Chiyambi: Chikalata Cholengeza Chimene Chinalembedwa Monga Chikalata Chokhala ndi Moyo

Pamene Continental Congress inavomereza Chikalata cha Kudziimira paokha pa July 4, 1776, iwo anapanga zoposa kusweka kwa ndale zadziko ku Great Britain . Chikalatacho chiri malongosoledwe a filosofi amene akupitirizabe kuumba mmene maboma mu United States(ndipo kuzungulira dziko lapansi) dalaclete, kumasulira, ndi kusungitsa malamulo. Pamene Chikalatacho sichimasungidwa mwalamulo, malamulo ake aikidwa m’nthano ya jurisprince, malamulo, ndi kupangidwa kwa malamulo. Kumvetsetsa mmene maboma amagwiritsirira Chikalata cha Ufulumu kupangira malamulo kumaloŵera mozama m’mbiri, mizukwake, ufilo wake, ndi chisonkhezero chake chosatha pa chilichonse kuchokera ku khoti lolamulira ku malamulo a boma.

Mfundo yaikulu ya mphamvu yalamulo ya Chikalatacho ili m’mawu ake a ufulu wachibadwidwe: zija zimene zimatsogolera boma ndipo sizingachotsedwe mwalamulo. Ziganizo zimenezi zinali zosiyana kwambiri m’zaka za zana la 18 ndipo zikukhalabe maziko a kukhazikitsa malamulo a demokrase lerolino. Magawo otsatiraŵa akufufuza njira zenizeni zimene Chikalatacho chapangamo malamulo, ponse paŵiri ku United States ndi m’mitundu ina imene yasonkhezera mawu ake.

Maziko a Chikalatacho ndi Mbiri ndi Chikalata Chawo

Mfundo Zokhudza Anthu ndi Lamulo Lachilengedwe

Chilengezo cha Chikalatacho chakuti maboma amapeza mphamvu zawo zolungama kuchokera ku kuvomereza kwa olamulidwa ndilo chisonyezero chachindunji cha nthanthi ya kakhalidwe yopita patsogolo ndi olingalira onga John Locke. M'chikalata chake Second Treasurence of Boma [1689]), Locke anatsutsa kuti anthu amapatula ufulu wina ku boma posinthana ndi ufulu wawo wofunika wodzitetezera kwa ufulu wawo woyambirira //moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu. Thomas Jefferson anasinthanitsa zimenezi ndi “Moyo, Liberty ndi Kufunafuna Chimwemwe, kufutukutsa lingaliro lakukula, masomphenya osangalatsa kwambiri a kukula kwa anthu.

Chiphunzitsochi chimalimbikitsa mfundo za malamulo a ku America. Makhoti ndi mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo nthaŵi zambiri amapempha Chikalatacho kuti chilungamitse malire a ulamuliro wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo yakuti malamulo sayenera kuswa “Ufulu Wosalandidwa” yagwiritsidwa ntchito kuswa malamulo amene amalanda anthu ufulu wawo, ngakhale pamene malamulowo anaperekedwa ndi anthu ambiri. Motero Chikalatachi chimathandiza kuti lamulo labwino lipimidwe.

Kusintha kwa Jefferson ndi “Zowonadi za Kudzikweza”

Jefferson’s jursing [1] “Tikusunga choonadi chimenechi kukhala chowonekera. Chinali chosankha chadala. Chinakweza zoyenerera zondandalikidwazo kupyola pa lingaliro lakulingalira lapadziko lonse. Chinenero chimenechi chatchulidwa m'zigamulo zosaŵerengeka za chiweruzo zonena kuti ufulu wina ngwaukulu kwambiri kwakuti palibe kachitidwe ka lamulo kamene kangawagonjetse. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S, mwachitsanzo, linalozera Chikalata mu [[FLT:]] [4] v.[6]. [5]

Chisonkhezero Chachindunji pa Lamulo la Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Anthu ku United States

Kuchokera pa Chilengezo Kufikira ku Lamulo

Ngakhale kuti Chikalatacho sichinali chikalata chovomerezeka mwalamulo, Konsichushoniyo inalembedwa zaka khumi ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake. Chiyambi cha Lamulo . “Ife Anthu... tasunga Madalitso a Liberty [1] (aecho) chikalata cha chikalatacho chakuti boma lilipo kuti liteteze ufulu wa anthu. Okonza mapanganowo anakonza mwadala dongosolo la maulamuliro opatulidwa, kuyang'ana ndi kulinganiza, ndi chigwirizano cha boma kuti aletse chikalata chankhanzacho. Inde, chosankha chakuphatikizapo Bill of Rights mu 1791 chinali chigamulo chachigamulo chachindulo chakuti boma latsopanolo lingaswe ufulu wa Jensson.

Ninth Amendment, imene imanena kuti kuikidwa kwa ufulu wina sikudzalekanitsa ena amene anthu akusunga, kaŵirikaŵiri kumalingaliridwa kukhala chivomerezo chachindunji ku chitsimikizo cha Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe wosavomerezedwa. Akatswiri a zamalamulo onga Randy Barnett anena kuti Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Ninth kunali kolinganizidwira kutsimikizira masomphenya a Chikalatacho kuti ufulu ulipo wokha popanda kuperekedwa ndi boma.

Malamulo a Boma Monga Ntchito

Malamulo a boma asanakhaleko, malamulo ambiri a boma anaphatikiza mfundo zachikalata zovomerezeka. Mwachitsanzo, Chilengezo cha ufulu (776) chinatumikira monga chitsanzo cha ntchito ya Jefferson ndipo pambuyo pake cha Boma la Boma la Boma la Boma la Boma ndilo chilengezo cha ufulu. Lerolino lili ndi chilengezo cha ufulu chimene chimasonyeza chinenero cha zinenero za dzikolo. Makhoti a boma nthaŵi zambiri amayang'ana ku Chikalatacho pomasulira malamulo awoake, makamaka m’madera onga ngati kufunafuna ndi kulanda, kulankhula mwaufulu, ndi kuteteza kofanana. Chivomerezo chimenechi chimasonyeza kuti chigamutso chosagwirizana chingakhale ulamuliro walamulo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi mwambo.

Chisonkhezero Chachindunji: Chikalatacho chinkathandiza Kumasulira Malamulo

Malamulo ndi Malingaliro a Claus

Imodzi ya njira zofala kwambiri zimene maboma amagwiritsira ntchito Chikalatacho kupangira malamulo ndiyo kuphatikiza mawu oyamba amene amalozera mwachindunji chinenero chake. Pamene bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo lipereka lamulo . Ilo limakhala ndi ufulu wa anthu, chitetezo cha malo okhala, kapena kusamala zaumoyo . Chilengezocho kaŵirikaŵiri chimatchula kapena kufotokoza mwachidule Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Chikalata cha malamulo a makhalidwe abwino. Mwachitsanzo, Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwi cha 1964 chimayamba ndi zopezedwa zimene zimaswa “malamulo a ufulu ndi kulingana ndi kulingana . Mofananamo, boma lambiri limavomereza zoyenera zofanana ndi kuvomereza choonadi choonekeratutsa anthu onse kuti anapangidwa mofanana.

Mawu oyamba ameneŵa sangokhala kukongoletsa chabe; angaumbe mmene makhoti amasulirira chinenero cha malamulo chosamveka bwino. Pansi pa “chifuno cha ndandanda” cha kumasulira kwa malamulo, oweruza amalingalira cholinga chonse cha lamulo. Ngati mawu oyambawo apempha Chilengezo, khoti lingaŵerenge mbali za lamulolo m’njira imene imapititsa patsogolo malingaliro a maziko. Chiyambukiro chosadziŵika nchamphamvu, makamaka pamene mawu olembedwa m’chiphamaso a m’lamulo asiya malo ambiri oŵerengeramo.

Malingaliro a Chiweruzo ndi “Chilango” Mwambo

Federal ndi oweruza a boma atchula Chilengezocho m'malingaliro zikwi zambiri. [FLT] Brown v. Board of Education (1954]) , Khoti Lalikulu silinadalire Chikalatacho, koma malingaliro ake akuti kuchepetsako kumayambitsa kudzimva kosagwirizana ndi kukhala nzika yofanana. Nkhani zinazo zinachokera ku chikalata cha kulingana. Zotsatirapo, monga [FLT:] [FL:5] [FL:] [5]] Ogfebs v. Holves [chilengezo] [chikalata], chigamuthandiza kuwonana. Chikalata chachikulu cha Boma [Chikalatacho] Chosagwirizana ndi ku ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa chigamu. Chomwecho chikalata cha chikalatacho cha lamulo cha lamulo chachikulu cha lamulo chachi. Chonsecho chimati, chikalatacho chimati chikalatacho chimati, chimanena kuti: “20.

Zimene Akuchita Masiku Ano: Mmene Malamulo a Masiku Ano Amachokera m’Malamulo a M’Baibulo a M’chaka cha 1776

Kutchula Ufulu ndi Kuimira

Chikalata cha Chikalatacho chimanena kuti boma liyenera kuikidwa pa chivomerezo cha lamulo la chisankho cha ku America. Malamulo olamulira kulembetsa kwa voti, kutsimikizira, ndi ndalama za chigawo zonsezo zamangidwa ndi lingaliro lakuti nzika iliyonse iyenera kuŵerengera. Malamulo aakulu osankha ufulu wa anthu pa [Foct:]. Malamulo a Booting Rights Act a 1965, National Voter Religiodition Act ya 1993 . Malamulo oyenerera ndi kufunika kwa chikalata cha chikalatacho kuti onse alengedwa mofanana. Pamene Khoti Lalimo lalikulu linagamula kuti likhale mbali ya Chilamulo cha Ufulumo wa Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Kudzisunga [FL:0]. [FLT:] County .

Malamulo a boma amagwiritsiranso ntchito Chikalata cha Declaration potsutsana ndi malamulo ovota. Mwachitsanzo, mapepala amene amafutukula mwamsanga kapena kubwezeretsa ufulu wovota kwa mafeloni kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo “kupeza” gawo lonena kuti lamulolo limapititsa patsogolo lamulo lovomereza. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ochirikiza malamulo a ovota nthaŵi zina amatsutsa kuti njira zimenezi zimateteza kukhulupirika kwa masankho, motero zimasunga lamulo la boma kuti, pa chikalata chilichonse, lizitsatira anthu.

Chitetezo Chofanana ndi Chilamulo Chotsutsa

Chikalatacho chinatchuka kwambiri. Chikalatachi chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhazikitsa malamulo oletsa tsankho pantchito, ku sukulu, maphunziro, ndi malo ogona.

Makhoti omasulira malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito “kusanthula kwakukulu” pamene kugaŵidwa (monga ngati fuko kapena thangata) kukugwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchitira anthu mosiyana. Kulingalira kumachokera mwachindunji ku Chilengezo: popeza kuti anthu onse analengedwa olingana, lamulo lililonse limene limawachitira mosalingana liyenera kukhala ndi chilungamitso champhamvu kwambiri. Malamulowa, opangidwa m’nkhani ngati [[FLT] [1] [BLT] [[FLT]] ndi [FLT] [[FLT:]] [4] [5] . . Virginia . . [1] , amasonyeza mmene kudzinenera kwa makhalidwe kumasulidwira m'malamulo ango, amene angagwiritsiridwe, ndi ana.

Kukonzekera ndi Kuteteza Ufulu

Chitetezero cha Chikalatacho cha “kulimbana kwa" chafotokozedwa kukhala chophatikiza osati kokha ufulu wa kuletsa kwakuthupi komanso kuyenera kwa kupanga zosankha zaumwini. Khoti Lapamwambalo limaika kuti ufulu wina uli wofunika kwambiri kwakuti sungathe kuchotsedwa popanda chikondwerero chokakamiza, chimene chimadziŵika mwachindunji kuchokera ku nzeru yachibadwa ya Chikalata. Malamulo onga [FLT: 0] [GUP] v. Connecticut[[F:] [FFL:] [65]] [6] [6] [6] [6]) [I]) [I]) ndi chilengezo chimene chimasonyeza chigamu cha kuchotsa chigamu cha kulakwa kwa lamulo lakumanja, [FLT] ndi kutetezera chigamu cha chigamu. [FL:]

Mu Kasikey, lingaliro launyinji linatchuka kuti: “Mtima wa ufulu uli kuyenera kwa munthu kulongosola lingaliro lake la kukhalapo, tanthauzo, la chilengedwe, ndi la chinsinsi cha moyo wa munthu. Chinenero chimenecho chimasonyeza lingaliro lakuya la Chilengezo cha munthu. Kulingalira kwachiweruzo koteroko kumasonyeza kuti Chilengezo chimachita zoposa kusindikiza [1]it imapereka chiyambi chimene oweruza amaŵerengeramo lemba lonse la malamulo a dziko.

Chisonkhezero cha Padziko Lonse: Mmene Maboma Ena Amagwiritsirira Ntchito Chilengezocho

Kupeza Zikalata za Maufumu Atsopano

Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Dziko la Liokha chinatumikira monga chitsanzo cha maiko ambiri ofuna kukhazikitsa maboma alamulo. Chilengezo cha French of the Rights of Man and the Cintu (789) chinabwereka kwambiri ku chilankhulo cha Jefferson, ndi malamulo ambiri otsatirapo . kuphatikizapo a Greece, Poland, ndi maiko ambiri a ku America omwe anachoka ku America. Chikalatacho chimapereka mawu omveka bwino a “kudzionetsera okha" ufulu wa munthu. Pokonza Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), komiti ya United Nations, yomwe inaikidwa ndi Eleanoroserovelt, inalemba za malamulo a American Declation ndi filosofi. Nkhani yoyamba, “Anthu onse amabadwa mwaufulu ndi ufulu ndi ufulu wolingana. Ili ndi kulongosola mwachindunji ufulu wa Jeffeman.

Masiku ano, makhoti a mayiko osiyanasiyana ndiponso makhoti achilendo nthaŵi zina amatchula Chikalata cha mfundo za ufulu wachibadwidwe cha United States pomasulira mapangano a ufulu wachibadwidwe. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti la European Court of Human Rights latchula zikalata zokhazikitsa za ku America zokhudza milandu yosakondera ndi ufulu wa munthu.

Chiyambukiro pa Kupangidwa kwa Lamulo la Malamulo a Pambuyo pa Utsamunda

Maiko amene anapeza ufulu wa kulamulidwa ndi maulamuliro a dziko la India m’zaka za zana la 20 kaŵirikaŵiri anatsanzira zikalata zawo zalamulo za maziko pa chitsanzo cha ku America. Malamulo a India, otengedwa mu 1950, amaphatikizapo kuwonera kumene kumalonjeza chilungamo, ufulu, kulingana, ndi kugwirizana . zinenero zimene zimagogomezera Chikalatacho pa kulingana ndi kuvomereza. Khoti Lapamwamba la Indiana latchula za DO pomasulira ufulu ku moyo ndi ufulu wa munthu pa kamenyedwe ka 21. Mofananamo, Prefti-pad Constitution ya South Africa (196) imachirikiza poyera ufulu wa “kulemekeza ndi kulingana kwa anthu onse, kubwereza chikalatacho. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti chikalatacho sichili chabe cholembedwa m'mbiri koma chikhale chizindikiro cha lamulo la padziko lonse.

Kulephera: Kusiyana kwa Mawu ndi Chilamulo

Chinyengo Ndiponso Kupatulidwa Koyambirira

Pamene kuli kwakuti Chikalatacho chagwiritsiridwa ntchito kufutukula ufulu, mawu ake oyambirira anali ndi kutsutsana kwakukulu. Jefferson wa akapolo, ndipo chikalatacho sichinachitepo kanthu kuthetsa ukapolo; chinatcha anthu a ku Indiya kukhala “Adava opanda mtendere.” Kwa pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi pambuyo pa 1776, lamulo la ku America linakakamiza kupondereza kwa ufuko kwa akazi, kukana kuvota, ndi kulola ziyeneretso za chuma kaamba ka kusuffaise. Otsutsa amanena kuti Chikalatacho chakhala chikuvomerezedwa mosankha.

Komabe chinenero chenichenicho cha Chikalatacho chinapereka chida kwa ochotsedwa. Frederick Douglas, m’mawu ake otchuka 1852 akuti “Kodi kapoloyo ndi uti wachinayi mu July?” Anatembenuza Chikalatacho motsutsana ndi olemba ake, akumanena kuti malamulo ake anafuna kulembedwa. Kusintha kwa akazi, mu 11848 Seneca Falls Declaration, kunabwereza motsimikiza kupempha ufulu kuti avote. Motero, mphamvu ya Chikalatacho imakhala m’malo ake otsutsana ndi dzina la Stockholve .

Kulamulira kwa Chiweruzo ndi Ngozi ya Kulingalira kwa Makhalidwe

Akatswiri ena a zamalamulo amachenjeza za kudalira kwambiri Chikalatachi popanga chigamulo. Iwo amatsutsa kuti chikalatacho n’chosamveka kwambiri kuti chikhale chotsogolera bwino pa malamulo. Mawu akuti “kupeza chimwemwe” angatanthauze zinthu zambiri kwa anthu ambiri, ndipo oweruza amene amachifuna angapereke malingaliro awoawo a makhalidwe abwino. Woweruza Antonin Scalia, wochirikiza Chikalata, nthaŵi zambiri anachenjeza kuti kugwiritsira ntchito Chikalatacho kukulitsa ufulu woikidwa kukhala woyenerera kuweruza. M'kutsutsana kwake ndi [OLT] [1] adagwa pansi pa , , SCCLATIA anatsutsa kuti ambiri asintha ufulu wawo wa makhalidwe abwino, kutsendeka lamulo la demokralation. Chikalatachikalatachi. Chikalatachi chikalatachi chikalata chosonyeza kuti chisonyezero cha lamulo cha makhalidwe cha lamulo cha lamulo chachi. Chikalata chija chaku

Kumaliza: Kukweza Chikalatacho mwa Malamulo Kokhalitsa

Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Kudziimira paokha m’njira zomvekera bwino ndi zosadziŵika bwino bwino kwambiri . Kuyambira pa mawu oyamba a malamulo kufikira pa kukambitsirana kwa oweruza a Khoti Lalikulu. Malamulo ake a ufulu wachibadwa, kulingana, ndi kuvomereza amapanga maziko a kupanga malamulo a demokalase yamakono. Pamene kuli kwakuti Chikalatacho si chiŵiya chogwirizana ndi lamulo, chakhala cha malamulo: mawu ake angapemphedwe kuchirikiza malo onse aŵiri achizoloŵezi ndi omasuka, kulungamitsa ulamuliro wa boma kapena kuuchepetsa, ndi kuphatikizapo magulu atsopano kapena zipani zakale zachi.

Mphamvu yeniyeni yalamulo ya Chikalatacho siiri m'kumasulira kulikonse koma m'kukhoza kwake kwa kusintha. Pamene mikhalidwe yatsopano ibuka . Kusintha kwa maluso a zasayansi, kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu, kubuka kwa ziwopsezo za ufulu . Courts ndi makhonsati amabwerera ku Chikalatacho kuti apeze maziko omwe sagwira ntchito. Chikalatachi chidzakhalabe chikuumba lamulo la Amereka ndi lapadziko lonse kwa mibadwo yomwe ikudza, makamaka chifukwa chakuti sichimalankhula za zinthu zenizeni za nyengo iliyonse koma chikhumbo cha munthu cha ufulu ndi kudzilamulira.

Kwa awo ofuna kufufuza mawu oyambirira, National Archives imapereka chikalata chonse ndi nkhani za mbiri yakale . . Library of Congress imaperekanso zithunzi za foni ndi mapendedwe [. Ophunzira a mbiri ya zamalamulo angawone [[FLT: 4.] Cornell Information’s of the regictive Institute of the Declaration . Zipangizo zimenezi zikusonyezanso mmene chikalata chimodzi kuchokera 1776 chimakhalira mphamvu yaikulu m'projekiti yomapanga malamulo.