Table of Contents

Maziko a Maulamuliro Osiyanasiyana

Mu United States, kugawa maulamuliro pakati pa maulamuliro akwanuko, boma, ndi a boma ndi mbali yolongosola dongosolo la boma. Malamulo amapereka mphamvu zoŵerengedwa mwachindunji kwa boma pamene akusunga zotsalazo ku maboma. Monga zolengedwa za maboma, amapeza ulamuliro wawo kuchokera ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo. Mabungwe oikidwawa amalinganizidwa kulinganiza umodzi wa dziko ndi dziko lokhala ndi ufulu wa kumaloko, kulola anthu kukambirana nkhani zimene zimasamaliridwa bwino kwambiri pamlingo woyenera. Komabe, nkhani zazikulu za chitaganya, zomwe zikuchokera ku ku kuvundako kupita ku zinthu zaumoyo wa anthu onse bwino lomwe. Vuto logwirizana ndi logwirizana limafunikira modzi, kuzungulira milingo yonse ya boma. Nkhaniyi imapenda mmene boma lakwanitsirira, ndi mabungwe akugwira ntchito pamodzi, ndi kuwongolera njira zabwino zimene zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito pamodzi.

Maboma a Kumeneko — Ntchito Yothandiza Anthu

Maboma apafupi kwambiri ndi nzika ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ndiwo oyamba kukumana ndi nkhani zimene zikubuka. Amaphatikizapo magawo a anthu (midzi, matauni, midzi), matauni, zigawo za sukulu, ndi zigawo zapadera (m’chitsanzo, akuluakulu amadzi, akuluakulu a zaulendo).

Mautumiki a Magulu ndi Ulamuliro wa Olamulira

[[FLT: 0] Kutetezereka kwa kampani, kuli ntchito yaikulu ya kumaloko: apolisi ndi madipatimenti a moto amagwira ntchito m'magawo a boma kapena m'chigawo. Maboma a kumaloko amayang'aniranso [ kukonza ndi kukonza malo. [FLT:] Kukonza ndi kukonza malo [, kukhazikitsa kumene nyumba, makampani, ndi mafakitale ali. Amasunga [[FLT:] misewu, ndi njira zosungiramo madzi ndi zosungira madzi ndi zosungira madzi a m'madzi]. [[FLT:]] Kusintha kwaunika [[FLT]] [FLT:] ndi udindo waukulu wa zaungwe, ndi ma chipatala oyendetsera zaunika zaumoyo. [ma projenti oyendetseredwa ndi ma . , ma programti a zauniko]

Kudziloŵetsa m’Chigwirizano cha M’chitaganya ndi Mathirati Odyetsa

Maboma akugwiritsira ntchito njira zonga misonkhano ya m'holo, makutu a anthu onse, ndi nzika kusonkhanitsa zothandizira. Matauni ambiri tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito mapulatifomu pa Intaneti popanga bajeti, kumene anthu amasankha mmene angaperekere ndalama za kampasi. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumathandiza akuluakulu a boma kuzindikira zofunika zofunika mwamsanga. Zonga ngati kudutsana kwangozi kapena kusoŵa nyumba zotsika .

Mavuto Amene Anthu Omwe Ali Paudindo Wakumeneko

Ngakhale kuti mavuto akuyandikira, maboma akumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbana ndi maziko a ndalama zoikika (misonkho yoyenerera, misonkho yogulitsa) ndi kulephera kukambirana nkhani zimene zimadutsa malire a dziko, monga kuipitsa mpweya kapena zoyendera za chigawo. Amayang'anizananso ndi zitseko za ndalama zopidwa [1] [1] Makampani aang'ono angasowe mapulani odziŵa kapena opatsa olemba, kupangitsa kuvuta kulondola boma kapena ndalama za boma.

Zitsanzo za Ntchito za M’malowo

  • Kusintha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa nyumba ndi kukhoza.
  • Malingaliro a ntchito zapolisi zachizembera amene amakulitsa chidaliro pakati pa osungitsa lamulo ndi nzika.
  • Makonzedwe a nyengo ya kumaloko amene amachepetsa mpweya wotulutsidwa kupyolera m'makoma ndi zosonkhezera mphamvu zomangira.
  • Kuyeseza kuyankha kosavuta kogwirizana pakati pa madipatimenti a moto, apolisi, ndi EMS.

Maboma – Akhalapakati ndi Omanga Aluso

Maboma amayendetsa pakati pa mlingo wa kumalo ndi boma. Ali ndi ulamuliro walamulo wapadera, kuphatikizapo maulamuliro apolisi (kukhoza kulamulira thanzi, chisungiko, ndi ubwino). Maboma amakhazikitsa dongosolo lalamulo limene maboma akumaloko amagwira ntchito ndi kupereka chichirikizo cha ndalama ndi cha maluso.

Utsogoleri wa Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Maboma amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro [[FLT: 0], Malamulo omanga , , malamulo a zachizoloŵezi [ (ndi ndi secultine minitma), ndi [[FLT:] malangizo a zaumoyo a anthu onse [[FLT:]]. Mwachitsanzo, amagamula milingo ya kukonza makampani a inshuwalansi, ndi kuyang'anira misika ya inshuwalansi. [[FLT:] Mapangano ndi mabungwe a bungwe la malamulo

Kupereka ndi Kugwirizanitsa

Boma limatumiza ndalama za boma pansi ndi kukweza ndalama zawo (zopereka msonkho, msonkho, ndalama) kuti zigawire mabungwe akomweko kudzera mwa [FLT]-in-id , ] kugawana , ndi [FLT]] magawo ogwirizana [makampani a zamalonda]. Makampani a boma akupereka ndalama za misewu yakwawo. Makampani a zamwambo amalandira FAMAGUPUPU ndi kuzipereka kuti aŵerengere za tsoka. Kuyendetsa ndalama kumeneku ndi njira yoyambirira yothandizira ntchito za bungwe la ogwirizana.

Kugwirizana ndi Thandizo la Zopangapanga

Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa [[FLT: 0] misonkhano yolinganiza za boma imene imasonkhanitsa maboma ambiri akumaloko kuti akambirane nkhani zonga kulinganiza njira za kayendedwe, kuyang'anira zinyalala, kapena chitetezo chotayidwa. Mabungwe a boma amalangiza akuluakulu a boma pankhani monga ngati kupereka chivomerezo, malamulo a kulembera, ndi kuyang'anira zapatsogolo. Mkati mwa mavuto, boma limatumikira monga maofesi otsogolera, kugwirizanitsa, kutumiza ziwiro za National Guard, timu za zaumoyo, ndi zopereka zamwaŵitsa.

  • Kampasi ya msewu yadziko yoyendera [1] imagwirizana ndi apolisi a kumaloko pa zochitika zazikulu.
  • Madipatimenti a zamaphunziro a m'dziko amayang'anira madongosolo ofufuza pamene akulola mapulogalamu a chigawo chako kusintha.
  • Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m'dziko amachititsa matenda ndi kuyang'anira mpikisano wa katemera m'madera onse.

Federal Government – Mnzathu wa Boma ndi Bearer

Boma la boma limapereka chitsogozo cha lamulo chopambanitsa, miyezo ya dziko, ndi chuma cha ndalama. Mphamvu zake zandandalitsidwa koma zafutukulidwa kupyolera m’kumasulira kwa lamulo, makamaka kupyolera mwa Commerce Claus ndi Kuwononga kwa Claus.

Malo Opangira Malamulo ndi Miyezo ya Dziko

Malamulo a Federal amakhazikitsa zitetezero zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dziko lonselo: Act ya Mpweya woyera [FLT :1], [[FLT :2] Saver Act ya Madzi akumwa , America ndi Act , Palibe Mwana Wochokera Kumbuyo [ [ndipo] Wotsatira wake [[FLT:]] [Ayense]] Wophunzira A'''''''''''''''''', ndi [[FLT:] Zikalata zoyenerera zazikulu [FLT:] [FLT] zili zitsanzo zazikulu. Malamulo ameneŵa amakhazikitsa malamulowo ndi kukwaniritsa ndi kukwaniritsa mabungwe a ETC, ndi EH, ndi EH.

Wonjezerani Maprogramu Monga Zida Zotipangitsa Kudziŵa

Chida chachikulu koposa cha zachuma chothandizirana ndi boma ndicho ndalama zoperekedwa kwa maboma. [FLT] . Commony Development Memocration Grant [CDG] . Programu yothandiza kwambiri pa ntchito ya boma yokhudzana ndi boma imene imaphatikizapo madipatimenti ndi zipatala. [[FLT:] Fateral Transital Administration , ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwa zachuma. [FLT:] [FM [FM]F:F]FF] [FFF]] [FF:FF]] ndiyo programu ya boma ya boma yogwirizana ndi kuchirikiza ndi kukonzanso kwa madera. [FFFFF:FULT] imabwera ndi kuthandizira ndi kukonzanso kwa zipatala za m'dziko. [Malamulo onse a Groma

Kufufuza, Kulemba, ndi Miyezo ya Kapangidwe

Mabungwe a Federal akupanga mandandanda ofunika kwambiri a chidziŵitso (m., Censureau , Bureau of Labor Statistics) amene akulamulira ndi anthu akomweko kugwiritsa ntchito pokonzekera. U.S. Suzulo la Geography imatulutsa maupandu a chigumula; [[[FLT:]] NAKUYA] [[FLT] [FLT]] [FLT]] [AFLT] [[FLT]] AMENE [FLT] [G] [FLT] [F:]] AM [GUM] [FLT] [F:7] imakhazikitsa miyezo imene ambiri amanena kuti ikhale. [magawonekedwe amathandiza ndi kuchirikiza zigamu zonse.

Zitsanzo za Kulinganiza kwa Malo a Federal- Adela

  • National Response Framework (NRF) imandandalika mmene maboma a kumaloko, boma, ndi a boma amagwirizanira panthaŵi yangozi. FEMA imatsogolera kuchirikiza kwa boma koma imagwira ntchito kupyolera mwa mabungwe oyang'anira zangozi kuti afikire oyankha a kumaloko.
  • Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) imagwira ntchito ndi ma DOT a boma kulinganiza ndi kusungitsa ndalama m'misewu ya chigawo ndi misewu ya kumaloko, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa mapangano ogwirizana ndi mabungwe olinganiza mzinda (MPO).
  • Dipatimenti ya Home ndi Urban Development (HUD) ikugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi mabungwe a zachuma a zanyumba kuti apereke chithandizo cha lendi ndi maprogramu a nyumba okhoza kukwera mtengo.

Mabungwe Othandizana ndi Boma

Kuti zikhale zothandiza, maboma amagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendera pogwirizanitsa zochita zawo.

Grants-in Aid ndi Makonzedwe a Fiscal

Malo amakhalabe njira yofala kwambiri. Amabwera m'mitundu iŵiri ikuluikulu: machiritso owonjezera , amene ali ndi zolinga zenizeni (m’ lekuatiso, kumanga mafashoni a mankhwala otayitsa), ndi [[FLT:] zopereka [FLT:] , zimene zimapereka kusinthika kowonjezereka (m'., Community Development Development, Kanthawi ya Kusoŵa kwa Mabanja). Maboma ndi malo ayenera kaŵirikaŵiri kuthandizira [[FLT:] ndalama zoperekera zopindulitsa [[FL:5] kusonyeza kudzipereka ndi kugawana. [FL:] Comptivet Religition. [F:]

Mapangano a Boma ndi Mabungwe

[[FLT:] Mapangano a kumaloko [[FLT:] amatheketsa oyang'anira malo apafupi kusonkhanitsa zinthu monga kutumiza mwadzidzidzi, kusonkhanitsa, kapena mautumiki a laibulale ogaŵanikana (m'q., Colorado River Compact ). Mapangano a malo akwawo [ amatheketsa oyandikana ndi ogwirizana kupanga zinthu zothandizira ntchito monga kutumiza zinthu zamwadzidzidzi, zotayidwa, kapena mautumiki a laibulale. Memorada ya Understat (MHOUS) pakati pa mautumiki ndi zigawo za boma zogwirizanitsa ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya zoweruza ndi madipatimenti apolisi kaŵirikaŵiri imachitira chikwangwani MOUS yomachitira ntchito ntchito yogulitsa mankhwala kapena yogulitsa mankhwala kapena yogulitsa makompyuta.

Kulinganiza Magulu ndi Mabungwe a M’deralo

Mabungwe a za kulinganiza a Meditropolitan Organization (MPOS) [FT:1] amasonkhanitsa pamodzi maboma akwanuko, ma DOT, ndi mabungwe oyendetsa a boma kulinganiza zoika ndalama zoyendera m’madera a m’mizinda. Mabungwe achigawo olinganiza zinthu [ amagamula nkhani zonga kumanga ntchito, nyumba, ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala ku madera ena.

Kugaŵana Chidziŵitso ndi Makina Opimira

Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito mowonjezereka [[FLT: 0] madongosolo a chidziŵitso oikidwa kugawana chidziŵitso ku mabungwe ndi milingo. Mwachitsanzo, kupatsana chidziŵitso cha zaumoyo kwa boma (HIES) kulola zipatala zakumaloko ndi ziwiya za boma kugawana zopitira zodwala. Malo a Fusion [1] [1] , [1] , ndi malo akwawo amene amalandira nzeru kuchokera kwa makampani onga FBI ndi DHS .

Kufufuza Nkhani za Maulamuliro Osiyanasiyana

Kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko kumasonyeza mphamvu ndi mbuna za kugwirizana kwa boma.

Phunziro Loyamba: Kugalamuka kwa Masoka – Mphepo Sandy (202)

Pamene mphepo ya mkuntho Sandy inakantha Northern East, maboma a ku New York, New Jersey, ndi Connecticut anasonkhezera malo awo ochitirako ngozi. Mabomawo anapempha zilengezo za boma ndi magulu a National Guide . FEMA inayankha ndi zipangizo, chithandizo cha nyumba, ndi ntchito za anthu amapereka. FMA-SPAN] . Kugwirizana kwa dziko [[[FLT:]] kunali kovuta ndi malamulo opanga zinthu [[FLT:]] ndi [FOLT]] malamulo ambiri, masamu ambiri, magawo, magawo a . Pambuyo pa kuyankha zotsatirapo zinasonyeza kufunika kwa [FT:] [FLT] [FFFF:3] kuwongolera kwa chiwonkhole cha chiwonkholetso cha National Reveration , kuphatikizapo kukonzansotion . [FFF]

Kupenda Nkhani 2: Vuto la Opioid – Kugwirizanitsidwa kwa Umoyo ndi Lamulo

Mliri wa opioid umasonyeza kugwirizana kwa magawo ambiri mwamwambo. Kusungitsa lamulo ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko kunapangidwa [[FLT: 0] . .naloxyone maprogramu ogaŵira ndi [FLT:] ndi [FLT] kuyambitsa njira zothandizira zaumoyo za kumaloko. Boma loperekedwa kudzera mwa [malamulo operekedwa kwa [FLT:] [FLT:] [FLT:] Active Monionning Programmes [F: [FFF:] [FF:] [5] [AFFM] [IF] ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa njira za kuthandizira kwa njira zaumoyo: [FFFF:]

Kupenda Kayeti 3: Zoyendera ndi Kukonza Malo ndi Ntchito (2021)

Infraformation Information and Jobs Act (IJA) inagaŵira mazana a mabiliyoni a magawo ndi malo kaamba ka misewu, maulalo, kuyendayenda, ndi kusamutsidwa. Kulinganiza kumadalira pa tcheni chocholoŵana cha boma: [ mabungwe a boma opanga mapangano owongolera (ST) [D, FC] (PUP] [FLC]) imafalitsa malangizo ndi maprogramu a zotsalira. [[FLT:M:] [FTP] [FTP] [FT] [FLT]] ASP] ASPUPPP, kuti apange makonzedwe a programuption poup [zipution STF] [12]) yothandiza kwambiri: [NUP]

Mavuto Opitirizabe pa Ntchito Yosiyanasiyana

Ngakhale kuti pali njira zambiri zogwirira ntchito, boma limakumana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana.

Kuvuta kwa Anthu Olamulira ndi Mavuto Oyang’anira

Miyezo yosiyana ili ndi malamulo a kuŵerengera, miyezo, ndi kusimba zofunika. Boma lakwanuko lolandira mphatso ya boma lingafunikire kugwirizana ndi Uniform Administration for Federal Grants (CFR Part 200) , malamulo a boma, ndi njira zoŵerengera za kumaloko. Kucholoŵana kumeneku kungatsogolere ku kutembenuza pakati pa zigawo zazing'ono zopanda antchito odzipereka. Chotulukapo nchakuti ndalama za boma kaŵirikaŵiri zimayendera ku malo apamwamba ndi ntchito zauyang'aniro, kusalingana kwa anthu.

Kusiyana kwa Zinthu ndi Kuika Zinthu Zofunika Patsogolo

Kuthandizana kuyambitsa mpikisano. Mwachitsanzo, pamene boma lingaike malo a zoyendera zapansi ndi zapamtunda , malo akumidzi okhala ndi misewu yosawonongeka angaone kuti kulibe ntchito. Maboma a boma angaletse maboma kukweza misonkho ina (m., kupyolera mwa malamulo opatulidwa), kuchepetsa mphamvu za dzikolo zoyenderana ndi ndalama za boma. Malamulo osavomerezedwa ndi magawo onse aŵiriwo angapereke ndalama pa mipando yotsika popanda kutsagana ndi ndalama, kuchititsa kuipidwa ndi kusoŵa chidani.

Kugawanika kwa Ndale ndi Kugawanika

Kusintha kwandale zadziko kungalepheretse ntchito zogwirizana. Zitokoso za boma za kumasulana , makamaka ngati akuluakulu a magulu osiyanasiyana akulamulira milingo yosiyanasiyana. Nkhokwe za kudalirana pakati pa apolisi a kumaloko ndi mabungwe a boma (m’jere, ICE, FBI) zingaletse ntchito zaudindo. Zovuta za boma kutseguliratu malamulo a EPA . Zonga ngati kuweruza malamulo a boma motsutsana ndi kuchedwa. Kuwonjezera apo, chiŵerengero chonse cha maulamuliro a kumaloko (oposa 900,000 mu U.S.) chimapangitsa ntchito yogwirizana kukhala yovuta kwambiri.

Kulankhulana ndi Kudziŵa Zinthu Silos

Ngakhale kuti luso la zopangapanga lapita patsogolo, kukambirana kwa mabungwe osiyanasiyana kukuvuta. Mabungwe a boma amagwiritsa ntchito mawu osadziwika kwa akuluakulu a boma, makompyuta osagwirizana, ndiponso kudera nkhawa kuti zinthu zikhoza kulepheretsa anthu kugawana. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa kuwomberana kwa anthu ambiri, malipoti ambiri amatchula kulephera kwa apolisi ndi mabungwe aluso kuti apereke chidziŵitso chokhudzana ndi zinthu zapanthaŵi yake.

Maluso Olimbitsira Ntchito ya Boma

Chifukwa cha maphunziro a zipambano ndi kulephera, njira zingapo zatsimikizira kukhala zothandiza kwambiri kuchirikiza mgwirizano wapamwamba.

Pangani Makonzedwe Adongosolo Adongosolo

Kupanga [[FLT: 0] Mabungwe a boma kapena [[FLT :2] maofesi opatulidwa kuti apereke ndi kukhazikitsa kungachepetse mkhalidwe wa hoc hoc face. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri ali ndi [[FLT:] Office [FOLT] ya mayanjano [[4] OFLATENA [[FLT:] OF:] Opatula kuti akumane ndi kukambitsirana. Pamlingo wa , [FOLT] Department [F:] Countals of Government (FG) (FFLT)) (9) mu project; (9.

Ziyeneretso Zothandiza ndi Kuwonjezereka kwa Zinthu

Federal ndi boma zingapereke mayeso opereka mayeso , [[FLT :2] mafomu oyenerera , ndi kulola kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zowonjezereka [ (kuphatikiza mitsinje yambiri yopereka ntchito imodzi). [[FLT:] Mabungwe a America Bureau [ pa DOT shopu imodzi yogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zokongola ndi kupatsa. Malamulo angatengere malamulo ofanana amene a m'malo a pulogalamu ya malo osiyanasiyana, kuchepetsa kupendedwa. [FT:]

Kusunga Ndalama Pamodzi pa Kuphunzira Zinthu

Madongosolo a chidziŵitso okhoza kugwirizanitsidwa ndi mphamvu ya kuchulukitsa. Invectors mu makompyuta a chidziŵitso cha dziko lonse a thanzi, maphunziro, ndi mautumiki a anthu] pogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta amwambo (m’mphindi, HL7, NIEM) . [Faciliatictictictics ndi kusimba. maselo a ] Factive [maselo a zamwambo] m'makampani amene amaphatikizana malo akwane, boma, ndi antchito aumboni amodzi. [FLT:] mapulati a kulola makampani onsewo kapena ntchito yoyendera malo enieni kuwona nthaŵi yeniyeni. Koma amafunitsa ndalama zoyendera m'kayendetse.

Kuphunzitsa Magulu ndi Maseŵera Olimbitsa Thupi

Maprogramu ophunzitsa amene amachirikiza kumvetsetsana. [FLT:] Homeland Security programme (HVTP) amapereka malangizo a mapulogalamu a zojambula zapamwamba zambiri. Emergancy Management Institute (EML) [[FL:3] kutsogolera malo akufupi, boma, ndi akuluakulu a boma kumbali ndi mphepete. [[FLT:]] Programume zojambula za mthunzi [[FLT:] Filtic programme , pologation , pothandiza kudziŵikitsa zokambirana za mzindawo.

Kukulitsa Ubwino wa Kuthandiza Anthu Okhala M’madera Osafunika

Kutsimikizira kuti kugwirizana kumathandiza aliyense, likulongosola kuti boma liyenera kusungitsa [[FLT: 0] kumanga usilikali kumapereka mphatso ya malamulo aang'ono kapena akumidzi. Malo othandiza anthu a kampani [ (m.g., malo otetezera malo a boma [[FLT:]4]] Programme [FLT]]) yothandiza ndi kupatsa, kuyang'anira ntchito, ndi kuvomerezanso. [[FLT:] Mautumiki a m'dera ogwirizana [[FLT:]] angagwire ntchito za boma monga wotumikira matauni ambiri. [FLT]

Kumaliza

Maboma akomweko, boma, ndi a boma akugwira ntchito mogwira ntchito bwino si chinthu chamtengo wapatali koma chofunika. Pamene agwira ntchito pamodzi mwa ndalama, mabungwe, mapulani, ndi achidziŵitso chimodzi. Iwo angasamalire nkhani zovuta zimene palibe mlingo umodzi umene ungathe kuzithetsa. Komabe, kugwirizana kuyenera kukhala kwadala ndi kochirikizidwa bwino. Mwakuika ndalama m'zopangapanga, zothandizira, ndi nyumba zamphamvu, opanga malamulo angapange dongosolo losinthika ndi lolimba kwambiri la ulamuliro wapamwamba. Miyamu kuzungulira America imapindula pamene miyalo ya boma silos ikugwira ntchito yosiyana koma monga anthu ogwirizana ndi cholinga chimodzi: kuwongolera miyoyo ya anthu amene amatumikira.