Chiyambi

Unansi pakati pa lamulo ndi kusungitsa lamulo umakhala maziko a ntchito yapolisi yamakono ku United States. Malamulo a milandu, opangidwa ndi makhoti a milandu a boma ndi boma, amakhazikitsa mafotokozedwe ogwirizana a malamulo, malamulo alamulo, ndi malamulo alamulo. Kwa akuluakulu osungitsa malamulo, kumvetsetsa malamulo ameneŵa sikuli kufunikira kwapadera ndi kwa lamulo. Kuletsa kulikonse, kufunsa, kufunsira, kapena kugwiritsira ntchito kwa lamulo kumapendedwa motsutsana ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi khoti. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mmene mlandu umasinthira tsiku ndi tsiku, njira zimene zimaperekera masinthidwe mwalamulo ku munda, ndi mabungwe ovuta amene amayang'anira. Mwa kufufuza malamulo ndi zolinga zawo, timagogomezera chifukwa chake lamulo loyenerera lamulo, lamulo lovomerezeka, ndi lovomerezeka.

Kumvetsetsa Lamulo la Mlandu

Lamulo la milandu limaimira bungwe la malamulo lopangidwa ndi oweruza pamene asankha milandu. Mosiyana ndi lamulo la malamulo, limene limaperekedwa ndi malamulo, lamulo limasintha mwa kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha stare decis ] . . Lamulo lakuti makhoti ayenera kutsatira milandu imene inagamulidwa kale. Dongosololi limatsimikizira kusasintha ndi kuneneratu, kulola akuluakulu kudalira pa zitsogozo zokhazikitsidwa potsogolera ntchito zawo.

Magwero a Lamulo la Mlandu

Malamulo a milandu amachokera ku mitu yambiri ya dongosolo la milandu. Zigamulo za khoti Lapamwamba la United States zimene zimamanga makhoti onse a boma ndi a boma. Makhoti a pansi (makhoti a boma a apilo ndi makhoti a zigawo) ndi makhoti aakulu a boma akupanganso zitsanzo zimene zimayambukira kusungidwa kwa malamulo pakati pa ulamuliro wawo. Mwachitsanzo, chigamulo cha Ninth Global Court of Appeals pa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zankhondo chidzayambukira mwachindunji maofesi mu California, Oregon, ndi maiko ena akumadzulo, pamene chigamu cha Texas Court of Criminals Aption chimatenga kupyola chikalatacho. Aumo la boma la Texas.

Mmene Lamulo la Kudwala Limasiyanirana ndi Malamulo

Malamulo apangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo kapena malamulo a boma, pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo limamasulira malamulo amenewo ndi Malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, lemba la Fourth Amendment loletsa “kufufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda". limasiya malo ofotokozera. Lamulo la malamulo limadzaza tsatanetsatane: Kodi nchiyani chimene chimachititsa? Kodi ndi liti pamene wapolisi ayenera kupeza chilolezo? Malamulo a pa malo osungira malamulo ngati [[FL:0] Katz v. United States (1967) inatsimikizira kuti “kuyembekeza kwachinsinsi kwabwino kwa [1] kumafuna chilolezo chofunikira chikaikizo, kusintha zikondwerero kuchokera ku katundu kupita ku zinthu zaumwini. Kujambula kumeneku pakati pa malamulo ndi kumasulira kwachiweruzo kuli kosulitsa kwa akulu a maofesala alamulo amene ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito chinenero chalamulo ku mikhalidwe yokhudza mikhalidwe yokhudzana.

Ntchito ya Chiyambi

Khoti lalikulu ndilo injini ya mlandu. Chitsanzo ndicho lamulo lalamulo kapena lamulo limene makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito monga muyezo m'nkhani zotsatira zophatikizapo mfundo zofanana. Kugwirizana kwa chitsanzo cha khoti lapamwamba liyenera kutsatiridwa ndi makhoti aang'ono m’mphamvu imodzi, kutsimikizira kugwiritsira ntchito kofanana kwa lamulo. [FLT:] PRETSD active astrogue , kumbali ina, kuchokera ku mabwalo ena kapena mabwalo apamwamba ndipo angadziŵitse koma samalamulira chigamulo.

Kunyenga kwa Nyenyezi

Stare decisis [1] Chilatini kaamba ka “kuima ndi zinthu zogamulidwa". Kumapanga bata. Pamene Bwalo Lapamwamba ligamula mlandu wonga Mandanda v. Arizona (66], bungwe lililonse losungitsa lamulo m'dzikolo liyenera kusintha njira zake. Mardama malamulo anafunikira kuti apereke malingaliro olingalira za ufulu wawo wa kutonthola ndi uphungu asanafunse mlandu wa oyenera. Chitsanzo chimenechi chakhala choyengedwa ndi milandu yapambuyo pake [FLT:]. [FGUGUF:] v. HOMPT. [FLD:] (20]), imene iyenera kufotokoza mwachinduliratu kuti iwo aike kuyenera kukhala chinsinsi. Komanso kuweruza kwake koyambirira.

Kunyenga kwa Zosokonekera

  • Khoti lapamwamba: Chigwirizano pa makhoti ang'onoang'ono onse ndi kusungitsa lamulo m'dziko lonselo.
  • Khoti Ladera: Chigwirizano pakati pa dera limenelo; chingakhale chokopa kwina.
  • Tsinja lamilandu lapamwamba: Kugwirizanitsa pa kusungitsa lamulo la boma ndi makhoti a boma otsika.
  • Khoti Lachigawo: Kugwirizanitsa kokha m'chigawo chimenecho; kaŵirikaŵiri kudalira pa zosankha za dera.

Chiyambukiro pa Zochita za Kukakamiza Malamulo

Malamulo a milandu amakhudza mwachindunji njira, maphunziro, ndi malamulo a mabungwe osungitsa malamulo.

Kufunafuna ndi Kutengeka

Mpando wachinayi wa Amereka ndiwo mbali ya zigawenga yotchuka kwambiri.

  • Terry v. Ohio [1] (1968): Kulembedwa kwachidule kwa kufufuza ndi maderere ochepera ozikidwa pa kukayikira koyenera, osati chifukwa chokwanira. Chigamulochi chinapatsa akuluakulu a boma mphamvu yochitira ntchito yoimitsa ndi yokhudza kuima, koma zochitika zotsatira monga [[FLT:] Illinois v. Wallow [2000]
  • United States v. Jones[FLT : Kumamatiza wojambula GPS ku galimoto ndi kufunafuna pansi pa Demendment Yachinayi, kufunikira chilolezo. Zimenezi zinakhudza kwambiri machitidwe a kuyang'anira ndipo zinalimbikitsa mabungwe kukhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezera njira zamagetsi.
  • Caroll v. United States (1925): Kukhazikitsa kusiyanitsa kwa galimoto : Ofisala angafufuze galimoto popanda chilolezo ngati ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti ili ndi kutsekedwa. Imeneyi idakali mwala wa maziko wa kutseka kwa galimoto.

Zofunika Zofunika Zosafunika ndi Zosafunika

Pamene kuli kwakuti chilolezo cha kufunafuna chimafunikira kaŵirikaŵiri, lamulo lalembedwa mosiyana ndi zina zambiri: chivomerezo, kawonedwe kowonekera bwino, mikhalidwe yosatsutsika, chochitika cha kugwidwa, ndi kusanthula. Kulekana kulikonse kwalongosoledwa ndi malamulo ena. Mwachitsanzo, Chikhimel v. California [1] [699]) ndi kusanthula kochepa kwa munthu ndi malo amene akulamulira mwamsanga. Oyang'anira ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito molongosoka mawu ameneŵa kuletsa umboni.

Njira Zoti Adzifunse

[[NTL:0] Mainda v. Arizona [FLT: 1] adakali otchuka kwambiri pofunsa mafunso. Chigamulo chifuna kuti anthu ayambe kukayikira ufulu wawo asanafunse. Pambuyo pake zosankha zakhala zokonzedwa pamene Miranda afuna machenjezo ndi chimene chimapanga kuletsa kovomerezeka. [[FLT:] Missouri v. Sebert[FL:3] [2004], Khoti limatsutsa “choyamba”, pamene apolisi amafunsa mwadala popanda machenjezo, kenaka amawapatsa pambuyo pa kuulula machimo, kupeza chitetezero chachiŵiri. Njira zoterozo n’zosathandiza. Kuphatikizapo [FFLD:] FFFFFFFF]

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mphamvu

Kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kuli mwinamwake mbali yapadera kwambiri kumene lamulo limaika malire. Chitsanzo chachikulu ndicho Graham v. Connor (1998), imene inakhazikitsa “kulolera kwa" muyezo. Makhoti amapenda zochita za bwana malinga ndi lingaliro la wapolisi wololera pamalopo, akulingalira ukulu wa upanduwo, kaya wolingaliridwayo ali chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga, ndi kaya wokayikiridwayo akutsutsa kapena akuthaŵa. Muyezo umenewu umagwiritsiridwa ntchito pa mlandu wa mutu wa mutu, ndipo ngakhale zigamu zachiŵiri zimafufuzidwa.

  • Tannessee v. Garner (1985): Analemba kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yakupha kuletsa kuthaŵa kopanda zida, kosakhala kwangozi kuthaŵa. Lamulo limeneli lokakamiza mabungwe kukonzanso malamulo oponyera mfuti pa galimoto ndi kuthaŵa okayikira.
  • Kicela v. Hughes (208): Khoti Lalikulu laposachedwapa pa chigamulo chimodzi lija likuvomereza kutetezeredwa koyenerera m'nkhani yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, kugogomezera kuti apolisi amatetezeredwa pokhapo ngati chitsanzo chomwe chilipo chisonyeza bwino kuswa lamulolo.
  • [[FLT : 0] Kujambula Thupi Kamera : [[FLT :1] Milandu yonga machenjezero . Mzinda wa Philadelphia (202]]) (21) walembera anthu kujambula vidiyo ya mnofu, kulingana ndi malo achinsinsi a chigawo cha malamulo.

Kufufuza Zokhudza Magalimoto

Kuimika kayendedwe ndizo ntchito za apolisi zofala kwambiri, ndipo lamulo limalamulira kwambiri. Whren v. United States (1996]) adaona kuti kuphwanya misewu kulikonse kumachititsa galimoto kuletsa galimoto, mosasamala kanthu za zolinga za apolisi. Zimenezi zasulizidwa chifukwa cha kuimitsa mawu olembedwa ovuta kuyendetsa galimoto. Kulamulira konga Rodguez v. United States [FT:3] (20) adachepetsa utali wa kuima kwa galimoto. Ofesi sakhoza kuletsa nthaŵi yoposa nthaŵi yofunikira kuti asiye kuswa, pokhapokha ngati ali ndi kukayikira kodziimira. Mabungwewa achititsa kuti asiye oyendetsa sitima asiye kuyenera kuchepetsa nthaŵi yofuna kuyendetsa magalimoto.

Kuphunzitsa ndi Kupititsa Patsogolo Mwalamulo

Bungwe loona za milandu limapereka malamulo otsatizana ndi milandu mwamsanga, ndipo mabungwe oonetsetsa kuti milandu ikuyenda bwino ayenera kumasulira zigamulo za milandu kuti zikhale zogwira ntchito.

Maphunziro Opitirizabe a Malamulo

Maboma ambiri amalamula chaka ndi chaka kuti aphunzire ntchito zimene zimaphatikizapo kukonzanso malamulo. Maofesala ofufuza zigamulo za khoti posachedwapa, kutenga nawo mbali m'zochitika zogwirizana ndi zochitika, ndi kulemba mayeso kutsimikizira kuti amvetsa bwino. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa Rodriguez [1] Mabungwe ambiri anasintha malamulo awo a m'magalimoto ndipo anawaphunzitsa kukayikira koyenera kuti asiya kugwiritsa ntchito njirazo. Popanda kukonzanso, apolisi aika pangozi mlandu wa anthu ndi kutsendereza umboni.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zipangizo zamakono Pophunzitsa Ana

Kupita patsogolo m'zochitika zenizeni (VR) ndi kuyerekezera kulola maofesala kuyeseza ku zochitika za lamulo lokhudza zochitika. Msanganizo wa VR ungaike ofisala mumkhalidwe wapamwamba wa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zimene ziwonetsero Graham , zinthu zimene zikupezeka, ndi kutsimikizira mwamsanga. Kuwonjezerapo, ma apulogalamu a pa Intaneti ndi apakompyuta (monga Lexipol kapena mphamvu ya mphamvu ya DMS) amapereka njira yeniyeni yosinthira ndi kulongosola mawu alamulo, kuthandiza maapolisi kukhala odziŵitsidwa pa polisi.

Mabuku a Lamulo ndi Malamulo Ovomerezedwa

Pamene njira ya machitachita osagwirizana ndi malamulo idziŵika, DOJ angakhazikitse lamulo lofuna malamulo otsatizana. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo ovomereza m’mizinda monga Baltimore, Ferguson, ndi Seattle anakhazikitsa kugwiritsira ntchito kwatsopano malamulo a kuyendetsa zinthu, maphunziro oletsa ngozi, ndi njira zosungira zinthu. Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo miyezo yaposachedwapa ya malamulo, kukakamiza mabungwe kuvomereza lamulo.

Chilamulo cha Milandu ndi Maunansi a Anthu

Kugwirizana ndi lamulo la milandu ndi maziko a kuyenera kwa apolisi. Pamene anthu aona kuti apolisi amalemekeza malamulo a boma, kudalirana kumakula. Komanso, kuswa malamulo kwachisawawa kwapoyera, monga ngati kujambula kwa GPS kopanda lamulo kapena kusanthula kwachinsinsi.

Kuwona Bwino ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Malamulo a milandu amalamuliranso mmene mabungwe ayenera kusamalirira kusamvera ndi kulangiza. Brady v. Maryland (1963), oweruza ayenera kuvumbula umboni wosonyeza mlandu. Zimenezi zaperekedwa ku malamulo kudzera mwa [[FLT:]] ndandanda ya Brady [[FLT]] [] [malamulo]] [akulu amene kudalirika kwawo kuyenera kulembedwa. A bungwe lino akufunika kuti asunge ndi kugaŵana nawo ndandanda, kachitidwe kopangidwa ndi lamulo. Kamera, nkhani yolamulira pa zolemba za anthu onse, kuonetsa ndi kulola kuti malamulo aone mmene malamulo akugwirira ntchito.

Miyezo Yalamulo ndi Yachikulu

Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo silimalongosola mwachindunji kukondera, zigamulo pa kutetezera kolingana ndi utundu zakhudza lamulo. Floyd v. City of New York (2013) linavomereza kuti kuima kwa NYPD ndi kusokonezeka kwa maphunziro a chikhalidwe kuswa malamulo chifukwa cha kuletsa kwa Fonitional Reformation ndi mapulogalamu aufuko. Nkhaniyi inatsogolera ku mapulogalamu a boma, kusintha kwa malamulo, ndi maphunziro a dziko pa kukondera. Tsopano Aungwe ogwirizana ndi maphunziro a zachikhalidwe opikisana kuchepetsa kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo m'kachitidwe.

Mavuto Potsatira Malamulo a Anthu Olembedwa ndi Apolisi

Mosasamala kanthu za kufunika kwa zitsanzo zachiweruzo, kuzitembenuzira m’zochita za m’munda zosasintha kuli ndi zopinga zazikulu.

Kulephera Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Okhala

Mabungwe aang'ono ndi akumidzi kaŵirikaŵiri alibe operekera malamulo ovomerezeka kapena ma bajeti ophunzitsa. Iwo angadalire pa maphunziro okonzedwa ndi boma amene amachitika chaka ndi chaka, kusiya miyezi yanthaŵi pamene lamulo likusinthana. Kugula luso la zojambula kapena kulipira kaamba ka kukonzanso kwalamulo kungatsendereze ndalama zowonjezereka. Monga chotulukapo, akuluakulu a mabungwe ameneŵa angakhale osazoloŵerana ndi malamulo aposachedwapa, kuwonjezereka kwa upandu wa anthu.

Kukana Kusintha

Chikhalidwe cha kusungitsa malamulo chingakhale chosagwirizana ndi ziletso zatsopano, makamaka pamene akuluakulu a boma aona kuti malamulo akuletsa upandu. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa Miranda [1], apolisi ambiri poyamba anakana kuvomereza, kukhulupirira kuti kukana kumeneku kungaletse kuulula. Kugonjetsa zimenezi kumafuna utsogoleri wamphamvu, kulankhulana komveka bwino kwa malamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo mosasintha. Makampani okhala ndi mbiri ya “warrior . Chikhalidwe chingavutike kuvomereza njira zoyendera za chitaganya mwalamulo.

Kucholoŵana ndi Kuvuta

Milandu ina imapanga mafunso ambiri kuposa mayankho. Mwachitsanzo, chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Carbate v. United States (208]) adakhulupirira kuti kupezeka kwa maselo-aumboni kumafunikira chilolezo, koma chimachititsa mafunso otseguka ponena za kutumiza njira zenizeni, zotaya za mpanda wa nyumba, ndi chiphunzitso chachitatu. Akuluakulu ndi oimira boma ayenera kudutsa madera aukhondo kufikira atapanga malamulo. Kusadziŵa kumeneku kungatsogolere ku machita osintha ndi ku zitokosokoso.

Chitsenderezo cha Ndale zadziko

Oweruza ndi akuluakulu a polisi osonyezedwa angayang'anizane ndi chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko cha kutengera njira zaukali za kusungitsa zotsutsana ndi lamulo la milandu. Kuitana kwa “kuchepetsa” pa maupandu ena kungatsogolere ku kuwonjezereka kapena kufufuza kumene kungaswetse Trigiry [ kapena Miyezo ya Chachinayi] ya Kusinthasintha zinthu. Kufuna kuchirikiza malamulo kuli chitokoso chosalekeza kaamba ka atsogoleri a bungwe.

Mikhalidwe Yamtsogolo

Pamene luso la zopangapanga likusintha, malamulo adzapitirizabe kukhazikitsa malamulo m’madera monga ngati kukhwimitsa nzeru, kudziŵa nkhope, ndi kubisa zinthu.

  • Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa kudziŵika kwa nkhope kwa apolisi kwachititsa milandu pansi pa Kukonzanso kwa Fourth Camplete ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a zachinsinsi. Malamulo onga ACLU v. Creview AI [202]
  • Laisensi yodzifunira ya Plate Flages (ALPR): Makhoti akugaŵidwa ngati ALPR AR imachotsapo zachinsinsi zaumwini. Courte , mu United States v. Thompson[[FLD] [2023]), adakhulupirira kuti GPS yosalekeza yofufuza kwa masiku 60 ndi kufunafuna, kukhoza kufutukuka kwa maprogramu a ALPR.
  • [[FLT: 0] Sacial Media Moniting : Khoti Lalikulu silinalamulirebe lamulo la kuyang'anira kwa apolisi malo a za mayanjano a anthu onse kaamba ka umboni, koma makhoti aang'ono ayamba kugwiritsira ntchito chiphunzitso cha mbali yachitatu, ndi zotulukapo zosiyanasiyana.
  • Useŵero wa AI: Malamulo amene amaneneratu za upandu wotentha kapena amavomereza njira zoyendera alonda akudzutsa nkhaŵa za kukondera ndi Kusintha kwachinayi “kukayikira kogaŵana." Mtsogolo lamulo lingafunikire kuonekera ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa ziŵiya zotero.
  • [[FLT: 0] Malonda ndi Kugaŵana: [[FLT :1] A bungwe likugaŵana mowonjezereka chidziŵitso kupyola madera a m'zigawo za m'msanganizo. Malamulo onga United States v. Jones[[FLT :3] ndi [FLT] Karpenter imalingalira kuti kufunafuna chidziŵitso kwa nthaŵi yaitali kungapange kufunafuna, kufuna zilozero zopezera.

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo ayenera kuchita zinthu zimenezi mwa kuyambitsa malamulo amene amalemekeza zinthu zachinsinsi pamene akugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono kuti anthu atetezedwe.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a mlandu ndiwo mphamvu yaikulu ndi yolamulira imene imatembenuza malamulo alamulo kukhala zitsogozo zotsimikizirika zogwira ntchito. Kuchokera ku zofunika za Miranda , machenjezo a ku kulinganizika kwa lamulo la , amalamulo amalamulira malamulo a apolisi ovomerezeka. Kusunga malamulo kumafuna maphunziro opitirizabe, kutukuka kwa malamulo, ndi chikhalidwe chimene chimasunga kulondola kwa lamulo. Monga momwe luso la zopanga ndi zoyembekezeredwa za kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, kukambitsirana pakati pa mabwalo la milandu ndi ntchito za boma kudzawonjezereka. Akuluakulu, ndi oweruza alamulo ayenera kugwira ntchito pamodzi kutsimikizira kuti ntchito zonse zochitidwa m’mbali zalamulo zikufanana ndi malamulo alamulo.