Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Chitetezo cha Malamulo

United States Constitution, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1788 ndi yogwira ntchito mu 1789, inabadwa ndi zophophonya za Nkhani za Malamulo a Chigwirizano ndi zokumana nazo za ulamuliro wa atsamunda pansi pa ulamuliro wa Briteni. Olemba maulansi, kuphatikizapo James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, ndi George Washington, anali odera nkhaŵa kwambiri ndi kuletsa kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro umene unatsogolera ku Yuropu. Iwo anapanga dongosolo la kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza, kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, ndi kutchula zoyenera zimene zonse pamodzi zimapanga maziko a ufulu wa Amereka. Kumvetsetsa nkhani za mbiri yakaleyi kuli kofunika kwambiri kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake kutetezera zoyenera za malamulo monga momwe zimachitira. Chikalatacho sichimapatsa ufulu kwa anthu; m’malo mwake, chimazindikira ufulu wachibadwa ndi malire a boma kutsutsana nawo. Chiyambitsomba cha Plo cha Phose, chosonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi akatswiri a Pycences, monga Johnquie, chikalata cha ufulu cha munthu aliyense.

Mlandu wa Ufulu: Unateteza Boma Kuti Lizilanda Anthu Mopitirira Malire

Ngakhale kuti Malamulo oyambirira anali ndi zitetezero zina (m., chiletso cha malamulo a ufulu a pambuyo pake ndi mapepala a wowalandira m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 9), Anti-Fedalist ambiri anafuna chikalata chomveka cha ufulu monga choyenerera kuikidwa. Chotulukapo chinali kukonza khumi koyamba, kotchedwa Bill of Rights, kovomerezedwa pa December 15, 1791. Kusintha kumeneku kumachepetsa mphamvu za boma ndipo, kupyolera mwa Programme of 14th Reformation’s Procement Claus, kwakhala kovomerezeka kuti agwiritsiridwe ntchito ku boma limodzi. Bill of Rights sindiko ndandanda yokwanira yachikutchedwa [1] Ninth ndi ma Amendements amapanga kuti kutetezedwa kwa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Koma kuperekedwa kwa lamulo la za ufulu wa anthu.

Kusintha Koyamba: Chigawo cha Demokalase

First Amendment imaletsa kukhazikitsa lamulo lirilonse “kulemekeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa chipembedzo, kapena kuletsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake kwaufulu; kapena kuchepetsa ufulu wa kulankhula, kapena wa nyuzi; kapena kuyenera kwa anthu kusonkhana mwamtendere, ndi kuchonderera Boma kaamba ka kubwezeretsa milandu. [[5] Kukonza kumeneku kumasintha ufulu wachipembedzo: chipembedzo (paŵiri pa Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Claus ndi Free Classione), kulankhula, kutsendereza, kusonkhana, ndi kuchonderera. Makhoti amasulira zitetezero zimenezi mokulira, ngakhale kuti si kwenikweni. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi magulu ena a anthu olankhula mawu otere. Monga kusonkhezera kuswa lamulo (Branden.), 1969 (M), ndi kutetezera kwa California, kuwonjezera, kutetezera koyambirira, kopeseŵeretsedwa kwa chiwonjezedwa ndi chiwonjezo cha chipani cha chiwonjezero cha chipale cha chipale chachi. [N.]

Kusintha kwachiŵiri: Ufulu Wosunga ndi Kunyamula Zida

Second Amendment imati: “Chigamulo cholinganizidwa bwino cha Militia, pokhala chofunikira ku chisungiko cha Boma laufulu, kuyenera kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula Zida, sichidzaswedwa.” Kwa mbiri yambiri ya Amereka, tanthauzo lake linakanganizidwa. Chigamulo cha Supreme Court [[FL:0]] ku Divergale of Columbia v. Hellation [[FL:1] V. [FLD] [2] [2] [2001] [2] [2] (2003]) imalongosola kuti kuyenera kwa munthu kukhala ndi zida zoloŵa zolowera zololedwa zololedwa, monga ngati munthu mwini mwini m'nyumba, kupyola chikhomo cha chilemo cha boma, chopanda chilo cha chilomole cha chilo, chovomereze chilo cha chilolezo cha chika cha chilomone cha chilone m'Chivomezi cha chivomezi cha chiwiri choikidwa chotchedwa Revise. Komabe chigamuendo cha chigamuendo cha chigamu, chilo cha chilo chakutchedwa kuti, chi

Kusintha kwa Kachinayi: Kukhala Wekha ndi Chitetezo pa Kufufuza Kopanda Nzeru

Otetezera Olamulira Olamulira Osati ndi “kufufuza kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda” ndi kufuna kuti mapangano achilikizidwe ndi chochititsa chothekera ndipo makamaka afotokoze malo ofunidwa ndi anthu kapena zinthu zoyenera kugwidwa. Pamutu pake, kukonza kumatetezera kuyembekezera kwachinsinsi kumene chitaganya chakonzekera kuzindikira kukhala koyenera. Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito chitetezo chimenechi ku madendesi amakono: mwachitsanzo, [pa [[FLT:] Karted] v. United States [1] [FLT:] (1977]), Khoti linakhulupirira kuti kukambitsirana kwa munthu m'mafoni kumatetezeredwa, ngakhale popanda chilamo chakuthupi. Posachedwapa, m'mayeso [FL:] Kazati. [2] kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi umboni wosavomerezeka.

Kusintha kwachisanu: Kuyenera Kuchitika, Kudzitsutsa, ndi Kulinganiza Kolungama

Demendment yachisanu ili ndi zitetezero zingapo zosiyana: kuweruza kokulira kwa ajuli aakulu kulinga kwa likulu kapena maupandu oipitsitsa (kusiyapo m'nkhani zankhondo); kutetezeredwa ku ngozi ziŵiri za mlandu umodzimodzi; kuyenera kwa kukakamiza kudzipha; chitsimikiziro cha njira yoyenerera asanachotse moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu; ndi chiyeneretso chakuti katundu wachinsinsi asatengedwe kuti agwiridwe ntchito popanda kulipira. Chitetezero chaumwini chimadziŵidwa bwino ndi [[FL:0] Mirav. Arizona[FLD] [196], zimene zimafuna kuti zidziŵike za kuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kwaufulu kwawo kukhala chete ndi kukhala ndi chitetezero. Pamene kuli koyenera kutetezera kwamphamvu kwa ufulu wa kutetezera ufulu. Kachipang'katswirionjezeze wa boma la Clauss. Kayendetse kamodzi kamodzi kamodzi kachitidwe ka , kochitidwa ndi kuwonjezera kwa mphamvu za boma kwa boma la London: [F.F.N.

Lamulo la Chisanu ndi Chimodzi: Ufulu Woyenera Wozengedwa Mlandu

Chikalata cha Sixth Amend Reformation chitsimikizira woimbidwa mlandu ku kuyenera kwa kuperekedwa kwa mlandu wa mwamsanga ndi kwa anthu onse ndi ajuli opanda tsankho a boma ndi chigawo kumene upandu unachitika; kuyenera kwa kudziŵitsidwa za chilengedwe ndi chochititsa; kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi mboni; kuyenera kwa kukakamiza kwa kupeza mboni zabwino; ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi chithandizo cha lamulo cha oimba mlandu. Kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu wa lamulo wa chitetezo kwa Mboni. Kuyenera kwa kupereka oimba mlanduwo kungatsimikizidwe ndi [[FL: 0] Gedeon v. Wainright [[FL:] (1193], zimene zimafunikira kupereka oimba mlanduwo m'milandu yolakwa. Kuyenera kutsimikizira kuti oimba mlanduwo athane ozengedwawo, kutsogolera kuweruza kwapadera kwapadera kwapadera. [Foctive]

Malamulo Oposa Malamulo a Ufulu

Malamulo asinthidwa nthaŵi makumi aŵiri ndi zisanu ndi ziŵiri, ndi kukonzanso kotsatirapo kufutukulidwa kapena kuwongolera ufulu wa munthu. Kumvetsetsa kusintha kumeneku nkofunika ku chithunzi chonse cha chitetezo cha malamulo.

Malamulo Owonjezera: Madeti, Nambala 14, ndi Madeti:

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, Kukonzanso Malamulo kosintha kwakukulukulu lamulo la Amereka. Mpando wa 13th (1865) unachotsa ukapolo ndi ukapolo wodzifunira, kusiyapo chilango cha upandu. Kusintha kwa 144th Demendment (1868) kunalongosola unziko ndi kuletsa maboma kuchepetsa mwaŵi wa nzika kapena kutetezeredwa kwa nzika, kumanidwa ufulu, ufulu, kapena chuma chopanda njira yoyenerera ya malamulo, kapena kukana chitetezo cholingana cha malamulo. Kusintha kwa 15 (1870) kunaletsa boma kukana ufulu wa dziko ndi maboma kukana kuvota kuyenera kwa kukakhala pa fuko, mtundu, kapena mkhalidwe waukapolo. Makamera a m'kasanja, makamaka, akhala galimoto yaikulu yogwiritsira ntchito ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu (kuphatikiza) ndi kutetezera ufulu waukulu wa ukwati, ndi kukwaniritsa ufulu waukulu, monga momwe: [F1] ndi kufalikira kwa maphunziro a . [F1]

Mpumulo Wachikhumi Nachiŵiri: Kuletsa Akazi

Kusintha kwa mu 1920, Demetrie la 19 imaletsa maboma a boma ndi a boma kukana ufulu wosankha pamaziko a kugonana. Uku kunali kutha kwa nkhondo ya zaka makumi ambiri ya kulingana kwa akazi m’ndale. Kusintha sikunatsimikizire kuti akazi onse a mtundu apeza ufulu wosankha, koma kunayala maziko otsutsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo lotsatirapo la ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Kuchepetsa Nyengo Yosangalatsa:

Mu 1971, mkati mwa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Vietnam, Kusintha kwa Ma 20 ndi Zigawo kunachepetsa zaka za kuvota kuchokera pa 21 mpaka 18 kwa boma lonse, boma, ndi masankho a kumaloko. Linanena kuti awo amene anali achikulire mokwanira kuti alowe usilikali ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu posankha atsogoleri awo. Kusintha kumeneku kunawonjezera lamulo losanthula ndi kulimbikitsa mfundo yakuti kutenga nawo mbali m’ndale ndiko ufulu walamulo.

Mbali ya Kumasulira Chiŵeruzo

Zitetezero za Konsichushoni zikakhalabe zopanda maziko. judiary, makamaka Khoti Lapamwamba la United States, imagwira ntchito monga wothandizira kulongosola tanthauzo la malamulo kupyolera mwa mphamvu ya kupenda kwa lamulo, yokhazikitsidwa mu Marbury . Madison . [1803]. Pamene akumva milandu yokhudza ufulu walamulo, makhoti akumasulira mawu, cholinga chake, kachitidwe ka mbiri yakale, ndi kachitidwe ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka ka kakhalidwe ka anthu kasintha kwa zaka mazana ambiri, kutsogolera kutetezera kochita zinthu mosintha kwambiri kuzoloŵera mikhalidwe yatsopano popanda kuikidwa ndi lamulo.

Kunyenga kwa Nyenyezi ndi Chisinthiko cha Malamulo

Makhoti ambiri amatsatira chiphunzitso cha kuyang'ana, komanso amasintha malamulo akale pamene pali zifukwa zomveka. Mwachitsanzo, Brown v. Board of Education imalamulira ndi kuweruza] chiphunzitso cha [FLT: 2] koma cholingana ndi] [[FLT]. Ferguson [[FLT:] v [FLT:] [196] [186]]. Mofananamo, [FLT] Lawrence v. Texas [FLT:] (2003]) pa malamulo omveka. BBBBBB. v [FLD:] (1986]) pa nkhani imeneyi.

Chiphunzitso cha Chigwirizano: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Ufulu wa Kuyenera kwa Dziko

Pambuyo pa Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Zaufulu kwa 14, Khoti Lapamwamba linayamba kukhazikitsa malamulo oyenerera otsutsa maboma kudzera mu Century Claus. Pakali pano, pafupifupi chitetezo chonse cha Bill of Rights chaikidwa, popanda kucheperapo (m’chingawa, chigawo chachitatu choletsa asilikali, lamulo lalikulu la ajuli la Commergament of the Find Reconstment). Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti maboma, omwe ali pafupi ndi nzika, sangaletse ufulu waukulu.

Mavuto Amakono pa Ufulu wa Malamulo

Pamene kuli kwakuti Malamulo akupereka maziko okhazikika, tekinoloji yatsopano ndi kusintha kwa mayanjano amayesa malire ake. Nkhani zonga ngati malo achinsinsi a foni, mawu aufulu pa masiteshoni a za makompyuta, malamulo a mfuti, zoyenera za kubala, ndi kuvota zikupitirizabe kuyambitsa kutsutsana kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lalikulu ligamula [FLT:] Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [FLT:] [2] [202]) molamulira Rie v. Wade ndi kusintha kwa nzeru zapamwamba.

Ufulu Wokhala Wekha M’nyengo Yogwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Chitetezero cha Genetic Demetrition chakutetezera chinsinsi chikuyang'anizana ndi zitokoso zatsopano kuchokera ku tekinoloji yoyang'anira, kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha makampani, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa boma chidziŵitso cha manambala. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Riley v. California [1] (2014) (kulimbana kuti apolisi afunikira chilolezo cha kufufuza za m'mafoni a m'manja ogwidwa kuti agwire, kuvomereza kuti mafoni amakono ali ndi chidziŵitso cha munthu aliyense payekha. Kupitirizabe kutsutsana ndi kuyang'anira za nkhope, ndi manyuzipepala a za anthu kupitirizabe kukonza tanthauzo lachinsinsi m’zaka za zana la 21.

Zofalitsa Zothandiza pa Maphunziro Abwino

Kuphunzitsa ophunzira za malamulo kumatenga kumbuyo kumbuyo kwa zotetezera. Maphunziro a boma aluso ayenera kulimbikitsa kulingalira mozama ponena za mmene makonzedwe ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito m’zochitika zenizeni za dziko. Mwachitsanzo, ophunzira angapende mikhalidwe yoyerekezera yophatikizapo kulankhula kwaulere m'masukulu, kufufuza kwa apolisi, kapena kusankha kwa ajuli. Kumvetsetsa malemba a Lamulo la National Archives ndi kuphunzira [FLT:] milandu ya Khoti Lapamwamba pa Oyez [1] kumapereka zinthu zofikirika. Kuwonjezerapo, kuyang'anira [FLT:] Censtitution Anuttion kuchokera ku la Congress of Congresssion of [FLD:5]

Kuthandiza Ophunzira Kuti Azitsatira Mfundo Zawo Zoyambirira

Kuŵerenga mwachindunji malamulo ndi Mapepala a Federal List kungathandize ophunzira kumvetsa zolinga za olemba mafomu. Zolemba za mbiri yakale zogwirizana ndi malingaliro a khoti lamakono zimasonyeza mmene kumasulira kogwirizana ndi malamulo kumasinthikira. Mwachitsanzo, kuyerekezera mafotokozedwe oyambirira a James Madison a Bill of Rights ndi matembenuzidwe ovomerezedwa kumasonyeza kulolerana ndi mikangano yonena za kutetezera.

Kumaliza

United States Constitution imateteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha kupyolera m'dongosolo lolinganizidwa bwino la boma lochepa, limandandalika ufulu, ndi lamulo lalamulo lodziimira. Kuyambira pa Bill of Rights mpaka ku Reconsolementives , makonzedwe ameneŵa atetezera mibadwo ya Aamereka ku ulamuliro wankhanza ndi kuponderezedwa. Komabe, malamulo a malamulo si odzitetezera okha; chitetezo chake chimadalira pa nzika zatcheru, aphunzitsi otomera, ndi oweruza odzipereka kuchirikiza malamulo. Mwa kuzindikira makonzedwe ofunika kwambiri monga Woyamba, Wachinayi, ndi Wachisanu ndi Sikisi, monga ngati Chitetezero ndi Programmes, ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi mofanana ndi mofananamo angayamikire bwino chokhalitsa cha malamulo ndi ntchito yawo yosunga zitsimikiziro zake. Maphunziro aungwe ndi kupitiriza kuyang'anirana kwa malamulo a m'tsogolo.