Chikalata chachinayi chowonjezera chija cha Lamulo la United States chimathandiza kuti boma lisachite zinthu mochenjera, makamaka poonetsetsa kuti boma lizigwira ntchito. Chimakhazikitsa malamulo ofufuza, kugwidwa ndi kumangidwa, kutsimikizira kuti akuluakulu a boma akugwira ntchito m’malamulo.

Maziko a Mbiri ndi Cholinga cha Lamulo Lachinayi la M’mbuyomu

Chilolezo chokulirachi chinalola akuluakulu a boma kufunafuna nyumba ndi kulanda katundu popanda chifukwa chenicheni. Abambo Opezedwawo anayesetsa kuteteza nzikazo kuti boma lisasokonezedwe mwadala mwa kulamula kuti zikhale zomveka ndiponso zotha kulanda katundu.

" Kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala osungika mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, motsutsana ndi kufunafuna kosayenera ndi khunyu, sikudzagwiridwa, ndipo palibe a Warlant, koma pa chifukwa chothekera, chochirikizidwa ndi Oath kapena chitsimikizo, ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo ofufuzidwa, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zofunkha.

Khoti Lalikulu lamasulira Lamulo Lachinayi kudzera m’zigamulo zambiri, kukhazikitsa malamulo osiyanasiyana amene akuluakulu a boma ayenera kutsatira pankhaniyi.

Zofunika: Zochititsa Zogwira Mtima, Zochita Zosachita Kufunsa, ndi Zololera

Chochititsa Choyenera: Muyezo wa Malamulo

Chochititsa choyenera ndicho maziko a kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma Lachinayi. Kufunikira kuti osungitsa lamulo akhale ndi chikhulupiriro choyenera, chozikidwa pa maumboni ndi mikhalidwe, kuti upandu wachitidwa kapena kuti umboni wa upandu ulipo pamalo ena. Chochititsa chothekera chiri chokulira kuposa kukayikira koma sichimafunikira chitsimikizo chenicheni. Oyang'anira a boma amapanga chochititsa chotsimikizirika, mfundo zodziŵitsa, kapena chidziŵitso china chodalirika. Makhoti amapenda motsimikizirika kuti kaya munthu wanzeru angakhulupirire kuti zenizeni zofunikirazo ziripo pansi pa mkhalidwe wonse wa mikhalidweyo.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati wapolisi anunkhiza chamba kuchokera m’galimoto ndi kuwona utsi mkati mwa galimoto, chimenecho chingayambitse chochititsa kufunafuna galimoto. chifuno cha muyezo umenewu chiri kuletsa maulendo ausodzi ndi kutsimikizira kuti kufufuzako kuli kolungamitsidwa ndi umboni wotsimikizirika, osati kunyada kapena tsankhu.

Ofunafuna: Kulandira Chivomerezo cha Chiŵeruzo

Pansi pa Findment yachinayi, chilolezo chofufuzira ndicho njira yovomerezeka yoperekera kufufuza. Olamulira ayenera kuperekedwa ndi woweruza kapena woweruza ndipo ayenera kuzikidwa pa chifukwa chodziŵikitsa chothekera. Chikalatacho chiyenera kulongosola mwapadera malo ofufuzidwa ndi zinthu zoti zigwire. Chiyeneretso chimenechi chimaletsa kukhala wotakata, chimene chinali chizindikiro cha zilolezo za kusungidwa kwa anthu onse odedwa. Chikalatacho chiyenera kufotokoza mwapadera malo oyenera kufufuzidwa ndi zinthu zoti zikwaniridwe. Chiyenetse kuti zisale kuchulukitsa, chomwe chinali chizindikiro cha zilo zoletsedwa zotsutsa.

Osungitsa malamulo ayenera kutsatira malamulo okhwima popereka chilolezo. Nthaŵi zambiri, iwo ayenera kugogoda ndi kulengeza kukhalapo kwawo asanaloŵe, pokhapo ngati pali mikhalidwe yosatsutsika imene imalungamitsa kuloŵa mwamsanga. Oyang'anira alepheranso kufunafuna malo amene zinthu zotchulidwazo zingapezeke. Mwachitsanzo, chikalata cholandirira maseti a wailesi yakanema oba sichikulungamitsa kutsegula mabokosi a zinthu zamtengo wapatali.

Muyezo Wololera

Pamene kuli kwakuti zochititsa ndi zilolezo ziri zazikulu, chizindikiro chotheratu cha Lamulo lachinayi nchanzeru. Makhoti amapenda ngati kufunafuna kapena kugwidwa ndi njiru kuli koyenera m’mikhalidwe yonse. Kufufuza kwina kuli koyenera popanda chilolezo, ndipo njirinjiri ingakhale yoyenerera yozikidwa pa zifukwa zochepera (zonga ngati kutsekeredwa kwachidule kwa kufufuza). Kupenda koyenera kumaloŵetsamo kulinganiza chikondwerero cha boma ndi chikondwerero chaumwini cha munthu aliyense.

Opatulidwa: Mmene Lamulo Limagwirira Ntchito Mopanda Malamulo

Malamulo amenewa sasonyeza kuti munthu angalolere kuphwanya malamulo a boma kapena kuti apeze chilolezocho.

Kufufuza Kovomerezeka

Ngati munthu avomereza modzifunira kufufuza, lamulo lingachitidwe popanda chilolezo. Makhoti ayenera kukhala odziŵa, anzeru, ndi odzifunira . Oyang'anira kaŵirikaŵiri amapempha chivomerezo pamene aima m'galimoto kapena pokumana ndi anthu ena. Ufulu wa chivomerezo ungakhale wochepa; mwachitsanzo, munthu angavomereze kufunafuna galimoto yawo koma osati thunthu la galimoto. Makhoti amapenda mikhalidwe yonse kuti adziŵe kuchuluka kwa zinthu, kuphatikizapo msinkhu wa munthuyo, maphunziro, ndi kaya a msilikaliyo anagwiritsira ntchito ziwopsezo kapena mapangano.

Lingaliro Lomveka

Ngati wapolisi alipo mwalamulo pamalopo ndipo awona mankhwala oletsedwa kapena umboni m’chiwonekere, iwo angaugwire popanda chilolezo. Ofesala ayenera kukhala ndi kulowa pamalopo mwalamulo ndipo ayenera kuzindikira mwamsanga chinthucho kukhala umboni wa upandu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wapolisi ali wololedwa m’nyumba pamene kusokonezedwa kwa banja akuitana ndipo akuwona mankhwala oletsedwa pa tebulo la khofi, mankhwalawo angagwiridwe pansi pa chiphunzitso chowonekera bwino.

Mikhalidwe Yosadziŵika

Mikhalidwe yadzidzidzi imene imafunikira kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga kuletsa kuvulazidwa, kuwonongedwa kwa umboni, kapena kuthaŵa kungalungamitse kufunafuna kosalungamitsidwa kapena kugwidwa. Zitsanzo zofala zimaphatikizapo nyumba yotentha, msilikali womva kulira kwa m’nyumba, kapena phokoso la umboni wogwetsedwa m’chimbudzi. Ofesala ayenera kukhala ndi zifukwa zomveka zokhulupirira kuti kuchedwa kungawononge kapena kutayitsa umboni. Nthaŵi zambiri kubisa kumachitika m’zochitika zophatikizapo kuthaŵa anthu okayikira kapena ngozi.

Fufuzani Zomwe Zingakuchititseni Kumangidwa Mwalamulo

Pamene ofesala agwira mololedwa, angafufuze m’bwalo lamilandu ndi malo amene ali pansi pa ulamuliro wawo mwamsanga popanda chilolezo. Kufufuza kumeneku kukufuna kutetezera ofisala ku zida ndi kuletsa kuwonongedwa kwa umboni. Malamulo angoperekedwa ku thupi la msilikali, zovala, ndi zotengera zilizonse zimene angafikeko. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Chimel v. California . [1969] [199]) anakhazikitsa lamulo limeneli, pambuyo pake loyengedwa ndi [FLT:] Arizonga v. Gant [1] [2009], limene linachepetsa chochitika cha kumangidwa kokha pamene wogwidwayo wasuntchera ndi kufika patali, kapena pamene likukhulupiridwa bwino la kugwidwa.

Kuchoka pagalimoto

Magalimoto ali ndi chiyembekezo chochepera cha kukhala obisika chifukwa cha kuyenda kwawo ndi kulamulira. Ngati apolisi ali ndi chifukwa chothekera cha kukhulupirira kuti galimoto liri ndi umboni wa upandu, iwo angafufuze galimoto lonse, kuphatikizapo zotengera zotsekedwa mkati mwake, popanda chilolezo. Kusiyana kumeneku kumagwira ntchito ku magalimoto, magalimoto, mabwato, ndi magalimoto ena onyamulidwa.

Sma ndi Frisk (Njira Zoimapo za Nkhondo)

Pansi pa Terry v. Ohio [1] (1968), apolisi osungitsa malamulo angasunge munthu kwa kanthaŵi ndi kuchita kufunafuna zida kochepa ngati ali ndi kukayikira koyenera kwakuti munthuyo ali wodziloŵetsa m'zochita zaupandu ndipo angakhale ndi zida ndi upandu. Kukayikira koyenera kumafuna mfundo zenizeni, osati zamphamvu. Pambuyo pake, wapolisiyo angagwetse zovala zakunja kuti aone ngati ndi chida. Ngati azindikira chinthu chimene chimawoneka ngati chida, angachigwire. Ofisala ndi malamulo achisanu.

Odziŵika Ena

Zina mwa zinthu zimenezi ndi izi:

  • Asilikali olondola mwamsanga athawa angaloŵe m'nyumba yaumwini popanda chilolezo.
  • Kufufuza: Pamene alonga galimoto, apolisi angafufuze ilo kaamba ka chisungiko ndi kuŵerengera zinthu zamtengo wapatali.
  • Kufufuza kwa ulamuliro: Kufufuza kwina (m' lekuatiso, kwa mabizinesi a maindasitale oyendetsedwa bwino) kungachitidwe popanda zilolezo, malinga ngati zili zomveka.
  • Kufufuza: [[FLT ] ku malire a maiko, maofesala ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wofufuza anthu ndi katundu popanda chilolezo chifukwa cha zofuna za boma.
  • Kufufuza kofunikira: Kupima mankhwala ogodomalitsa antchito a panjanji pambuyo pa ngozi kapena ophunzira okhala ndi phande m'ntchito zapasukulu yapambuyo pa sukulu angalungamizidwe ndi boma lapadera lofunikira kuposa lamulo wamba.

Kunyozedwa ndi Kumangidwa: Kodi Munthu Angagwire Liti?

Kufotokoza za Kutha kwa Ntchito

Pansi pa Findment yachinayi, kugwidwa ndi matenda kumachitika pamene ofesala, mwa kugwiritsa ntchito dala, achotsa ufulu wa munthu woyenda. Izi zingasiyane ndi kumangidwa kwanthaŵi yochepa. Khoti Lalikulu lasiyanitsa pakati pa kukumana kwa munthu ndi kuthawa (kumene munthu ali womasuka kuchoka) ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda. Munthu amagwidwa kokha ngati, polingalira mikhalidwe yonse, munthu wolingalira bwino sangakhale womasuka kuchoka.

Kumangidwa: Ndinalandira Mlandu Woti Ndichitepo Kanthu

Kumangidwa kotheratu kumafuna chifukwa chothekera. Msilikali ayenera kukhala ndi chikhulupiriro choyenera chakuti munthuyo wachita kapena wachita upandu. Kumangidwa kungachitidwe kapena kuchitidwa popanda chilolezo, malinga ndi mikhalidwe. Nthaŵi zambiri, kumangidwa kosaloledwa kumaloledwa kaamba ka maupandu ochitidwa pamaso pa mkulu wa asilikali kapena, kwa olakwa, ngati kuchitika pamaso pa mkulu wa asilikali (Ngakhale maboma ena amalola kumangidwa kosayenera chifukwa chomveka ngakhale ngati mlanduwo sunawonedwa).

Pamene alandira chilolezo cha kumangidwa, apolisi ayenera kupereka chilolezo kwa woweruza wosonyeza chothekera. Chikalatacho chiyenera kutchula munthuyo kuti agwidwe. Kulephera kutsatira njira zimenezi kungachotse umboni wopezedwa pambuyo pa kumangidwa kapena ngakhale mlandu wa boma mu 42 U.S.C. 1983.

Zimene Zimachititsa Kuti Tizivutika Kusintha

Kukayikira koyenera kuli muyezo wotsika kuposa chifukwa chimene chingapangike. Kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulungamitsa Terry akuima ndi kutsekera. Kukayikira koyenera kumafunikira mfundo zenizeni, zotsimikizirika zimene zimatsogolera ofisala wololera kukakayikira ntchito ya upandu. Mwachitsanzo, wapolisi m'dera lapamwamba akuona munthu mobwerezabwereza m’galimoto zoimika ndi ndiyeno kuyesa zitsogozo. Khalidwelo, kuphatikizapo zinthu zina, lingachititse kukayikira koyenera kuti aleke kutero.

Chochititsa choyenera, monga tanenera, ndicho chotseguka chachikulu. Asilikali ayenera kupanga kufufuza kwachiŵiri kwa kaya ngati ali ndi umboni wokwanira kuyambira kuima mpaka kumangidwa. Mzera pakati pa kukayikira koyenera ndi chochititsa chothekera umatsutsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri m'khoti.

Lamulo la Kuletsa: Kupereka Ufulu wa Kulamulira Wachinayi

Cholinga ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito

Lamulo lopatula limalamula kuti umboni wopezedwa woswa Lamulo Lachinayi Super Confect sungathe kugwiritsiridwa ntchito motsutsana ndi woimbidwa mlandu m'khoti. Lamulo limeneli linakhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu Mapp v. Ohio . (1961]) ndipo limagwira ntchito ku boma limodzi ndi nkhani za boma. Cholinga chachikulu ndicho kuletsa khalidwe loipa la apolisi ndi kusunga umphumphu wa chiweruzo. Ngati umboni uli chipatso cha kufunafuna koletsedwa kapena kulanda, umatsekedwa, monga umboni uliwonse wotengedwa ku chilolezo (“ zipatso za mtengo waululu").

Kusiyana ndi Ulamuliro Wapanthaŵi Yake

Kuti apeŵe kuchepetsa lamulo losungitsa lamulo, makhoti azindikira zosakhala zachindunji:

  • Kuwonjezapo chikhulupiriro chabwino: Ngati wapolisi adalira kwambiri lamulo lofufuza limene pambuyo pake linapezeka kukhala losagwira ntchito (m' lekuatiso la atsogoleri achipembedzo) umboniwo ngwotheka.
  • Kupezedwa kosapeŵeka: Ngati umboni ukanapezedwa mosapeŵeka mwa njira zololeka, sikumachotsedwa.
  • Mabuku odalira: Ngati lamulo lipeza umboni kupyolera mwa magwero osakhala ndi khalidwe losakhala lalamulo, ungavomeredwe.
  • Actnuation : Ngati kugwirizana pakati pa kachitidwe kosakhala kalamulo ndi umboni kuli kutali mokwanira, umboni ungakhale wokhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti lamulo lopatula silidzakhala lamulo lowonjezereka kwa oimbidwa mlandu pamene apolisi anachita zinthu mwachikhulupiriro chabwino kapena pamene kugwirizana pakati pa mkhalidwe woipa ndi umboni kuli kofooka.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Kusintha kwa Kachinayi: Mavuto Amakono

Makhoti aonanso mfundo za m’malamulo monga njira zofufuzira zinthu zamakono.

Mafoni a M’manja Ndiponso Zinthu Zokhudza Makina

Mu . California . California . (2014, Khoti Lapamwambalo linanena kuti maofesala ambiri amafuna chilolezo chofufuza chochitika cha foni yam’manja kuti agwire, chifukwa chakuti mafoni am’manja ali ndi chidziŵitso cha munthu aliyense. Mofananamo, Karpital v. United States (2018]) anafuna chilolezo cha kupeza chidziŵitso cha mbiri ya malo a pulogalamu (CSSLI), monga kutumiza njira kwa munthu kuzungulira kumakhala kufufuza pansi pa chisinthiko chachinayi. Zosankha zimenezi zimasonyeza kumvetsetsa kuti chidziŵitso cha foni chimafunikira chitetezo champhamvu.

Kufufuza njira ya GPS

Mu United States v. Jones[FLT :1] (202), Khoti linagamula kuti kuika woyendera GPS m’galimoto ndi kuyang'anira njira zake kumakhala kufunafuna. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma lingatsutse za kuyembekezera kwachinsinsi kwapang'onopang'ono pa misewu ya anthu, kuyang’anitsitsa kokhalitsa kunalingaliridwa kukhala kuloŵerera kosayenera. Malamulo tsopano ayenera kupeza chilolezo cha kutumiza GPS m'nkhani zambiri.

Maluwa ndi Maselo

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa madoko ndi lamulo kumadzutsa mafunso onena za kukhala kwaumwini kumbuyo kwa nyumba ndi katundu waumwini. Pakali pano, kuyang'anira minda yotseguka m’ndege kumaloledwa ndi Floida v. Riley [1] (19989), koma kugwiritsira ntchito kwa nyumba kwa ma dron kuyang'anira kungafunikire zilolezo. Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna zilolezo za kugwiritsira ntchito upandu pofufuza.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti ndi Ma TV

Kusungidwa kwa malamulo kumagwiritsira ntchito malo a za mayanjano, nkhani za anthu, ndi metain . M'kaundula wachinayi sungateteze chidziŵitso chogawiridwa modzifunira ndi mbali zachitatu (chiphunzitso chachitatu). Komabe, zigamulo zaposachedwapa zikusonyeza kuti chidziŵitso chamakono cha foni ndi foni zingatetezedwe kwambiri. Oyang’anira ayenera kukhala osamala popeza maakaunti achinsinsi kapena pogwiritsira ntchito obisa zinthu zolemba zinthu.

Mavuto a Malamulo Amene Akupitirizabe Ndiponso Miyezo Yosinthasintha

Khoti Lalikululi likupitirizabe kukonza malire a zinthu zachinsinsi, makamaka pamene luso la zopangapanga lisintha. Milandu yaposachedwapa yanena kuti:

  • Kamera za thupi: Kodi ndi liti pamene makaseti a nyumba zaumwini amajambulidwa?
  • Kusonkhanitsa kwa DNA: Atagwidwa, maboma ena akusonkhanitsa zitsanzo za DNA. Khoti mu Maryland v. King (2013]) imalola zopereka zoikizidwa zochepetsedwa kaamba ka zifuno, koma magetsi opitirizabe amapenda ukulu.
  • Kufufuza za chitetezo cha dziko: Kulinganiza pakati pa mphamvu zoyang’anira pansi pa USA PATRIOT Act ndi Demendment Yachinayi kukukhalabe kotsutsana.
  • Kujambula ndi kuimitsa malemba asanakhale: Makhoti adanena kuti kuima kwa magalimoto motsatira chochititsa chothekera kuli ndi lamulo ngakhale ngati cholinga cha mkuluyo sichigwirizana, koma otsutsa amatsutsa zimenezi kuchepetsa chifuno cha kukonza.

Madipatimenti ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo ochirikiza malamulo oyenera kukonzedwa mogwirizana ndi malamulo ameneŵa.

Zovuta Zothandiza Oyang’anira Malamulo

Kuphunzitsa ndi Kuphunzitsa

Tsiku lililonse, apolisi amapanga zosankha zachiŵiri zozikidwa pa malamulo a One Amendment . Maphunziro abwino amatsimikizira kuti apolisi amvetsetsa pamene afunikira chilolezo, mmene angatchulire chothekera, ndi zimene zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito. Kulakwa kungatsogolere ku kutsekereza umboni, kuchotsa milandu, ndi kuweruza kwachiŵeniŵeni. Mapolisi ambiri tsopano akuphatikizapo maphunziro ozikidwa pa zochitika zimene zimayesa kukhoza kwa ofisa kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya kukonza zinthu m’mikhalidwe yeniyeni ya dziko.

Kulemba Mabuku ndi Kupeza Odziŵa Kumenya Nkhondo

Kachipangizo kolembedwa bwino kafunika kuti munthu apeze chilolezo chowalemba bwino akafuna kufunafuna kapena kumanga. Asilikali ayenera kuphatikizapo mfundo zenizeni, kupeŵa mfundo zogwirizana, ndi kukhazikitsa mawu a nyux pakati pa upandu, umboni, ndi malo. Ayeneranso kukumbukira kuphophonya . Ngati nthaŵi yapita pakati pa mfundo ndi pempho, mwina chifukwa chake chingakhale chatha.

Zotsatira za Kuswa

Ofesala akaswa Lamulo Lachinayi, zotsatirapo zake zingakhale zosagwirizana ndi lamulo la boma. Bomalo lingayang’anizane ndi mlandu wa boma pansi pa Chigawo 1983, ndipo ofesala angatchulidwe m’bwalo lamilandu. Madipatimenti angayang’anizane ndi malamulo ovomereza kapena uyang’aniro wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo ya United States yaloŵa m’zikalata zovomereza ndi madipatimenti angapo a apolisi ofuna kusintha zinthu mozama zokhudza kufunafuna ndi kulanda machitidwe olanda.

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza Chisungiko ndi Ufulu

Kusintha kwachinayi sikumalepheretsa kutsata malamulo mogwira mtima; ndi maziko amene amatsimikizira mphamvu ya kufunafuna ndi kulanda ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito moletsa ndi kuŵerengera. Kumvetsetsa kwake kuyenera kukhala ndi chifukwa ndi kuyenera kwa lamulo la kupatulapo ndi kulola maofesala kuchita ntchito zawo mwalamulo ndi mwalamulo. Pamene luso ndi chitaganya chikusintha, Kukonzanso kwa Kane kupitiriza kutetezera mmene lamulo limatetezera anthu pamene kuli kolemekeza ufulu walamulo umene umamasulira ufulu wa Amereka.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, fufuzani Cornell Legal Information Institute's secondation of the Fournce, ndi milandu yaikulu ya Bwalo Lapamwamba monga United States v. Leon (kusiyana kwa chikhulupiriro) ndi [FLT:] Carpeent v. United States (chinsinsi chachinsinsi)].