. Anthu achikulire amapanga mankhwala pang’onopang’ono, ndipo ubongo wawo ukhoza kukhudzidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Kuwonjezeka kwa Madokotala ndi Kuchuluka kwa Madokotala

Anthu achikulire akhoza kudwala matenda a maganizo, mapapo ndi mtima, kapena vuto la kukumbukira. Mankhwala angaipitsiretu kwambiri mavuto ameneŵa, kuwonjezera mavuto a kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Kuganizira kwambiri za mmene anthu achikulire odwala SUD amachiritsira anthu ndi kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi matenda ena ofala. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mosadziwa kungachititse kuti matenda amene alipo achuluke ndipo kukhoza kuchititsa kuti matendawo achuluke kwambiri.

Kumwa moŵa ndi benzodiadipine kwagwirizanitsidwa ndi ngozi yowonjezereka ya kugwa, kusokonezeka kwa maganizo, ndi kusokonezeka kwa maganizo kwa achikulire. Odwala matenda a mtima angapha kwambiri achikulire chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa matenda a mtima pakati pa anthu ameneŵa. Ziyambukiro za mankhwala ena onga kusokonezeka kwa maganizo, kuyendetsa zinthu, kapena kuchitapo kanthu kwa nthaŵi yaitali, zingadzetse ngozi, monga ngati kugwa ndi kugwa kwa galimoto. Mitundu imeneyi ya kuvulala ingapangitse thanzi la achikulire ndi kuchira kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pang’ono kwa anthu okalamba kungaipirenso kapena kuyambitsa matenda monga matenda a ubongo ndi kufooka kwa thupi. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti mankhwala aziyamba kuchepa, ndipo zimenezi zingachititse kuti anthu azidalira kwambiri zinthu zimene zingawathandize kuti azikhala ndi thanzi labwino ndiponso kuti azichita zinthu movutikira.

Kufa kwa Anthu Ndiponso Kudwala Mopitirira Muyeso

Ngakhale kuti mowa wapha anthu ochepa kwambiri a msinkhu uno, ziŵerengero za anthu achikulire amene akumwalira ndi matenda obwera chifukwa cha mowa zinawonjezeka kwambiri.

Kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo mopitirira muyeso ndiponso kufa kumene kumachitika chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo mopitirira muyeso, kuphatikizapo achikulire achikulire, ku USA, kumene anthu achikulire amene amafa chifukwa chomwa mankhwalawa, kuŵirikiza katatu pakati pa 2002 ndi 2021. 57 peresenti ya imfa za anthu 65 mwa anthu 100 alionse amene amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa, kuphatikizapo opioid ndi 39%, zikuphatikizapo mankhwala opatsa mphamvu, kusonyeza kuti vuto la polysubstance lilipo pakati pa achikulire.

Mavuto Oopsa M’machiritso a Masiku Ano

Ngakhale kuti matendaŵa akuchuluka kwambiri pakati pa achikulire, malamulo amakono a mankhwala ndi njira zochiritsira zidakali zoyenerera kuti zithandize anthu okalamba.

Kupereŵera Kwakukulu kwa Maprogramu a Chithandizo cha Nyengo Yathu Yapakati

18% ya maprogramu a mankhwala ogodomalitsa alinganizidwira kuwonjezereka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu. Chiŵerengerochi chikusonyeza kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa kufunika kokhala ndi kumwerekera ndi mankhwala owonjezera ndi zinthu zomwe zilipo. Mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa ngozi zochititsidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa anthu achikulire, osakwanira chigawo chimodzi mwa zitatu cha maprogramu a mankhwala ochiritsa matendaŵa amakonzekeretsedwa kaamba ka gulu la anthu limeneli.

Ngakhale kuti 18 peresenti yokha ya njira zochiritsira zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi imene inakonzedwa kuti ithandize anthu achikulire amene akuvutika ndi matendaŵa, njira zochiritsira za SUD n’zochepa kwambiri kwa anthu osauka, zimene zimachititsa kuti odwalawa azivutika kwambiri kupeza njira zowasamalira bwino. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti anthu achikulire amene ali ndi zaka zoyambirapo ndi mavuto a zachuma.

Njira yamakono yochiritsira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ku United States si ya msinkhu kapena yolinganizidwa kusamalira anthu okhala ndi zopereŵera zambiri ndi zogwira ntchito. Maprogramu a kuchiritsa achichepere kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera kusamalira zosoŵa zovuta za mankhwala, zamaganizo, ndi zamayanjano zimene zimazindikiritsa achikulire okalamba okhala ndi matenda ogwiritsira ntchito zinthu.

Kulephera Kupereka Malangizo ndi Kamangidwe ka Zaumoyo

Ngakhale kuti anthu achikulire akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri, chiŵerengero cha anthu opereka chithandizo cha mankhwala ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala chikutsika.

SUD ingakhale yovuta kuzindikira kwa achikulire ndipo imachititsa kuti achedwe kulandira chithandizo chifukwa cha kulephera kwa mankhwala, kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito ubongo, ndi kulephera kugwira ntchito. N’kovuta kuzindikira kuti anthu achikulire amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala molakwika. Nthawi zambiri munthu akangoidziwa, imakhala yosokonezeka maganizo, yodera nkhawa, ndiponso yosamva bwino.

Ngakhale zili choncho, anthu achikulire sapimidwa kapena kupatsidwa umboni wosonyeza kuti mankhwalawo akugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika.

Kuvutika kwa Ukalamba

Anthu achikulire amene ali ndi matendaŵa mwina ananyozedwa chifukwa cha mmene anali kukhalira pa moyo wawo ndiponso chifukwa cha mmene ankachiritsira anthu ena, ndipo ukalamba ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo zingawonjezere kusungulumwa kwa anthu.

Njira zamakono zochiritsira, zosonkhezeredwa ndi ukalamba ndi ufuko, zimachepetsa mphamvu ya achikulire ya kupeza machiritso ozikidwa pa ukalamba. Kukula kumeneku kumaonekera m’njira zambiri, kuchokera ku maprogramu a kuchiritsa amene amapanga mphamvu yathupi ndi luso lakulingalira la achikulire, kufikira ku malingaliro otsimikizirika pakati pa osamalira thanzi amene angaone mankhwala kukhala osayenerera kwa odwala okalamba.

Kusiyana kwa Fuko ndi Makhalidwe a Zachuma

Pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mafuko ndi mafuko kumene kukuoneka pakati pa achikulire. Zimasonyeza kuti pali kusiyana kochepa kwa mphamvu ya ubongo wa opioid yogwiritsira ntchito matenda a opioid ndi kuchepa kwa ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama popereka mankhwala oledzeretsa ndi mankhwala owononga anthu ochepa, anthu opanda nyumba, ndi anthu okhudzidwa ndi chilungamo.

Zikhalidwe za misinkhu ya ASUD m'zaka 18-90 zinasonyeza kuti kusiyana kwa mafuko ndi ukalamba kunali kosiyana; mwachitsanzo, ASUD anali ofala kwa anthu achikulire a Akuda achikulire ndi ofala kwa anthu Achiyera achikulire ausinkhu waung’ono. Pakati pa achikulire achikulire, anthu achikulire Achikuda anali ndi vuto lochepa kwambiri kumaliza ntchito ya mankhwala ochiritsira kuposa White, pamene achikulire a ku Spain anali ndi 26% mwa kuthekera kwambiri kumaliza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kuposa White.

Maperewera Ochepetsa Kuchira

Mu 2018, anthu achikulire amene ali ndi matenda a SUD, anthu 24 pa 100 alionse analandira chithandizo cha matenda ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndipo anthu 16.8 pa 100 alionse analandira chithandizo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Anthu a zaka 65 kapena kuposapo saona kuti akufunika chithandizo chokwanira kuposa achinyamata, ndipo nthawi zambiri amanena kuti safuna kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga chimodzi mwa zifukwa zawo zikuluzikulu zosiyira mankhwala.

Malamulo Ozikidwa pa Umboni a Lamulo la Kumwa Mankhwala Osokoneza Ukalamba

Kupanga njira zothandizira okalamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Njira zotsatirazi zingathandize anthu achikulire amene akudwala matenda osiyanasiyana.

Kuyambitsa Maprogramu Amakono a Chithandizo ndi Zitsogozo

Substance Abuse and Mental Services Administration (SAMHSA) ya 2020 yothandiza kuwongolera Protocol (TIP 26) ndi mpambo wa malangizo ofotokoza njira zoperekera umboni zochiritsira AUD kwa achikulire. Pangano la Zamankhwala la 26 limaphatikizapo zikalata za mautumiki apadera monga kukonza ndi kuchirikiza kusokonezeka kwa maganizo, kuyang'anira zoyendera za anthu okalamba ndi akatswiri a zaukalamba, ndi kuchirikiza kuchira kwa ausinkhu wa msinkhu.

STM inayambika chifukwa chodera nkhaŵa kuti kaya achikulire angakhoze kugwiritsa ntchito bwino njira zochirikizira. Zinaonedwa kuti njira zoukira zinali zosayenera ndi zopanda ulemu kwa achikulire ndi kuti mavuto apadera amene anthu okalamba amayang'anizana nawo, kuphatikizapo matenda, kupsinjika maganizo, ndi kusungulumwa, sizinakhale ndi malo. STM inakonzedwa kuti ikhale yoona kuti ikulitsira kuchirikiza ndi kupambana kwa anthu ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo; njira zothandizira anthu okalamba kukulitsa chithandizo, kuwongolera umoyo, ndi kukonza njira yapadziko lonse yochitira zinthu mwa kulankhula ndi mabwalo osiyanasiyana a anthu oimba.

Maprogramu a zaka zachikale ayenera kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito pang'onopang'ono, kulephera kumva bwino, kupereka chithandizo cha zoyendera, ndi kupanga magulu ausinkhu wofanana ndi okalamba omwe atenga mbali. Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza kukula kwa anthu achikulire ndi moyo wawo, kupangitsa malo amene akuona kuti akuwamvetsa ndi kuwachirikiza osati kuchepetsa.

Kuchotsa Malamulo a Chisamaliro cha Achikazi ndi Kuchiritsa Kumwerekera

Malamulo othandizira okalamba ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo . Kuthandiza kuchepetsa thupi. (Monga ngati 4Ms clease (Mathiracts, Mentation, and Mobiletial) ) Maprogramu a kumwerekera angathetse bwino zosoŵa zovuta za achikulire. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti mankhwala amathandiza osati kokha kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zofunikira komanso a thanzi la achikulire ndi zofunikira zaumoyo.

Kwa anthu ameneŵa, cholinga chiyenera kukhala kuphatikiza ndi kugwirizanitsa njira zothandizira odwala matenda a maganizo zimene zimasumika pa kusamalira ntchito ndi kusamala matenda osatha, kuphatikizapo matenda a pathupi, pogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuwongolera thanzi la anthu ovutika ameneŵa, njira zosamalira okalamba, ziyenera kuyambitsidwa ndi kugwirizanitsidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza ukalamba amene angathetse vuto la matenda kwa achikulire.

Kupatula kuyenera kuchitika pamlingo wosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kusamukira kwina kwa mautumiki, kugawana zolemba za zaumoyo, timagulu ta osamalira, ndi kuphunzitsidwa kwa antchito. Geriatricia ayenera kukhala okonzeka kupereka chithandizo cha kumwerekera, ndipo akatswiri odziŵa za kumwerekera ayenera kuphunzitsidwa za njira za chisamaliro cha ana.

Kufutukula Njira Yochiritsira ndi Mankhwala Ochiritsika

Madokotala a matenda a anyaniwa ndi madokotala ena a pakiliniki ya anai, ayenera kuwapatsa mankhwala ogwirizana ndi umboni wa mankhwala monga a buplenorphine orepioid ogwiritsira ntchito matenda osokoneza ubongo kapena naltrexone ya kumwa mowa. Kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otere n’kovuta kwambiri makamaka panthaŵi ya kuchira imene odwala ambiri odwala matenda aakulu amakhala nawo.

Monga momwe madokotala salekera kuletsa insulin kwa odwala matenda a shuga amene amachotsedwa m’chipatala kuchipatala cha akatswiri osamalira odwala kapena kunyumba, kukana mankhwala ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo sikuyenera kulekereredwa, ngakhalenso.

Opanga zachipatala ndi oyang’anira ayenera kufotokoza bwino kuti achikulire onse amene ali ndi vuto la mankhwala ayenera kukhala ndi njira zopulumutsira moyo, zopereka umboni m’malo onse amene amapatsidwa chithandizo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo nyumba zosamalira okalamba, malo othandizira, nyumba zachipatala, ndi malo a m’chipatala kumene anthu achikulire ambiri amasamalidwa bwino koma kumene kale kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo sikupezeka kapena kuletsedwa.

Kuyesa Kuyesa ndi Kuloŵererapo Koyambirira

Kufufuza mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa achikulire n’kofunika kwambiri kuti mudziwe msanga kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala molakwika, monga zizindikiro zimene nthawi zambiri zimayenderana ndi ukalamba kapena matenda. Osamalira thanzi ayenera kuphatikizapo zipangizo zotsimikizira monga AUDIT-C ndi LAGE ya moŵa, CARET ndi MAST yogwirizana ndi achikulire, ndi ASSIST and AGEID kuti apeze mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Kugwiritsira ntchito njira zosatsutsana monga kufunsa mafunso kumathandiza kutchula zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito mochenjera, kulimbikitsa anthu a chikhalidwe chawo kumasuka, ndi kusamala. Kupenda kwachikhalidwe kumathandiza kudziŵa bwino ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu, makamaka chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mafuko ndi kakhalidwe kokhudza anthu ameneŵa.

Makompyuta a zachipatala ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga njira zoonera matendawa, monga kuyendera anthu amene akudwala, kuwaika m’chipatala, ndiponso kuwasinthasintha kwa njira zowathandizira.

Kuthandiza Anthu Osamalira Thanzi Kuti Aziwaphunzitsa ndi Kuwaphunzitsa

Sukulu za zachipatala, maprogramu a unamwino, maphunziro a zaumoyo, ndi maphunziro opitirizabe a akatswiri a zachipatala ayenera kuphatikizapo maphunziro omveka bwino onena za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mwa anthu achikulire. Maphunziro ameneŵa ayenera kuphatikizapo kuperekedwa kwapadera kwa AUD kwa achikulire, zipangizo zopimira anthu okalamba, njira zopezera umboni, ndi njira zothetsera kunyozedwa ndi kutengera zaka za okalamba.

Maprogramu a kucheza ndi ana ayenera kuphatikizapo mankhwala oledzeretsa monga mankhwala ochiritsira ochiritsira, ndipo maprogramu a zamankhwala omwerekera ayenera kuphatikizapo malamulo a za kudwala. Kuyesayesa kwa mtanda kungathandize kuchepetsa mphamvu pakati pa zinthu zapadera zimenezi ndi kupangitsa antchito kukhala okonzeka kusamalira zosoŵa zovuta za achikulire okhala ndi vuto la kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala.

Maphunziro ayeneranso kulongosola malingaliro aukalamba ndi aukalamba amene angaletse osamalira thanzi kuzindikira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kwa odwala okalamba kapena kupereka chithandizo choyenera. Osamalira zaumoyo afunikira kuzindikira kuti kuchira kuli kotheka pa msinkhu uliwonse ndi kuti achikulire ayenera kupeza njira yochitira umboni monga anthu achichepere.

Kulankhula ndi Anthu Odziŵa Zaumoyo

Kugwirizana kwabwino kwa SUD ndi mankhwala a zamankhwala, ndi chisamaliro chowonjezereka ku zoletsa umoyo wa anthu, ndizo malangizo ofunika a mtsogolo ofufuzira ndi kuchiritsa SUD mwa akulu.

Malamulo a mankhwala osokoneza bongo ayenera kuthandiza anthu amene akulimbana ndi anthu olimbana ndi vutoli, kuphatikizapo ndalama zothandizira anthu a m’madera apamwamba, zothandizira anthu odzawalandira kuchipatala, ntchito zomanga nyumba zothandiza okalamba kuti achire, ndiponso maprogramu ochirikiza anthu achikulire amene akumana ndi mavuto ofanana ndi ameneŵa.

Maprogramu a anthu angathandize kwambiri kuteteza ndi kuloŵererapo. Malo akuluakulu, anthu achikhulupiriro, mapulogalamu operekera chakudya, ndi mautumiki ena amene nthaŵi zonse amacheza ndi achikulire ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kuona zizindikiro za kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu ndi kupanga ziwiya zoyenerera.

Kuchepetsa Kulimba kwa Malonda mwa Kampeni Yodziŵitsa Anthu

Kufufuza zinthu zimene anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa achikulire kungathandize kuti anthu asamanyozeke, achepetse khalidwe lofuna thandizo, ndiponso kuti aphunzitse mabanja ndi anthu ena amene alipo.

Makampani asintha zinthu asintha ndi kufalitsa kudzera m'masitepe amene amafikira achikulire ndi mabanja awo, kuphatikizapo wailesi, wailesi, zosindikiza, malo akuluakulu, malo osamalira anthu, ndi mabungwe a anthu. Mauthenga ayenera kukhala abwino, ozindikira chikhalidwe, ndi kugogomezera chiyembekezo ndi kukhoza kuchira pa msinkhu uliwonse.

Kufufuza Mowonjezereka za Ntchito Yogwiritsira Ntchito Anthu Akuluakulu

Anthu ambiri sadziwa mmene mankhwalawa amakhudzira ubongo wawo wokalamba.

Kufufuza kokhudza ndalama kuyenera kulinganiza bwino kufufuza mmene anthu achikulire angathandizire anthu, njira zochiritsira anthu achikulire, mankhwala abwino ogwiritsira ntchito pogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa anthu achikulire, mmene mankhwala amagwirira ntchito ndi mmene amakhalira ndi anthu okalamba, ndiponso njira zopeŵera matenda a anthu achikulire.

Kupima anthu achikulire kuti apeze chithandizo chatsopano kuyenera kukhala ndi anthu achikulire amene akuwadziŵa bwino kuti adziŵe kuti pali chitetezo ndiponso kuti angathe kuwathandiza.

Mfundo Zoti Munthu Azitsatira Posamalira Thanzi ndi Malipiro Ake

Kusintha kwa Zinthu ndi Inshuwalansi

Medicare imakhudza ntchito zina za maganizo ndi mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi matenda. Mwachitsanzo, Medicare Part imapereka chithandizo cha ndalama pothandiza odwala.

Kusintha kwa madongosolo a zamankhwala kuyenera kutsimikizira kuti Medicare ndi maprogramu ena a inshuwalansi ophatikizapo achikulire akupereka malongosoledwe onse ozikidwa pa umboni wopezeka, kuphatikizapo machiritso ogoneka, maprogramu owonjezereka a odwala, chithandizo cha mankhwala, kupereka uphungu, kuyang'anira, ndi mautumiki ochiritsira. Kutsegulira kuyenera kuwonjezera pa kusintha kwa msinkhu monga chithandizo cha zoyendera, njira zoyendera zapanyumba, ndi nthaŵi yotalikirapo zimene zingakhale zofunika kwa achikulire okhala ndi zifuno zamankhwala zocholoŵa m’malo osiyanasiyana.

Mabungwe opereka chithandizo chamakono nthaŵi ndi ndalama zofunikira kuti munthu wokalamba athandizidwe ndi kudwala matenda ovutika maganizo, ayenera kukhala okwanira kuchirikiza kuyambika ndi kukhazikika kwa maprogramu a kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Kusintha Malamulo a Machiritso

Malamulo ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ayenera kuphatikizapo malamulo a kusamala anthu okalamba, kuphatikizapo kupezeka kwa thupi, kulephera kumva ndi kuzindikira zinthu, kugwirizanitsa ndi mankhwala, ndi kulangiza antchito za matenda a ana. Kugwiritsa ntchito ziwiya ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuyenera kupenda malo amene anthu achikulirewo angathandizire bwino.

Nyumba zosungiramo okalamba, malo othandizira, ndi malo ena osamalira anthaŵi yaitali ayenera kufunikira kupereka kapena kuthandizira kupeza mankhwala omwerekera kwa nzika zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Malamulo amakono kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga zopinga kupatsa anthu mankhwala osokoneza bongo m'zochitika zimenezi, akumasiya nzikazo zilibe njira zozisamalira.

Kuyamba Ntchito

Maboma a boma ndi a boma ayenera kukonza ntchito yophunzitsa anthu osamalira anthu odwala matenda, ogwira ntchito, ndiponso akatswiri odziŵa za anthu amene amavutika ndi matenda a ana.

Akatswiri a mabwenzi amene akuchira ndi achikulire angapereke chichirikizo chamtengo wapatali ndi kutumikira monga zitsanzo kwa ena.

Kuchepetsako Matenda Kumene Kumachitikira Anthu Akuluakulu

Njira zochepetsera mavuto zimazindikira kuti si anthu onse amene ali okonzekera kapena okhoza kudziletsa ndi kusumika maganizo pa kuchepetsa zotulukapo zoipa za kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala. Njira zimenezi nzofunika makamaka kwa achikulire amene angakhale atagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kwa zaka makumi ambiri ndi kuyang’anizana ndi zopinga zazikulu za kuletsa kwamwambo.

Malo Otchuka ndi Kuchinjiriza Kopambanitsa

Malo ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala oopsa, kumene anthu angagwiritsire ntchito mankhwala moyang’aniridwa ndi mankhwala opatsa mankhwala ochiritsa matenda ndi mankhwala ochulukitsa, asonyeza kukhala othandiza pochepetsa imfa zochulukitsitsa ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu ndi chithandizo cha mankhwala. Malo ameneŵa ayenera kukonzedwa kuti athandize anthu achikulire, kuphatikizapo kupezeka ndi kugwiriridwa ndi chithandizo cha mankhwala cha geriatric.

Maprogramu a kugaŵira anthu okalamba ndi owasamalira ayenera makamaka kuchititsa achikulire ndi ophunzitsidwa kukonzekera kuthana ndi ngozi zapadera zimene achikulire amakumana nazo. Poona kuchuluka kwa mankhwala opioid ogwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa achikulire, naloxone ayenera kupatsidwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi pamene mankhwala olera ana aperekedwa kwa odwala achikulire.

Zochita Zotetezeka Kwambiri

Maprogramu oyang’anira mankhwala otere ayenera kuphatikizapo tcheru chachindunji chakuti mbendera ikhoza kutengera zizindikiro za munthu wachikulire, monga mankhwala owonjezera mankhwala opareyi ndi benzodiazepine, mankhwala a mankhwala oopioid ambiri, kapena mankhwala ochokera kwa anthu achikulire osiyanasiyana.

Zitsogozo za kuchipatala zoperekera mankhwala omwerekera kwa achikulire achikulire ziyenera kugogomezera kuyambira ndi mankhwala okhutiritsa kwambiri, kupenda kosalekeza kwa zofunikira zopitirizabe, njira zotsekereza pamene kusuta kuli koyenera, ndi kugwirizana ndi kuchiritsa kupweteka kwamaganizo kosachiritsika ndi njira zochiritsira zamaganizo.

Nyumba ndi Chichirikizo cha Mayanjano

Maprogramu a nyumba ayenera kulola achikulire kuchira, akumazindikira kuti nyumba zochiritsira zamwambo sizingakhale zoyenerera kwa anthu okhala ndi kulephera kuyenda, matenda osatha, kapena zosoŵa zina zochokera ku ukalamba. Opereka chithandizo cha nyumba zimene zimaphatikizapo kumwerekera ndi chisamaliro cha matenda a m’thupi ndi mautumiki a anthu angakhale maziko olimba ochiritsira.

Maprogramu amene amathandiza anthu achikulire kuti azigwirizana ndi anzawo, kuchita zinthu zothandiza, ndiponso kucheza ndi anthu ena, angathandize kuti asagwiritse ntchito mankhwala ndiponso kuti asakhale ndi vuto.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse ndi Zochita Zabwino Kwambiri

Kufufuza njira zoyendera kumayiko ena kungathandize kuti tidziwe mmene tingayendere m’njira imeneyi.

Mayiko ena a ku Ulaya apanga njira zothandizira anthu okalamba amene akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga njira zothandizira anthu odwala matenda a khansa, ndiponso kulimbikitsa njira zowathandizira.

Magulu monga bungwe la World Health Organization angathandize kwambiri kuyambitsa malangizo a mayiko osiyanasiyana ndiponso kupatsana nzeru.

Ntchito ya Zipangizo Zopanga Zinthu Zofutukula

Njira zamakono zothandizira anthu achikulire, makamaka anthu akumidzi, amene sangathe kuyenda bwino, kapena amene ali ndi vuto lokhudza kayendedwe ka galimoto, zimawapatsa mwayi wopeza njira yowathandizira.

Komabe, kukhutira ndi foni ya achikulire kunasonyeza kukhutira kochepa kwa anthu amene ali ndi malo ochepa a zachuma ndiponso anthu ena aang’ono monga Black, Hispanic, ndi Eni America. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kufunika kwa kugawa makompyuta ndi kutsimikizira kuti njira zoyendera zaumisiri n’zosavuta ndipo n’zovomerezeka kwa anthu achikulire osiyanasiyana.

Masewera a patelefoni a anthu achikulire ayenera kuwathandiza kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zachibadwa komanso ubongo wawo.

Makompyuta, zipangizo zamakono zothandizira anthu okalamba, ndiponso njira zothandizira anthu amene akudwala, zingathandize kuti apeze chithandizo chamankhwala, koma muyenera kukonza zinthu mogwirizana ndi zimene achikulire amafuna ndiponso zimene amakonda, kuphatikizapo mawu akuluakulu, zokhala ndi mawu osavuta kumva, ndiponso zinthu zina zofunika pa moyo wawo.

Kuloŵetsedwamo m’Banja ndi Wosamala

Malamulo a mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndiponso njira zochiritsira anthu amene akuwasamalira ayenera kuthandiza kwambiri mabanja ndiponso anthu amene akuwasamalira posonyeza kuti akudzilamulira okha ndiponso akuwadalira.

Maprogramu a maphunziro a mabanja ndi osamalira okalamba ayenera kupereka chidziŵitso chonena za matenda ogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kwa achikulire, mmene angadziŵire zizindikiro zochenjeza, mmene angalankhulire ndi anthu olankhula nawo za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi mmene angathandizire anthu amene akuwasamalira.

Magulu ochirikiza mabanja ndi osamalira achikulire amene ali ndi vuto la mankhwala angapereke chichirikizo cha anzawo, malangizo othandiza, ndi kuchirikiza malingaliro awo.

Ngati munthu wosamalira wodwalayo akudwala matenda enaake, anthu ena amene amamusamalira angafune kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Kulingalira Kwalamulo ndi Kwabwino

Malamulo a mankhwala osokoneza bongo okhudza achikulire ayenera kuyendera malamulo ndi makhalidwe ovuta kumvetsa, olimbikitsa ufulu wa munthu payekha, thanzi la anthu, ndi udindo woteteza anthu ovutika.

Ufulu ndi Kuvomereza

Anthu achikulire amene ali ndi vuto lakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala angalephere kupanga zosankha, kulephera kwa zinthu, kapena kusokonezeka kwa maganizo. Apolishi ayenera kupereka malangizo omveka bwino pankhani ya kutha kwa ntchito, kupeza chilolezo cha kudziŵa mankhwala, ndi kuphatikiza opanga zosankha zina ngati kuli kofunika, pamene akuwonjezera kudzilamulira ndi kudzisankhira kwa achikulire.

Kupereka Umboni ndi Kuloŵererapo

Malamulo a mautumiki otetezera achikulire m’madera ambiri amafuna kusimba za achikulire osakhoza kudzisamalira okha.

Chilungamo Chaupandu Chilingalira za

Anthu achikulire amene ali ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo angaloŵetsedwe m’zochitika zauchigawenga mwa kupatsidwa zigamulo za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuyendetsedwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kapena milandu ina yokhudzana ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Anthu achikulire amene ali ndi vuto la mankhwala amakumana ndi mavuto ena, chifukwa chakuti nthaŵi zambiri malo operekera chilango sapatsidwa chithandizo cha matenda a aiguatric kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Apolisi ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti anthu achikulire akulandira chithandizo cha mankhwala, kuchipatala cha maganizo, ndiponso kukonzekera kuti agwirizane ndi chithandizo cha anthu achikulire ndi chithandizo cha m’chitaganya ndi chithandizo cha anthu akatuluka.

Kulingalira za Chuma ndi Zotulukapo Zokwera Mtengo

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osachiritsika kwa achikulire sikumangothandiza anthu achikulire kuti apeze chithandizo cha mankhwala, komanso kumawathandiza kuti apeze ndalama zambiri popita kudipatimenti yoona zangozi, kugoneketsa anthu kuchipatala, kulera okalamba, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zothandizira anthu okalamba.

Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kuli kopindulitsa, ndi ndalama zosungidwa kuchokera ku kuchepetsa chithandizo cha mankhwala, kuchepetsa kuloŵerera kwa chilungamo, ndi kuwongolera moyo kuposa mtengo wa mankhwala. Kwa achikulire, kuthekera kwa kuchepetsa mavuto a zamankhwala odula ndi kuletsa kuikidwa kwa panyumba ya anamwino mwamsanga kumawononga ndalama zambiri.

Kufufuza zachuma kuyenera kupenda ndalama zonse ndi mapindu, kuphatikizapo ziyambukiro kwa osamalira banja, moyo wabwino, ndi kukhoza kwa achikulire kukhalabe odziimira paokha ndi odziloŵetsa m’midzi yawo.

Njira Zotetezera Makonko

Ngakhale kuti pali vuto la kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala mwachisawawa pakati pa achikulire, njira zopewera matendaŵa ndi zachinyamata zingathandize kuti anthu achikulire amene akudwala matendaŵa asakhale ndi vuto logwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa.

Kupeŵa zinthu zimene zingayambitse matendawa, monga kupweteka kwa moyo, matenda a maganizo, kudzipatula kwa anthu, ndi kusintha kwa moyo monga kupuma pantchito ndi kuferedwa.

Mkupiti wa zauchikulire wa anthu uyenera kutsutsa malingaliro aukalamba amene amasonyeza kuti mankhwala amagwiritsiridwa ntchito monga vuto la achichepere okha ndi kuphunzitsa anthu a misinkhu yonse ponena za maupandu a kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala m’moyo wawo wa pambuyo pake.

Osamalira zaumoyo ayenera kuyembekezera kutsogolera odwala apakati ndi achichepere ponena za maupandu a kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala pamene akukalamba, makamaka m'nthaŵi ya kuchiritsa kokhalitsa, kuchiritsa kwa maganizo, ndi kusintha kwa moyo. Kukambitsirana kosasamala za kugwiritsira ntchito moyenerera zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndi mankhwala kungaletse kuwonjezereka kwa matenda ogwiritsira ntchito zinthuzo.

Kumanga Ntchito Yothandiza Kwambiri

Malamulo othandiza a mankhwala a anthu okalamba amafunika njira zosiyanasiyana zothandizira anthu okalamba, kuyambira pa chithandizo cha munthu mmodzi ndi kuchiritsa anthu ambiri.

Chisamaliro chapakati: Chikhalidwe ndi maprogramu ziyenera kulinganizidwira pa zosoŵa, zokonda, ndi zonulirapo za achikulire, kuzindikira kudzisankhira kwawo ndi ulemu wawo pamene akuthandiza ndi kutetezera moyenerera.

[[FLT: 0] Kusintha: Kuchiritsa kwapansi kwa matenda kuyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi chisamaliro cha aitric, chisamaliro chachikulu, mautumiki a zamaganizo, ndi mautumiki ochirikiza anthu, kuyambitsa njira zosungira mmalo mwa kugawanika kwa zilos.

Kachitidwe ka zinthu kozikidwa pa: Atsikana ayenera kudziŵitsidwa ndi umboni wofufuza zimene zimathandiza achikulire amene ali ndi vuto la mankhwala, ndi kupenda ndi kuwongolera kwabwino nthaŵi zonse kuti atsimikizire kuti n’ngogwira ntchito.

Threaty: Atsikana ayenera kulongosola kusiyana kwa kufikirika ndi zotulukapo za achikulire ochokera ku magulu aufuko ndi a mafuko ochepa, awo okhala ndi malo otsika a kakhalidwe ka zachuma, ndi anthu ena opatulidwa.

Kuchepetsako: Apolisi ayenera kuvomereza njira zovulaza zimene zimafikira anthu kumene ali, kuchepetsa zotsatirapo zoipa za kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala, ndi kupanga njira zochizira zimene sizingafunikire kulekera mwamsanga.

Kaonedwe ka moyo: Apolisi ayenera kuzindikira kuti matenda ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kwa achikulire kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi mizu m’zokumana nazo zakale ndi kuti kuletsa ndi kuloŵerera mwamsanga m’moyo kungachepetse vuto la kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala m’moyo wa pambuyo pake.

Kuyesetsa Kupeza Zomwe Mungachite Kuti Zinthu Zizikuyenderani Bwino

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa anthu okalamba kumakumana ndi mavuto ambiri, monga kuchepa kwa chuma, kusowa kwa antchito, kuchepa kwa madongosolo a anthu owasamalira, ndiponso kulephera kusintha.

Kupanga pangano la ukwati ndi kofunika kwambiri.

Maprogramu a oyendetsa ndege ndiponso mapulogalamu osonyeza zinthu zimene zikuyenda bwino, angaone kuti pali njira zatsopano zochitira zinthu, ndiponso angapangitse umboni wakuti pali njira zina zimene zingathandize.

Njira zoyendetsera ndalama ndi zofunika kuti ntchito yothandiza kukonza njira zothandizira anthu okalamba omwe akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ikhale yothandiza.

Makompyuta abwino komanso odziwitsa kuti athandiza kwambiri, amathandiza kwambiri. Kuyeza ntchito kuyenera kuphatikizapo njira zonse ziwiri (zonga kupima ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala) komanso njira zothandizira (zonga ngati kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, kusamala moyo, ndiponso ntchito).

Njira Ikupita Patsogolo: Chilengezo cha Kuchitapo Kanthu

Kulekanitsa anthu okalamba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi chimodzi mwa mavuto aakulu a thanzi la anthu m’zaka makumi zikubwerazi. Kwayerekezeredwa kuti chiŵerengero cha anthu odwala matenda a ana, achikulire a zaka 65 kapena kuposapo, mu United States chidzakhala pafupifupi 72.1 miliyoni podzafika 2030. Popanda kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo ndi kusintha kwa dongosolo la zinthu, mamiliyoni a achikulire adzapitirizabe kuvutika ndi matenda ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala osachiritsika, kukumana ndi matenda otha kupeŵeka, imfa, ndi kuchepa kwa moyo.

Umboni ngwachiwonekere kuti pali njira zokhoza kuloŵerera, kuti mankhwala amagwira ntchito kwa achikulire, ndi kuti njira zomvekera bwino, zoyenerera zingawongolere kwambiri zotulukapo. Zimene siziri chidziŵitso koma chifuniro cha ndale zadziko, kugawidwa kwa ziŵiya, ndi kusintha kwa dongosolo kofunikira kutembenuza umboni kutsata.

Opanga malamulo a m'maboma onse ayenera kuika patsogolo nkhani imeneyi, kukhazikitsa chuma, kusintha malamulo, ndi kuyambitsa mlandu wa kutumikira achikulire ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Madongosolo a zaumoyo ayenera kusintha njira zawo, kugwirizanitsa kumwerekera ndi chisamaliro cha matenda ndi kutsimikizira kuti achikulire onse ali ndi njira zochiritsira zozikidwa pa umboni.

Osamalira thanzi ayenera kugonjetsa mikhalidwe yaukalamba ndi mipata ya chidziŵitso, kuzindikira kuti odwala awo okalamba amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala molakwika ndi kuwapatsa kapena kuwachititsa kupeza chithandizo choyenera. Mabanja ndi anthu ena ayenera kutsutsa kunyozedwa, kuthandiza achikulire kuti achire, ndi kuchirikiza malamulo ndi maprogramu amene amakwaniritsa zosoŵa zawo.

Ofufuza ayenera kupitiriza kupanga umboni wa njira zogwira mtima, kukwaniritsa chidziŵitso ndi kupenda njira zatsopano zochitira zinthu. achikulirewo ayenera kupatsidwa mphamvu yofuna chithandizo, kutengamo mbali m’mankhwala, ndi kuuza ena zokumana nazo zawo kuti adziŵitse lamulo ndi kuchepetsa manyazi.

Kumaliza: Kuyambitsa Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mankhwala Mwaukalamba

Pamene chiŵerengero cha anthu chikupitirizabe kukwera n’kukhala cha anthu okalamba, kufunika kosintha njira zochiritsira anthu okalamba kuti athe kukwaniritsa zosoŵa zawo n’kofulumira kwambiri.

Kupanga malamulo aukalamba a mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumafuna kuwonjezera pa njira zonse kuti mudziŵe zosoŵa zapadera, nyonga, ndi zovuta za achikulire. Kufunikira kugwirizanitsa kumwerekera ndi chisamaliro cha matenda a aiguatric, kulankhula ndi anthu oletsa thanzi, kuchepetsa manyazi ndi ukalamba, ndi kutsimikizira kuti anthu achikulire onse apeze machiritso ozikidwa pa umboni mosasamala kanthu za fuko, mtundu, kakhalidwe ka anthu, kapena malo.

Njira zimene zafotokozedwa m'nkhani ino . "kuyambira kuyambika kwa maprogramu a zaka zachindunji ndi kukulitsa maphunziro ochepetsa njira zovulaza ndi kuchepetsa kudzipatula kwa anthu . Kutsatira kungafunikire kudzipereka kokhazikika, zipangizo zokwanira, ndi kugwirizana m'zigawo ndi maprogramu.

Tsiku lililonse limene likupita popanda njira zokwanira zothetsera vuto la mankhwala limakhala tsiku lina la anthu achikulire amene ali ndi vuto la mankhwala ndi mabanja awo. Koma ndi malamulo ofotokoza zonse, ozikidwa pa umboni, ndi achifundo, tingapange njira zosamalira zochirikiza ukalamba wabwino, kutheketsa kuchira pa msinkhu uliwonse, ndi kulemekeza ulemu ndi kufunika kwa achikulire onse.

Mwakutsatira malamulo a mankhwala osokoneza bongo, odziŵa, ndi oyenerera a zaka, sitingathetse mavuto amakono okha komanso kumanga maziko a ukalamba wabwino kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo. Iyi si nkhani ya malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu onse . Imeneyi ndi umboni wa makhalidwe athu monga chitaganya ndi kutsimikiza kwathu kutsimikizira kuti anthu onse, mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu wawo, ali ndi mwaŵi wa kukhala ndi moyo wathanzi, wokhutiritsa wopanda ziyambukiro zowononga za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Kuti mudziŵe zambiri zokhudza mankhwala ogwiritsa ntchito matenda ndi njira za mankhwala, pitani ku [[FLT: 0] Substance Abuse ndi Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ya Mental kapena National Institute on Drug Abuse. Mabungwe onga ngati [[FLT:] Amelika] Society pa Anglican imapereka zinthu zosumika mwachindunji pa ukalamba ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito, pamene [FLT:] matabeti a kuletsa matenda ndi kuteteza ndi kuteteza zauzira thanzi. [FLT:] amapereka chidziŵitso ndi malangizo pa zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito moyo. [FLT:] National Institute on Agrigment [FFLD] pa Aktion]