Malamulo ndi Mitundu ya Boma Lakumeneko

Maboma a m’dzikolo ndiwo zomangira za demokrase ya America. Ndi mabungwe oposa 90,000 a boma ku United States . Malinga ndi U.S. Bureau Bureau [1] [1] Mabungwe ameneŵa ndi oyandikana kwambiri ndi anthu, osamalira chilichonse kuchokera ku malo ndi chitetezo cha anthu ku malo osungira madzi ndi malo osungirako. Maulamuliro awo ndi nyumba zawo zimagamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma ndi malamulo, kupanga ntchito yoikapo malamulo a boma yosonyeza makhalidwe ndi zofunika za dzikolo. Kumvetsa zimenezi nkofunika kwa nzika zimene zikufuna kusonkhezera moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Malo oŵerengera

Maboma ndi magawo aakulu koposa a dziko m'boma, amene ali ndi thayo la mautumiki a m'madera osiyanasiyana. Iwo amayang'anira makhoti, mandende, thanzi la anthu, kusamalitsa misewu, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amasamalira masankho. M'maiko ambiri, mayeso akupereka mautumiki a chitetezo chachikulu a makampani monga mautumiki a zachuma, kuyang'anira nyama, ndi kuyendetsa kwamphamvu kwa zinyalala. National Association of Counies (NAC) imadziŵitsa kuti maboma akuwonjezera ntchito za mautumiki a zachuma ndi kutetezera chilengedwe.

Maboma

Maboma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maboma a Mzinda

Maboma a m’madera a kumpoto chakum’mawa ndi ku Midwest, ndi amene amatumikira pakati pa chigawo cha boma ndi akuluakulu a boma.

Zigawo Zapadera

Zigawo zapadera ndizo zinthu zomangidwa ndi boma kapena lamulo lochitira utumiki umodzi, monga madera a madzi, zigawo za sukulu, akuluakulu a zaulendo, ndi madera a paki. Zili ndi mabodi awoawo ndi ulamuliro wopereka ndalama (mabungwe, misonkho, kapena ndalama). Chiŵerengero cha madera apadera chakula kwambiri m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa pamene anthu akufunafuna njira zopangira zinthu zofunikira kwambiri za magetsi.

Maulamuliro a Boma Lakumaloko

Maboma a m’derali amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosiyanasiyana. (amene amathandiza kuti azitha kusamalira bwino anthu a m’dera lawo.) Mabomawa amalephera chifukwa cha kuyesedwa ndi boma, koma ali ndi ufulu wodzisankhira kukonza malo okhala.

Maulamuliro Olamulira

Mphamvu yalamulo ya boma la kumaloko imasonyezedwa kupyolera mwa bungwe lake, bungwe, kapena bungwe la oyang'anira. Iwo amakhazikitsa malamulo, zigamulo, ndi malamulo amene amasamalira malo, malamulo omangira, thanzi la anthu, kuletsa phokoso, ndi kutumiza mabizinesi. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a magawo amasankha kumene nyumba, masitolo, ndi mafakitale angamangidwe, kukhudza mwachindunji kugula ndi kukula kwa chuma. Mphamvu ya kulamulira masiku afupi obwereka kapena kulamulira kumanga nyumba zokongola kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa genic.

Maulamuliro Aukulu

Mphamvu za akuluakulu a boma amapatsidwa kwa mameya, akuluakulu a boma, kapena mabwana a mizinda amene amayendetsa malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe logawa malamulo. Iwo amayang'anira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku, oyang’anira antchito, opanga bajeti, ndi kukambirana za mapangano. Panthaŵi za tsoka lachilengedwe . / masoka achilengedwe, ngozi zaumoyo, kapena zipwirikiti za anthu. Kukhoza kwa mkulu wa ntchito yosonkhanitsa chuma ndi kupereka malamulo a zamwadzidzidzi kumakhala ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Kuyendetsa kwa maulamuliro kaŵirikaŵiri kumasankha mmene chitaganya chimachitira ndi zosoŵa.

Mphamvu za Oweruza

Maboma ambiri a m’maderawo ali ndi ulamuliro wokhazikitsa makhoti amene amasamalira milandu yaing'ono, kutsendereza malamulo, matikiti oimika galimoto, ndi zikalata zazing'ono. Makhoti ameneŵa amapereka chigamulo cha boma kuti akhazikitse mlanduwo, kuchepetsa mtolo pa mabwalo amilandu. Mphamvu za chiweruzo zimaphatikizaponso kukhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito faindi kapena malamulo a boma, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo ali oposa mawu okha papepala.

Mphamvu Zoyendera Magazi

Maboma a Finland amapereka ndalama zothandizira kupezera mautumiki. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kukhoma misonkho ya katundu, misonkho yogulitsa, ndi [1] m'mayiko ena. Akhozanso kupereka ndalama zomangira ndalama za likulu kuti apereke maprojekiti aakulu monga sukulu, misewu, ndi makampani osamalira madzi. Maulamuliro a zachuma amalola kugwiritsa ntchito chuma choyamba monga nyumba zokwera mtengo, mapaki, kapena chitetezo cha anthu. Mphamvu ya ndalama ndi yofunika kwambiri ku mphamvu ya boma ya kusamalira zosoŵa za chitaganya, koma ikukakamizidwa mowonjezereka ndi malire a boma a msonkho ndi makhoti a msonkho ovomerezedwa ndi ovomerezeka msonkho.

Mmene Maboma Akuthandizira Anthu

Maboma a m’derali ndi amene amathandizira anthu ambiri.

Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse

Apolisi ndi madipatimenti ozimitsa moto ndiwo mautumiki ooneka kwambiri akomweko. Pambuyo pa kuyankha kwamwadzidzidzi, kutetezeka kwa anthu kwamakono kumaphatikizapo kuteteza upandu, polishi ya anthu, mautumiki a zachipatala, ndi kukonzekera tsoka. Madera ambiri atengera njira zoperekera umboni, monga kusokoneza maprogramu achiwawa ndi magulu othandizira anthu ovutika, kuchepetsa upandu ndi kukulitsa chikhulupiriro. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda wa Camden, New Jersey, unamanganso gulu lake la apolisi m'gulu la anthu otchuka kwambiri lomwe linachepetsa kwambiri mlingo wa upandu wachiwawa, kupangitsa kutchuka kwa dziko lonse kuchokera ku [[FT:0] Foundation [[FT:1].

Thanzi la Onse

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumaloko amayang'anira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zaumoyo wa anthu: akatemera, kuyang'anira matenda, maprogramu a zaumoyo a ana a amayi, kufufuza za chakudya, ndi maseŵero a zaumoyo. Mliri wa zaumoyo wa COVID-19, madipatimenti a zaumoyo a m'madera ena anakhala malo oyamba kuti ayesedwe, aone, aone, ndi kugawira akatemera. Ambiri amalankhulanso ndi oletsa thanzi la anthu mwa kuyanjana ndi akuluakulu a nyumba, masukulu, ndi magulu osapanga phindu.

Zoyendera Ndiponso Zinthu Zowonongeka

Maboma a m’madera amene akukula, amakonza, kumanga misewu, kukonza maulalo, njira za njinga, ndi njira zoyendetsera anthu.

Maphunziro

Pamene kuli kwakuti K-12 ya maphunziro imakhala malo a madera a sukulu odziimira okha, maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amathandizira ndi ndalama za sukulu, kugaŵira maprogramu a sukulu yapambuyo pa sukulu, ndi kuchirikiza maphunziro a ubwana. Maboma angayendetsenso makoleji a chitaganya kapena malo ophunzitsira ntchito. Mayanjano a m'mizinda kaamba ka maphunziro akufalikira mowonjezereka pamene anthu akuzindikira kugwirizana pakati pa maphunziro ndi chuma.

Zosangalatsa ndi Chikhalidwe

Mapake ndi madipatimenti a zosangulutsa amayang'anira mabwalo a maseŵera, mabwalo a zamaseŵera, madamu osambira, malo ochezera a anthu, ndi maprogramu apamwamba. Amalinganizanso zochitika monga misika ya alimi, makonsati, ndi mapwando a maholide. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti kulowa m'malo obiriŵira kumawongolera thanzi la maganizo, kumalimbikitsa ntchito yakuthupi, ndi kumanga mgwirizano wa chikhalidwe. Ku Austin, Texas, , mzinda wa Parks ndi Dipatimenti ya Zosangulutsa kumakhala ndi mapaki oposa 300, mazana a makilomita ambiri a njira, ndi malo ambiri a chikhalidwe, zomwe zikuthandizira ku mkhalidwe wapamwamba wa moyo wa mzinda.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Chuma

Maboma a boma amachirikiza kwambiri kutukuka kwa zachuma mwa zisonkhezero za msonkho, maprogramu a zamalonda, maphunziro a ntchito, ndi kuwongolera zinthu. Iwo angapange madera a makampani, kupereka ndalama zothandizira mabizinesi, kapena kukonzanso . Njira za kutukuka kwa chuma zikhale zokopa mabwana atsopano, kusunga mabizinesi omwe alipo, ndi kupangira anthu ntchito. Chitsanzo chodziŵika ndicho Minneapolis’s Comprehensive Plan, yomwe inachotsa ziletso za banja limodzi zokhazikitsa nyumba ndi kuyambitsa maluso osiyanasiyana.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Nyumba ndi Chitukuko cha Anthu

Chifukwa cha vuto la kusoŵa kwa nyumba limene lili m’madera ambiri, maboma ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ntchito yomanga nyumba. Amapanga ndalama zosungira nyumba, amapereka ndalama zothandizira pa lendi, amaonetsetsa kuti malamulo a malo okhala, ndiponso amachirikiza malo osungirako anthu.

Mautumiki a Zachilengedwe

Maboma a m'maderawa amayang'anira kusonkhanitsa zinyalala, kukonzanso madzi, kuyendetsa madzi otentha, ndi kuyang'anira mpweya. Ambiri amakonzanso za nyengo, kuchepetsa zinthu zimene zimawonongeka, ndiponso kulimbikitsa mphamvu zowonjezereka. Malo a zomera monga minda ya mvula, misewu yotha kuyendamo, ndi nkhalango za m’mizinda. Masoka achilengedwe amathandiza kuchepetsa kusefukira ndi kutentha kwa madzi. Pamene kukonza za kulimba kwa malowo kukukula.

Kutenga Nawo Mbali m’Chigwirizano ndi Chiwonkhetso cha M’chitaganya

Kulamulira kothandiza kumafuna kukhala ndi mbali yokangalika. Maboma apanga zida zosiyanasiyana zothandizira anthu kupanga zosankha, kuyambira m’maholo a tauni amwambo mpaka m’mapulatifomu.

Misonkhano ya Onse ndi Kumvetsera

Mabungwe a za kakonzedwe ka zinthu, mabungwe a m’mizinda, ndi makomiti a sukulu amachita misonkhano yapoyera nthaŵi zonse pamene nzika zikhoza kulankhula pankhani zina.

Mabungwe ndi Maudindo a Atsogoleli

Nzika imapanga mabungwe olinganiza zinthu . "mabungwe a kulinganiza, mapaki, ndi mabungwe aunansi wa anthu .) Ziŵalo kaŵirikaŵiri zimaikidwa ndi akuluakulu osankhidwa ndi kubweretsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda wa Seattle, uli ndi Bungwe la Community Isanganizo la Makonzedwe a Ubwenzi ndi Mapangano a Ubwenzi.

Kufufuza ndi Malingaliro a Anthu Akuipiraipira

Maboma ambiri amafufuza zinthu zimene anthu a m’derali apeza kuti ndi okhutira, amaona zinthu zofunika kwambiri komanso amaonetsetsa kuti akugwira bwino ntchito. Bungwe la National Citizen Survey, lomwe limayendetsedwa ndi ICMA, ndilo chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Kudziloŵetsa m’Zaka za Makina

Malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, a pa Intaneti, ndi pa Intaneti asintha njira zolankhulirana. Maboma akugwiritsa ntchito Facebook, Twitter, ndi Nyumba Yachiwiri pouza anthu zinthu komanso kupempha pulogalamu. M’mizinda ina apanga mapulatifomu a mwambo monga Atireji, kumene anthu angafune kuti anthu apereke maganizo awo, mfundo zawo, ndi zotsatira zake. Zida zimenezi zimachepetsa zopinga kuti azichita nawo zinthu komanso zimawonjezera nkhawa za anthu amene alibe Intaneti.

Mavuto Aakulu Amene Maboma Akumeneko Amakumana Nako

Ngakhale kuti maboma a m’maderawo ndi ofunika kwambiri, amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu amene amalepheretsa anthu kutumikira bwino anthu.

Kupereka Zopereka

Zikole za msonkho wa katundu, malire a ndalama za boma, ndi ndalama zowonjezereka za penshoni zimapanikiza ndalama za ndalama zapamsewu. Maboma ambiri akulimbana ndi kusunga maziko a zinthu . American Society of Civil Enginellers’s 2021 Instrapublicture Report Cardit inapatsa misewu ya dzikolo D ndi madzi akumwa C. Mliriwo unachepetsa ndalama za ndalama, kukakamiza kudula ndalama za mautumiki ngakhale pamene zofunazo zinali kukula. Chithandizo cha American Replation Act chinapereka chithandizo cha kanthaŵi koma sunathetse mipata yaitali ya .

Magaŵano a Zandale ndi Kusintha

Magawano a chigawo chakwanuko angadodometse kupanga zosankha, kuchititsa kulinganiza nkhani zonga kumanga nyumba, nyumba zokwera mtengo, ndi kachitidwe ka nyengo. Ndale za chigawo cha Supermage zingakhale za mkangano kwambiri, monga momwe zachitiridwa umboni ndi kubuka kwa "NIMBYism" (Osati m'Back Yard) imene imalepheretsa kusintha kwatsopano. Kudalira boma kwawonongeka, kupangitsa kuvomereza kukhala kovuta kufikako.

Kusintha kwa Anthu ndi Kusintha kwa Chiŵerengero cha Anthu

Anthu ena akuchuluka kwambiri, kuchulukana kwa masukulu, misewu, ndi madzi. Ena akuvutika ndi kuchepa kwa anthu, ndipo zimenezi zikupangitsa kuti anthu asakhale ndi malo ake komanso kuti achepetse misonkho. Anthu okalamba amafunika thandizo lowonjezereka, pamene achinyamata amafuna kuti anthu azikhala ndi moyo wosiyanasiyana.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Kusintha kwa nyengo koopsa, kukwera kwa madzi m'nyanja, ndi kutentha kwa nkhalango kukuyambukira kwambiri maboma a m'madera. Ambiri alibe ndalama zomangira zinthu zowonongeka kapena kutumiza anthu ovutika m'madera ena. Kuwonongeka kwa tsoka ndi kuchira kungafooketse anthu ang'onoang'ono. Maboma akuyamba kugwirizana pa nyengo za m'deralo, koma kupita patsogolo sikukuyenderana.

Chilungamo cha Makhalidwe ndi Chilungamo

Malo a mbiri yopatulana ndi kutha kwa mitundu achititsa anthu ambiri kukhala ndi mitundu yambiri popanda mautumiki ambiri ndi zotsatirapo zoipa. Maboma akulamulidwa kuti athetse kusatsata kwa dongosolo la zinthu m’mapolisi, nyumba, maphunziro, ndi thanzi. Zida zonga ngati kuona udani wa mitundu yonse, zimene Seattle akugwiritsa ntchito, zikuchuluka, koma zivuto zikupitirizabe.

Kufufuza za Anthu Omwe Boma Lawo Linawatsogolera

Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto amenewa, maboma ambiri asintha anthu a m’madera awo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano.

Kuchitira Upo M’chitaganya mu Camden, New Jersey

Kampani ya Camden County Police, inapangidwa pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa gulu la mzinda, ikuyendetsa fakitale yomangira anthu a m'deralo kumene apolisi amagawiridwa kuti alondere apansi, amamanga maunansi ndi nzika, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso kuletsa upandu. Pakati pa 2012 ndi 2019, upandu wachiwawa unagwa ndi 48%, ndipo kumangidwa kunatha, kusonyeza kuti apolisi odalirana angawongolere chitetezo chapoyera popanda kuphwanya lamulo. Dipatimentiyi imagwiranso ntchito ndi mautumiki a anthu otetezera anthu ku ndende kuti atulutsedwe.

Nyumba Yokwera Mokwera Mokwera Moŵa ku Minneapolis, Minnesota

Mu 2018, Minneapolis inakhala mzinda woyamba waukulu wa United States kuchotsa banja limodzi, kulola maatomu atatu ndi ma plexis pa malo alionse okhala. Kusamuka kokhala ndi cholinga chowonjezera nyumba, kuchepetsa kugaŵana, ndi kuchepetsa mtengo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kugwiritsa ntchito kuli kupitirizabe, lamulo linasonkhezera kusintha kofananako m’mizinda ina monga Portland ndi Charlotte . Mzindawo unaikidwanso pa malo a Afforditablation Trust Fund yomwe imatulutsa ma units chaka chilichonse.

Malo Okongola Kwambiri ku Austin, Texas

Mapaki a Austin amadziŵika kwambiri chifukwa cha kuyambitsa kwake ndi kuloŵerera m’chitaganya. Mu 2019, mzindawo unayamba ntchito ya paki ndi njira Zopezera Zosangalatsa zimene zimalinganiza bwino kulinganiza moyo wa munthu aliyense wokhalamo m’njira ya mphindi 10 ya paki. Mwa kugwirizana ndi Austin Parks Foundation, odzifunira amanga ndi kukonzanso malo ambiri oseŵera ndi zidutswa. Mzindawo unayambanso programu ya "PD ATX" yoyendera maseŵera kuti abweretse ntchito ku madera osungidwa.

Mkupiti wa Zaumoyo wa Onse mu Louisville, Kentucky

Louisville dipatimenti ya zaumoyo, mogwirizana ndi mzindawo, adapanga "Healthy Home Initiative" kukambirana nkhani zaumoyo zogwirizana ndi nyumba zopanda bwino. Programuyi imapereka kukonza kwaulere panyumba, kuyang'anira chifuwa, ndi kuletsa tizilombo. Kusanthula madera okhala ndi chipinda chothandizira anthu ovulala ndi matenda a mphumu, kuchepetsa ulendo wokhudzana ndi 40% ndi kupulumutsa ndalama za mzinda. Ndi chitsanzo cha mmene maboma a m'dziko angagwiritsire ntchito chidziŵitso chaumoyo kubweretsa chiyambukiro chokhoza kuchepetsa.

Tsogolo la Boma Lakumene Tikukhala

M’zaka 10 zotsatira, zinthu zamakono zidzasintha kwambiri m’mayiko amene maboma ayamba kulamulira.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zipangizo Zosiyanasiyana Mowonjezereka

Umisiri waluso wa m'mizinda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kugwirizana ndi Opanda Phindu ndi Ampatuko Waumwini

Mayanjano a anthu onse ndi kugwirizana kwapaokha popanda phindu zidzachuluka kwambiri pamene ndalama za kuthandizira zikuwonjezereka. Kusamukira kwa mautumiki a zaumoyo . Monga mautumiki a zaumoyo m'malaibulale kapena m'malo a anthu . "chiyambukiro chosonkhanitsa", kumene maboma akumatumikira ndi maziko ndi magulu a anthu pa zonulirapo zofanana monga maphunziro a ubwana, zikupeza thirakiti.

Kusamalira Thanzi Lanu

Masitepe otsatirawa ndi monga nyumba za makoka, zoyendera zamagetsi, ndi kaboni. Maboma ena akutsatira mfundo zachuma kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda wa Boulder ku Colorado uli ndi cholinga cha "Zoro Waste" komanso mafuta otsala a pansi pa nthaka omwe amaletsedwa kumanganso. Kumanga kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri, osati chifukwa chongofuna kuchitapo kanthu.

Kutenga Nawo Mbali Kowonjezereka

Njira zatsopano za pangano la ukwati . Zonga mapendedwe ochotsera ufulu, zigamulo za nzika, ndi kulinganiza kwa zauchigaŵenga kwa pa Intaneti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maboma a kumaloko sali kokha mabungwe a oyang’anira; iwo ali malabola ofufuza za demokrase amene amalabadira mwachindunji zosoŵa zosiyanasiyana za anthu.