Chiyambi: Njira Yochitira Chikomyunizimu

United States imayendetsa imodzi ya njira zosungitsa malamulo zoyenerera kwambiri m'dziko. Oposa 18,000 a boma, boma, ndi mabungwe a kumaloko ali ndi thayo kaamba ka chisungiko cha anthu, iriyonse ndi ulamuliro wake, ndalama, ndi zofunika zoyambirira. Mabungwe oyalidwawa angapange maepiciencies . Mabungwe apadera osamalira ziwopsezo zosiyanasiyana . Koma amayambitsanso mavuto a kugwirizana, kugawirana, ndi kugaŵira katundu kosiyana. Kumvetsetsa mmene mlingo uliwonse umagwirira ntchito, ndi mmene amagwirizanirana, ndi mmene amachitira, nkofunika pozindikira mphamvu ndi zophonya za American Policles lerolino.

Kupenda kumeneku koyerekezera kumasonyeza mbali zosiyanasiyana za kusungitsa malamulo a boma, boma, ndi malo akumeneko, njira zimene amagwirira ntchito (kapena kulephera), ndi mavuto ofala amene amakumana nawo. mwa kupenda mlingo uliwonse mwatsatanetsatane, tingapeze mipata ya kusintha zinthu, kuwongolera mgwirizano, ndi zotulukapo zabwino za chisungiko cha anthu.

Lamulo Logwirizana: Ulamuliro wa Dziko ndi Maulendo Apadera

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma akugwira ntchito molamulidwa ndi bungwe la United States ndi nthambi ya akuluakulu a boma. Mphamvu zawo zimafalikira m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, zikumalola kuti athetse upandu umene ukupitirira malire a dzikolo. Zonga uchigaŵenga, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwadzaoneni, chinyengo cha ndalama, ndi Intaneti. Mosiyana ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi akuluakulu a boma, akuluakulu a boma si apolisi a boma apadera; iwo amayang'anira kwambiri za malamulo ophwanya malamulo ndipo amagwira ntchito ndi magulu ena a boma.

Maboma Aakulu

  • FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation): FBI ndi bungwe lalikulu la boma lofufuza, kuyang'anira uchigaŵenga, intaneti, upandu wolinganizidwa, upandu woyera procolvan, ndi kuswa lamulo la anthu. Imaperekanso thandizo la boma ndi la luntha kwa boma ndi kwa anthu a m'deralo. FBI.FLD[FYD
  • DEA (Uyang'anira wa Kusintha kwa Mankhwala): [1] DELT DEA imakakamiza Substancess Act yolamulira, imalimbana ndi magulu aakulu ozembetsa mankhwala, ndi kugwira ntchito ndi mayiko a mitundu yonse kusokoneza unyolo wa zopereka.
  • ATF (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemormars ndi Explosies): ATF imalamulira mfuti, mabomba, arson, ndi malonda oletsedwa a moŵa ndi fodya. Ili ndi mbali yaikulu m’kuchepetsa chiwawa cha mfuti ndi kupenda kuphulitsa mabomba.
  • DHS (Malo a Chisungiko cha Homeland): DHS imayang'anira chisungiko cha kumalire, kusungidwa kwa anthu osamukira kudziko, chitetezo cha mayendedwe (TSA), intaneti (CISA), ndi chivomerezo cha tsoka (FAMA). Mbali zake monga ICE ndi CBP . Zigawo zake ndi zapamwamba za lamulo.
  • U.S. Marshals Service: Ma Marshal ndi gulu lakale kwambiri losungitsa lamulo la boma. Iwo amasamalira ntchito za kuthaŵa, kuwona chinjirizo, katundu wowonongeka, ndi akaidi a boma.

Mabungwe a FBI a gulu la FBI ndi ATF'S National Intetrated Information Network (NIBIBIN) amapereka ziŵiya zofufuzira zimene mabungwe aang'ono sangakwanitse kuzigula okha. Komabe, malamulo a boma ali ndi malire: satha kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma kapena kuyankha madandaulo a kachitidwe ka ntchito monga kuswa malamulo a galimoto kapena kudandaula kwa phokoso kwa anthu a m'deralo.

Kuletsa Zochita ndi Zolephera

Ulamuliro wa Federal suli wopanda malire. Malamulo amapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo ulamuliro pa malonda a mayiko, nkhani zakunja, ndi katundu wa boma, koma tsiku lonse . Upandu wa tsiku ndi tsiku . "mrder", kuba, kuukira (maupandu ku maboma ndi madera. Oimira boma angaloŵetsepo kokha ngati upandu uphatikizapo chikondwerero cha boma (m'jerect , banki yopititsidwa ndi FDIC, kugwiritsira ntchito mfuti, kapena mizera ya boma). Malamulo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti mphamvu za boma zikhalabe zosumika maganizo pa zinthu zofunika za dziko, komanso angayambitsenso kusiyana pamene makampani akumalo akugonjetsedwa ndi nkhani zovuta.

Kukakamiza Lamulo la Boma: Kuletsa Mpatawo

Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma achita mbali ina. Amasungitsa malamulo a boma, kuyendera misewu yaikulu, ndi kupereka zinthu zapadera ku madipatimenti akwawo. Mosiyana ndi makampani a boma, apolisi a boma ali ndi ulamuliro walamulo m’dziko lawo, koma ulamuliro wawo uli wokha kumalire a boma. Mabungwewo amasiyana kwambiri: maboma ena ali ndi magulu apolisi a boma okhala ndi ntchito za lamulo, pamene ena amachita magudulidwe a misewu ndi ma bureau a kufufuza.

Maboma Ofala

  • Apolisi a m'Chigawo: Mabungwe a Fullposition amene amayang'anira misewu yonse, kufufuza upandu, ndi kuthandiza madipatimenti a kumaloko. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Pennsylvania State Police Police, imene imapereka ntchito yaikulu kwa makampani oposa 2,000, ndi Department of Public Safety, imene imasamalira zonse ziŵiri zoyendera misewu ndi kufufuza kwaupandu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mpatro wapamwamba: [[FL:1] Imangosumika pa chisungiko cha pamsewu, kusungitsa galimoto, ndi kufufuza ngozi. California Highway Patrol ndi chitsanzo chodziŵika.
  • Bureau ya Investigation (SBI): Mabungwe ameneŵa (mlongo, North Carolina SBI, Georgia Bureau of Investigation) amafufuza modabwitsa monga ziphuphu za anthu, arson, ndi ntchito zazikulu za mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Nthaŵi zambiri amagwira ntchito monga bungwe losatenga mbali pa kufufuza pamene mabungwe a kumaloko asemphana maganizo.

Kusungitsa malamulo a boma kuli kofunika kwambiri makamaka m'madera akumidzi kumene maofesi a boma ali aang'ono ndipo angasoŵe ndalama zothandizira ntchito zazikulu. Mabungwe ambiri apolisi akugwiranso ntchito za upandu m'malabola, kuphunzitsa masukulu, ndi malo ophatikiza omwe amaphatikiza nzeru m'mayiko. International Association of Directorers of Law Inforcement Standard and Training (IDLEST) imapereka chitsogozo pa miyezo ya boma ya maphunziro a pa 76.

Kugwirizana ndi Maboma

Apolisi a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito monga ochulukitsa a madipatimenti a kumaloko. Iwo angapereke chichirikizo cha helikopitali, magulu a SWAT, ma K769, ndi ukatswiri wofufuza kuti tauni yaing'ono siingachirikize. Mwangozi . Monga masoka achilengedwe kapena chipwirikiti chachiŵeniŵeni, bwanamku amatumiza apolisi kumbali iriyonse ya boma. Komabe, maulamuliro otsagana angatsogolere ku mavuto, makamaka pamene akuluakulu a boma akhazikitsa ulamuliro pa zochitika za kumaloko. Kuwona malamulo ndi ntchito zina zimathandiza kuchepetsa mikangano imeneyi.

Kukakamiza Lamulo Lakumaloko: Mzera Woyambirira wa Chilamulo

Kusungitsa malamulo kwa tauni . Kugwirizanitsa madipatimenti a apolisi a mzinda, maofesi a boma, ndi apolisi afuko, ndi mtundu wa apolisi wowonekera ndi wosavuta kupezeka. Mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito zambiri za nzika, kuyambira pa kuima kwa magalimoto mpaka ku kusokonezeka kwa mayendedwe a m'nyumba mpaka ku chiwawa. Amalipirira ndalama za misonkho yakumaloko, zimene zimatanthauza chuma chawo ndi luso lawo, zikusiyanasiyana kwambiri chifukwa cha chuma ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu a m’mudzi umene amatumikira.

Madipatimenti a Apolisi a M’mizinda

Madipatimenti a apolisi a m'mizinda amatumikira m'makampani ophatikizapo anthu, kuyambira m’matauni aang’ono okhala ndi maofesala ochepa ndi akuluakulu a mzinda monga NYPD (apolisi oposa 36,000 ovala yunifomu). Mathayo awo aakulu amaphatikizapo kulondera, kuchitapo kanthu mwadzidzidzi, kufufuza kwa apandu, kutsata magalimoto, ndi kutsata anthu. Madipatimenti ambiri a m’mizinda amagwiranso ntchito m’magulu apadera a magulu aupandu, narcotics, kapena m’maganizo.

Maofesi a Sheriff

Maofesi a sheriff amatumikira madera omwe sanaloŵetsedwe ndi boma ndipo amapereka malamulo m'madera onse. Mosiyana ndi akuluakulu a apolisi, akuluakulu a boma amasankhidwa mwapadera, zimene zimayambitsa mlandu wa ndale komanso kuchititsa kuti lamulo likhale lovomerezeka. Kuwonjezera pa kuyang'anira ndi kufufuza, akuluakulu a boma amayang'anira ndende za m'chigawo, amayang'anira mapepala a khoti (m'chitsanzo, kuchotsedwa kwa apolisi), ndi kupereka chitetezo kwa nyumba za khoti. Oyang'anira ntchito a boma ena aloŵetsedwa kwambiri m'malamulo a boma mwa ICE, pamene ena akuyang'anira ntchito yokhudza anthu.

Kuphunzitsa za M’chitaganya: Filosofi ndi Chizoloŵezi

Polishi ya boma ndi njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri yolimbikitsira anthu ndi kugwirizana pakati pa akuluakulu a boma ndi anthu. Imasiyana ndi njira yongothandiza anthu kuti apeze vutolo, kuyendera mapazi, ndi misonkhano ya anthu nthawi zonse. Kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti polishi ya anthu ingathe kuchepetsa mantha a upandu, kuwongolera ubale wa apolisi, ndi kuwonjezera kusimba za upandu. Komabe, kuyendetsa kwake sikuli: madipatimenti ambiri amanena kuti akugwira ntchito ya polisi koma amadalirabe kwambiri pa kutumiza zinthu, maakaumboni a . Office . [FLT:] OFUT]

Kupenda Malamulo Moyerekezera

Ngakhale kuti zonse zitatu zili ndi cholinga chimodzi cha kuteteza anthu onse, izo zimasiyana kwambiri pa ulamuliro, chuma, ntchito, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu.

Jurisciction

[[FLT : 0] Faceral :[FLT :1] Unyinji wa Dzikolo, koma wolekezera ku malamulo a boma. Simungakakamize malamulo a boma kapena mapempho anthaŵi zonse a kumaloko. Chigawo: [ pakati pa malire a boma, ndi ulamuliro kukakamiza malamulo a boma kulikonse kumene boma lili ndi ulamuliro. : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chuma ndi Ndalama Zoperekedwa

Mabungwe a boma amasangalala ndi ma bajeti aakulu, luso lapamwamba, ndi maprogramu ophunzitsa kwambiri. Mabungwe a boma amasiyana: ena ali ndi mavuto aakulu, pamene ena akulimbana ndi kudula kwa malamulo . Madipatimenti a m'madera akufupi ndi osalingana kwambiri . Makampani a m'deralo ndi madera okhala ndi anthu ambiri omwe angagule maodaleji apamwamba ochuluka ndi kudula ziwiya zaumphaŵi za m’madera akumidzi ndi za m’mizinda, pamene kuli kwakuti madipatimenti a boma akugwira ntchito ndi ziŵiya zachikale ndi kupereŵera kwa antchito ofufuza. Kusintha kumeneku kumayambukira mkhalidwe wa utumiki ndi chitetezo cha a apolisi.

Kuika Zinthu Patsogolo Mwamphamvu

Mabungwe a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito ziŵiri: kusungitsa magalimoto ndi kuchirikiza lamulo la boma. Mabungwe a boma amasamalira nkhani zambiri . Zinthu zonse kuyambira pa madandaulo a phokoso mpaka kuphedwa. Ndipo ayenera kulinganiza kuthamanga ndi madandaulo a utumiki. Kuchuluka kumeneku kungapangitse chuma cha m'dziko.

Kupanikizika ndi Kufooka

Magulu a ntchito ndiwo njira yaikulu yogwirizanitsira. Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTFs) imagwirizanitsa FBI, boma, ndi antchito a kumaloko; magulu a ntchito za mankhwala osokoneza bongo amaphatikiza DEA, apolisi a boma, ndi a narcotics a m'malo amodzi; ndi magulu achiwawa aupandu akulimbana ndi olakwira mfuti. Kulimbana kwamphamvu kumapindulitsa, koma mpikisano wa ngongole, kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe, ndi ziletso za madata zyirembere zingaletse kugwira ntchito. A 2020 Doj Prom

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuyang’anira

Oimira boma ali ndi mlandu pansi pa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi uyang'aniro waumwini wonga FBI’s Office of Professional Professional Iscrector. Apolisi a boma amayankha kwa kazembe ndi boma; maboma ena ali ndi mabungwe openda anthu. Madipatimenti a m'malowo ali ndi mlandu kwa mameya, mabungwe a m'mizinda, ndi mabungwe a zigawo, koma ambiri amayang'anira pang'ono. Ntchito ya madongosolo oŵerengera mlandu yachititsa kupempha kuti mtunduwo ugwiritsire ntchito mphamvu ndi kulengeza chisembwere.

Mavuto Oyang’anizana ndi Malamulo Okakamiza pa Maudindo Onse

Ngakhale kuti mabungwewa ndi osiyana, boma, ndi mayiko ena, ali ndi mavuto ambiri amene amalepheretsa anthu kusakhulupirirana ndiponso kugwira ntchito bwino.

  • Kudziwitsa Kusayenera : [[FLT :1] Madipatimenti a kumaloko m'midzi yolandira ndalama zochepa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito pa bajeti ya nsapato, kutsogolera ku kuchepa kwa antchito, kuchepetsa maphunziro, ndi kudalira pa luso lakale. Federal imapatsa monga programu ya Byrne JaG thandizo, koma siingatseke mpata.
  • Kudalira ndi Malamulo: Zochitika zazikulu za nkhanza za apolisi, kusakaza kwa mafuko, ndi kusatsatira malamulo amakhalidwe abwino zathetsa chidaliro, makamaka pakati pa anthu ochepa. Kubwezeretsa chidaliro kumafuna kuwonekera, kuvomereza chitaganya, ndi kuŵerengera kwatanthauzo kwa kusadziletsa.
  • Kuphunzitsa Deficits: Apolisi ambiri amalandira kokha maola mazana angapo a maphunziro ofunikira, popanda kugogomezera kwambiri za kuchotsa, kukondera kotsimikizirika, kuloŵerera m'mavuto, ndi kuyankha kwamaganizo. Maboma okhala ndi miyezo yapamwamba ya maphunziro sagwiritsa ntchito zochitika zokwanira 93of23roct, koma kusintha n’kosiyana.
  • [[FLT: 0] Thanzi la Mantha ndi Kusoŵa Panyumba: kaŵirikaŵiri lamulo limakhala chiyambukiro chosayenerera ku mavuto a maganizo ndi kusoŵa pokhala . Kulankhula bwino ndi antchito a zaumoyo ndi akatswiri a zaumoyo. Copreplansmist (akuluakulu a zachipatala) amasonyeza lonjezo koma amafunikira ndalama ndi dongosolo loyendera limodzi.
  • Mageti a Zero ndi Okhazikitsa: Pamene kuli kwakuti tekinoloji yapamwamba (makosi, drone, ALPR) ingawongolere kuŵerengera ndi kusonkhanitsa umboni, mabungwe aang'ono sangakhoze kuigula. Ndiponso, kuchuluka kwa zipangizo zoyendera kumakweza nkhaŵa zimene zimafuna malamulo omveka bwino ndi uyang'aniro wa anthu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusintha kwa Chigamulo: Kutsutsana pa kululuza apolisi, chitetezo choyeneretsedwa, ndi kukonzanso kwa belo kwakhala malo ofufuzira, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kugwiritsa ntchito mapangano ozikidwa pa [1] Olamulira a pansi pano kaŵirikaŵiri amamva kukhala ogwidwa pakati.

Tsogolo la Kukakamiza Chilamulo: Zikhoterero Zoluluzika ndi Zopinga Zosatha

Kusungitsa malamulo ku United States kukusintha, kusonkhezeredwa ndi zofuna za anthu, kusintha kwa tekinoloji, ndi kuzindikira kowonjezereka kwakuti chisungiko cha anthu chikufunikira zambiri osati kokha kusungidwa kwapolisi.

Kuloŵa M’gulu la Anthu ndi Co ­ Production of the Security

Madipatimenti opita patsogolo akusinthasintha kuti apeze chitsanzo cha mmene apolisi akugwirira ntchito pamodzi ndi anthu okhala m’dzikolo, mabizinesi, ndi phindu losapindulitsa kuthetsa zochititsa upandu / umphaŵi, kusoŵa kwa mwaŵi, nyumba zopanda ulova. Njira imeneyi ya “ko ." yagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchepetsa chiwawa ndi kuwonjezera chidaliro, koma imafuna ndalama zosungidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali zokwanira zokwanira zokwanira zokwanira zokwanira zokwanira madera ambiri osasunga.

Kusintha kwa Zipangizo ndi Kuyendetsa Ntchito kwa Data ←Driven Policial

Zoneneratu za kuphana kwa mfuti, madongosolo otulukira mfuti, ndi malo enieni a upandu akufalikira. Pamene zigwiritsiridwa ntchito mowonekera ndi mkati mwa malire alamulo, ziŵiya zimenezi zingathandize mabungwe kuyankha mofulumira ndi kugaŵira zinthu. Komabe, uyang'anira nkofunika kuchinjiriza maalgorith ndi kuswa chinsinsi. National Institute of Direfectal and Technology imapereka malangizo a kutengera kwa luso la zopanga zinthu.

Kusintha Malamulo ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Malamulo a boma akusintha mowonjezereka zimene zikuletsa kugwiritsira ntchito temamu , kulamula bungwe . Pamlingo wa boma, George Floyd Justice in Policing Act yolingaliridwa, ngakhale kuti yaletsedwa. Chikhoterero cha kusintha nchowonekeratu, koma kulinganiza kumakhala kosagwirizana ndi ndale zadziko.

Kufutukula Bokosi la Chiŵiya Chopereka Yankho

Njira zina zochitirapo kanthu kwa apolisi ndizo kupeza thamo: magulu amavuto opanda zida (monga CatoOTS ku Eugene, Oregon), magulu a zamaganizo oyenda, ndi ododometsa chiwawa. Maprogramu ameneŵa achepetsa kumangidwa ndi zotulukapo zowongoleredwa kwa anthu ovutika. Kuwagonjetsa iwo m'dzikolo kudzafunikira kusintha ndalama zothandizira kuchotsapo bajeti yaudindo yamwambo.

Kuona Zinthu Moyenera ndi Kupereka Umboni ■

Makampani akukakamizidwa kufalitsa chidziŵitso pa kuima, secha, kugwiritsira ntchito tematiki, ndi ofesala . National Useufoff à GrandeFce Data Courts (Ifuno la FBI) cholinga cha kudzaza mipata yaitali ya madatako, koma kutengamo mbali nkwaufulu, ndipo mabungwe ambiri sanapereke chidziŵitso. Kuwonekera bwino kumasuliza kaamba ka kufufuza.

Kumaliza: Dongosolo Likufunika Chiyanjo

Dongosolo la malamulo la ku America, logawidwa pakati pa boma, boma, ndi malo akumeneko, silili gulu limodzi koma kugwirizanitsa kopanda malire kwa mabungwe okhala ndi maudindo osiyana ndi ntchito zosiyana. Mabungwe ameneŵa angakhale amphamvu . Kulola kuikidwa mwapadera ndi kusintha kwa malo akwawo ndi kupangitsanso kusalingana ndi kugawikana. Pamene anthu akuyang'anizana ndi mavuto ovuta kwambiri (kulimbana ndi mavuto a maganizo, kuphwanya malamulo a pa Intaneti, ndi kulamula kuti atsate chilungamo cha fuko), kufunikira kulinganiza bwino, kuchirikizana ndi kulinganiza bwino zinthu kwa anthu kwapadera, komanso miyezo yogwirizana sikunakhalepo ya mwamsanga.

Kumvetsa mbali zosiyanasiyana zofotokozedwa m'kuyerekezera kumeneku ndi sitepe loyamba la kusintha. Kaya mwa ntchito, maluso a zaumisiri amodzi, miyezo ya uphunzitsi wa dziko, kapena njira zowonjezereka zothandizira anthu, tsogolo la chitetezo chapoyera lidzadalira pa dongosolo logwirizana kwambiri limene mlingo uliwonse umathandizira bwino lomwe [1] ndi kumene mipatayi sidzadzadzazidwa mwa kulephera, koma mwa kulinganiza.