Kusintha Koyamba: Chinsinsi Cholankhulidwa Mwaufulu

Chikalata chotchedwa First Amendment ku United States Constitution, chomwe chinavomerezedwa mu 1791 monga mbali ya Bill of Rights, chili chimodzi cha chitetezo champhamvu kwambiri ndi chosatha cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense padziko lapansi. Chinenero chake nchosavuta kunama kuti: “Kuukira sikudzapanga lamulo lililonse... kuletsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena wa ofalitsa nkhani; kapena ufulu wa anthu kusonkhana mwamtendere, ndi kuchonderera Boma kuti libwezetse madandaulo. Komabe mawu ochepawa aumba democracy ya ku America kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, kupereka chitetezero chalamulo pa chilichonse kuchokera ku kusagwirizana kwa ndale zadziko ndi luso la zopangapanga zinthu. Kuzindikira mmene malamulo akutetezera ufulu wanu wa kulankhula ndi mawu sikuli kofunika kokha kaamba ka kuzoloŵera kwa anthu, komanso kukambirana kwa anthu.

Oyambitsawo anamvetsetsa kuti lipabuliki yogwira ntchito imafuna mkangano waukulu. Iwo anadzionera okha maupandu a kusanthula ndi nkhani za boma zolamuliridwa mu ulamuliro wa Briteni. Mwa kutetezera ufulu wa kulankhula ku lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, iwo anatsimikizira kuti nzika zingasulize atsogoleri awo, kuchirikiza kusintha, ndi kukhala ndi phande m’kudzitetezera popanda kuwopa kubwezera. Nkhaniyi ikupenda ukulu wa chitetezo cha First Amendment, malire awo, mbali ya judiary m’kumasulira iwo, ndi mmene malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ameneŵa akugwirira ntchito m’dziko lamakono.

Zimene Mpumulo Woyamba Umatetezera Kwenikweni

First Amendment imaletsa boma . "federal, boma, ndi malo ena ake" kuchokera ku kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amatsendereza kulankhula. Imagwira ntchito ku nthambi zonse za boma ndipo imapitirira pa kalankhulidwe kwenikweni. Makhoti azindikira kuti “zolankhula” zimaphatikizapo makhalidwe ambiri osangalatsa, kuphatikizapo kulemba, luso, nyimbo, kuvina, zovala, machitidwe ophiphiritsira monga kutentha mbendera, ndipo ngakhale mitundu ina ya kukhala chete. Kusinthako sikuli chitsimikizo chenicheni, koma kumayambitsa kulimba kwa boma.

Kuteteza Mitundu ya Kalankhulidwe

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Khoti Lalikulu lapeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawu amene amatetezedwa kwambiri ndi malamulo:

  • Kalankhulidwe konyenga: Imeneyi ndi mfundo ya Lamulo Loyamba. Imaphatikizapo kukambitsirana za oyembekezera, malamulo, masankho, ndi zochita za boma. Mawu andale amaperekedwa chitetezero chachikulu chifukwa chakuti n’ngofunika kwambiri kwa demokalase . Ngakhale ndemanga zonama ponena za ziŵerengero za anthu zimatetezeredwa pokhapokha ngati zipangidwa ndi “upandu wa m'zochitika.”
  • [[FLT: 0] Kalankhulidwe kabwino: [[FLT :1] Mayendedwe amene amalankhulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri monga mawu. Zitsanzo za mawonekedwe a mafano zimaphatikizapo kuvala mkono wakuda kuti atsutse nkhondo ( . Des Moines ), kutentha mbendera ya ku America ( TExas v. John John[[FL:5]], kapena kugwada mkati mwa nyimbo ya dziko. Boma silingatsutse khalidwe lotero chifukwa chakuti limatsutsa uthenga.
  • Kalongosoledwe ka zojambula ndi kalembedwe: Ma Novel, mafilimu, zojambula, nyimbo, ndi ntchito zina zolenga zimatetezeredwa pansi pa First Amendment . Pamene kuli kwakuti kunyansidwa sikumatetezeredwa, makhoti akhazikitsa chiletso chachikulu kaamba ka kutchula chinthu chonyansa, kufunikiritsa kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yopanda tsatanetsatane wa zolemba, luso, zandale, kapena phindu la sayansi.
  • Mawu otsatsa malonda: ndi njira zina zolankhulira zamalonda zimalandira chitetezo, koma siikukulirapo kuposa kulankhula kwa ndale zadziko kapena kwaluso. Boma lingalamulire kusatsa malonda konama kapena kosocheretsa ndipo lingaike malamulo pa ntchito zina zamalonda, zonga kusatsa fodya.
  • Kulankhula pankhani za anthu: Gulu limeneli limaphatikizapo mawu okhudza nkhani za anthu, monga thanzi la anthu, chitetezo, kapena chilungamo cha anthu. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chitetezo chachikulu ku kulankhula koteroko, ngakhale pamene kuli kotsutsana kapena konyansa.

Zimene Simungathe Kulankhula: Ngati Simulankhula Bwino

Khoti Lalikulu lazindikira bwino lomwe magulu a mawu amene amalephera kutetezedwa ndi lamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa chakuti amavulaza kwambiri kuposa mmene mawuwo akukhalira.

Kusonkhezera Kuchita Zinthu Mopanda Lamulo

Mawu amene amatsogozedwa kusonkhezera kapena kupanga ntchito yosaloledwa ndipo ali othekera kuchita tero samatetezeredwa. Muyezo umenewu umachokera ku chochitika chachizindikiro Brandenburg v. Ohio [1] , amene analoŵa mmalo “ngozi yeniyeni ndi yodzetsa”. Boma silingalange chiwawa chopanda pake kapena kuswa lamulo; ayenera kusonyeza kuti wolankhulayo anafuna kuputa kachitidwe ka mwamsanga ndi kuti kachitidwe koteroko kachitike.

Kuipa

Zinthu zotchedwa obscene sizikutetezeredwa ndi First Amendment. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Miller v. California [1] adapanga mayeso atatu: (a) kaya munthu wamba, kugwiritsira ntchito miyezo ya chitaganya yamakono, akapeza kuti ntchito ikufuna chikondwerero chapamwamba; (b) kaya imasonyeza khalidwe la kugonana mwanjira yonyansa; ndi (c) kaya ngati ilibe luso lapamwamba, laukatswiri, landale, kapena la sayansi. Kuyesaku kumapangitsa kunyoza kuvuta, chifukwa chakuti zinthu zakuthupi zili ndi phindu lalikulu.

Kutsutsa ndi Ndemanga Zonama

Mawu onama amene angawononge mbiri ya munthu wina angamchititse kukhala ndi mlandu wa boma. Komabe, First Amendment imaletsa kuchita zinthu zoipitsa mbiri, makamaka pamene anthu akhudzidwa. Pansi pa New York Times Co. Sullivan . (1964]), chiŵerengero cha anthu chiyenera kutsimikizira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo anachita ndi “chiwembu chachiphamaso [1] Chidziŵitso chakuti mawuwo anali onyenga kapena onyalanyaza choonadi chake. Anthu achinsinsi afunikira kungosonyeza kusasamala.

Mawu Olimbana ndi Zoopsa Zenizeni

Mawu amene amayambitsa chiwawa chapanthaŵi yomweyo kapena kusokoneza mtendere amatchulidwa ngati “mawu omenyana” ndipo satetezeka. Mofananamo, “ziwopsezo zenizeni” [1] ndi mawu akuti munthu wololera angaonedwe kukhala mawu aakulu osonyeza chiwawa. Satetezedwa ndi Malamulo Oyamba. Mfungulo ndi yakuti wolankhula ayenera kufunitsitsa kuopseza kapena kuchititsa mantha; mawu ophiphiritsa kapena ofotokoza zandale amatetezedwa.

Kulankhula Chifukwa cha Mayendedwe Aupandu

Bungwe Loyamba Lokonza Zinthu sililetsa kulankhula mawu amene ali mbali ya upandu, monga kupereka chiphuphu, chiwembu chochita upandu, kapena kupempha kuti apereke lamulo loletsa kulankhulana mwa njira inayake, monga kuphwanya chilolezo cha ana, kuonera zolaula, ndi kuchita chinyengo, popanda kuphwanya malamulo.

Mmene Makhoti Amamasulira Mawu Mwaufulu: Milandu Yaikulu

Khoti Lalikulu lapereka malingaliro ambirimbiri amene amamveketsa bwino zimene Lamulo Loyamba Lawonjezera limachita ndi zimene silimakwaniritsa.

Maziko Oyambirira

Mu Scheck v. United States (1919), Woweruza Oliver Wendell Holmes anayambitsa “ngozi yoonekeratu ndi ilipo”, akumafotokoza kuti ngakhale mawu otetezeka kwambiri angachepetsedwe ngati apanga manda ndi chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga. Mlanduwo unaphatikizapo kutsutsa usilikali mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Dziko I. Khotilo linachirikiza chitsimikizo, koma mayesowo pambuyo pake analowa mu mu muyezo wa kulankhula kotetezera Brandenburg v. Ohio .

Nyengo Yamakono ya Chitetezo Chotakata

Milandu yambiri ya pakati pa 3535centur inafutukula kwambiri chitetezo cha ufulu wa kulankhula:

  • New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964): Khoti linagamula kuti Coyamba Amendment imatetezera kufalitsidwa kwa ndemanga zonyenga za akuluakulu a boma pokhapokha atapangidwa ndi nkhalwe yeniyeni. Chigamulo chimenechi chinali chofunika kwambiri kwa gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe, kulola manyuzipepala kubisa zitsutso ndi kusuliza akuluakulu a boma popanda kuwopa kuti zisuti zowononga.
  • .Des Moines Independent School School Community [1969]: Khotilo linavomereza kuti ophunzira “samachotsa ufulu wawo walamulo wa kulankhula kapena kulankhula pa chipata cha sukulu.] Mlanduwo unakhudza ophunzira ovala mikono yakuda kuti atsutse nkhondo ya Vietnam. Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsa kuti akuluakulu a sukulu ayenera kukhala ndi chifukwa chomveka chokhaulitsira mawu a ophunzira amene sasokoneza njira ya maphunziro.
  • Brandenburg v. Ohio [1] (1969): Khotilo linatsutsa chigamulo cha mtsogoleri wa Ku Klux Klan wopanga nkhani zokwiyitsa. Kuyesa kwatsopano kunafuna umboni wakuti kulankhula “kuperekedwa ku kusonkhezera kapena kupanga kachitidwe kowopsa ka kusayeruzika ndipo nkothekera kusonkhezera kapena kupanga kachitidwe koteroko. [1] Muyezo umenewu umachepetsa kwambiri mphamvu ya boma ya kulanga mwaudani kapena kulankhula kopambanitsa.
  • Comission United v. Federal Enfation Commission[FL:1] (2010): M'chigamulo chotsutsana, khotilo linavomereza kuti ndalama za kampani za kufalitsa nkhani zandale zaumwini sizingachepetsedwe pansi pa First Amendment. Chigamulocho chinapereka chitetezo chaulere ku makampani ndi maukwati, kulola kuwonongera ndalama zosamalitsa pa utsogoleri wandale malinga ngati sizigwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi otsata.

Nkhani Zoyambitsa: Kulankhula m’Masiku Omwe Akungofika pa Masikisi

Intaneti yakhala ndi ufulu wolankhula m’njira zambiri, koma yadzutsanso mafunso atsopano a lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Lamulo Loyamba Lasintha limagwira ntchito pa Intaneti (boma silingathe kuyang'anira pologalamu ya pa Intaneti kapena kuyang’anira mmene lingachitire nyuzipepala), mapulatifomu achinsinsi monga Facebook, Twitter, ndi YouTube samangidwa ndi Malamulo Oyamba. Iwo angagwiritse ntchito zinthu zofunikira kwambiri pamene akuona kuti n’zoyenerera, kugonjera kokha ku malamulo awoawo a utumiki ndipo mwinanso malamulo onga 230 a chigawo cha Kulankhulana kwa Dec Eccency Act, amene amatetezabe ku mapulati a ntchito. Makhoti adakalipobe pa nkhani ngati makampani a za za za chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe akufalitsa nkhani za nyuzipepala kapena akukhala “maseŵera olankhula mawu oyenera, ndi mmene angagwiritsiritsira malamulo amwambo kwa anthu osadziwika.

Mbali ina yosathetsedwa ndiyo malamulo otsutsa chidziŵitso ndi kuloŵerera kwachilendo m'masankho. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma lingakhale ndi chifuno champhamvu cha kutetezera umphumphu wa osankhidwa, lamulo lirilonse limene limaletsa kulankhula liyenera kulinganizidwa ndi kupeŵa kuyang'ana pa malingaliro akutiakuti. Kulimbana ndi chidziŵitso chonyenga ndi kusungitsa mkangano wamphamvu kudakali chimodzi cha zitokoso zotsekedwa kwambiri zamakono.

Chifukwa Chake Kulankhula Momasuka Kuli Kofunika M’gulu la Demokalase

Kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wa kulankhula si njira yokha yalamulo; ndi lamulo lamaziko limene limachirikiza ulamuliro wa demokrase. Pamene nzika zilankhula mwaufulu, zingavumbule ziphuphu, kuchirikiza kusintha zinthu, ndi kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma kukhala ndi mlandu. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti maboma a authoritarianism amapondereza kutsutsa, pamene mademokrase amapambana pa mkangano wotseguka.

Kuthandizana ndi Anthu a Msika wa Malingaliro

Chilungamo chapadera cha ufulu wa kulankhula ndicho “msika wa malingaliro” wophiphiritsira, wotchuka ndi Woweruza Holmes m'kutsutsana kwake mu Abrams v. United States (1919). Chiphunzitsochi chimanena kuti choonadi chikhoza kutuluka m’kutsutsana kwa malingaliro opikisanawo kuposa kutsutsana ndi boma. Ngakhale mawu onama kapena onyoza ayenera kulekereredwa chifukwa chakuti angatsutsidwe ndi mawu ambiri, osati ndi kusanthula. Mfundo imeneyi imalimbikitsa nzeru ndi kuletsa mkhalidwe kukhala wotsutsa choonadi.

Kupita Patsogolo Komwe Kukuyandikira

Gulu lililonse lalikulu la kakhalidwe m’mbiri ya America . "kuchotsa ndi kupondereza ufulu wa anthu ndi kulingana kwa ukwati" ladalira pa Kukonzanso Koyamba kulinganiza, kukopa, ndi kutsutsa malo amene alipo. Popanda ufulu wa kutsutsa, kufalitsa, ndi kuchonderera, ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu sakanamanga chichirikizo chofunikira kuti apeze kusintha kosatha. Kulankhula kwaufulu kumapatsa magulu ochirikiza choonadi mphamvu ndi kupempha kuti apeze ufulu wawo.

Kuchirikiza Kudzifunira

Mawu aufulu alinso ofunika kwambiri kwa munthu aliyense. Kukhoza kulankhula maganizo ake, kupanga luso, kulambira, kapena kungosunga ndi kufotokoza zikhulupiriro zosagwirizana ndi nkofunika kuti munthu alemekezedwe. Malamulo amateteza osati kokha zimene zili m’mawu komanso ufulu wa kusankha kusalankhula mwachitsanzo, kuyenera kwa kukana kunena mawu olonjeza a Allegiance kapena kusonyeza mawu a boma oikidwa.

Malangizo Othandiza Oti Muzitha Kulankhula Mwaufulu

Kumvetsa malamulo oteteza malamulo anu kungakuthandizeni kuti musamakayikire chilichonse pamene mukupewa ngozi.

  • Boma lingakhazikitse malamulo oyenera “nthaŵi, malo, ndi njira zapamwamba zapadera za anthu. ” Mwachitsanzo, likhoza kulola kuti anthu azikhala ndi ufulu wolankhula.
  • Malo Oyamba Owonjezera Samakupatsani ufulu wolankhula pa malo amene anthu ali nawo (monga sitolo kapena chakudya cha Twitter) ngati mwiniwakeyo ali ndi zinthu.
  • Ngati ndinu wantchito, nkhani zanu pa nkhani zokhudza anthu zikhoza kutetezedwa, koma kokha ngati mukulankhula monga nzika, osati monga mbali ya ntchito yanu.
  • Ngati ndinu wophunzira pasukulu ya anthu onse, ufulu wanu wolankhula ndi wochuluka koma wochepa. Sukulu zingaletse kulankhula mawu onyansa, kulimbikitsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kapena kusokoneza kwambiri malo ophunzirira.
  • M’mayiko ambiri anthu amaphwanya malamulo a udani, koma Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States nthaŵi zonse likunena kuti kunyoza kokha sikokwanira kuvomereza kuti kupenda zinthu n’koyenera.

Kumaliza

Kutetezera ufulu wa kulankhula ndi kutchula ndi kuteteza kwa ufulu wa munthu ndi wofunika kwambiri pa demokrase. Kuyambira pamene anakhazikitsa ndi kufika pa nyengo ya makompyuta, makhoti ayesetsa kulongosola malire a ufulu umenewu, kutsimikizira kuti udakali wamphamvu pamene ukuvomereza kugawidwa. Pamene luso latsopano ndi mavuto a chikhalidwe akubuka, mfundo yaikulu ya malamulo imakhalabe: boma silingaletse kulankhula mosakonda. Kumvetsa malire a ufulu wanu Woyamba Wowonjezera kumakupangitsani kukhala ndi kuchirikiza mokwanira moyo wa anthu onse, kuchirikiza ufulu wa ena, ndi kulemekeza ufulu womwewo kwa anthu ena. M'nthaŵi ya mikangano ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe, kudzipereka kwa lamulo la ufulu wa kulankhula mwaufulu kumakhala koyenerera monga kale.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, chezerani Center ya Constitution Conftice Conftictive , pendani malingaliro a Khoti Lalikulu m'nkhani zazikulu monga New York Times v. Sullivan, ndi kupenda zinthu zolankhulira zaulere.