Mmene Maboma Amagwiritsira Ntchito Mpumulo Wachinayi Wotetezera Nzika

Demetrition ya 14th Amendment, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1868, ndi imodzi ya masinthidwe aakulu kwambiri a United States Constitution. Inakonzedwa kuti isungitse ufulu wa anthu omwe kale anali akapolo pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, koma chinenero chake chofala chailola kukhala maziko a chitetezo chosaŵerengeka cha ufulu wa munthu ndi kulingana. Maboma a boma, boma, ndi mlingo wa kumaloko amadalira pa kubwezera ufulu wa onse aŵiriwo kutetezera boma ndi kukakamiza kuchitiridwa mofanana ndi lamulo. Nkhaniyi yafufuza malamulo aakulu a Kukonzanso kwa 144 ndi mmene agwiritsirira ntchito kutetezera ufulu wa anthu, njira, ndi ufulu wofunika.

Kuyamba kwa Lamulo la 14 Lowonjezera

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo inafuna kuti lamulo loletsa likhazikikenso. Mpando wa Kusintha wa 13th unaletsa ukapolo, koma Kummwera kwa maiko anakhazikitsa “Malamulo a Black” amene analetsa kwambiri ufulu wa Aafirika. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Geneth Amendment inaikidwa kuti ikathetse kupanda chilungamo kumeneku mwa kutsimikizira unzika ndi kukhalira kuima kwalamulo. Ili ndi makonzedwe ofunika ambiri: Chigamunga cha Chikomyunizimu cha Claus, Malo Oyenerera kapena Immunion Classias, The Backe Proce , ndi Actal Protection Classiaspe. Pambuyo pake, makonzedwe ameneŵa apatsa maboma zida zamphamvu zotetezera nzika ku tsankho ndi kusalungama.

Kuteteza Claus Molingana

The Umeal Protection Clause imati: “Palibe boma limene... lidzakana munthu aliyense wokhala m’ulamuliro wake kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo. Mawuwa akhala chida chachikulu cha lamulo loletsa malamulo ndi zochita zaupandu. Maboma . Makamaka boma ndi makhoti a boma . Ndilo kuswa malamulo amene amachitira anthu mosiyana fuko, thangatira, mtundu, kapena magawo ena okayikira.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Nkhani Zokhudza Ufumu: Kuthetsa Ufuko

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kotchuka kwa Supreme Protection Claus kunabwera Brown v. Board of Education (1954), kumene Khoti Lalikulu linanena kuti kusankhana mitundu m’masukulu a anthu kunali kosayerekezereka. Pazaka makumi angapo zotsatira, makhoti anagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zofananazo kuchotsa malo okhala, zoyendera, malo ogona anthu onse, ndi ntchito. Makhoti amakono samangoteteza chabe ku tsankho; amagwiritsiranso ntchito kupenda malamulo amene amapanga ziganizo pa magulu otetezedwa, ngakhale kuti anali ndi kupenda kosiyanasiyana.

Kulingana kwa Mabanja

Kutetezera Claus kwakhala kofunika kwambiri ku kulingana kwa amuna ndi akazi. Reed v. Reed [771] ndi Craig v. Boren, Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa kuti malamulo oika amuna kapena akazi ayenera kutumikira “cholinga chachikulu cha boma . ndipo likhale logwirizana kwambiri ndi cholinga chimenecho. Muyezo umenewu wotchedwa kuti“ kupenda kwa pakati. Muyezo wagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsutsa malamulo aupo ndi upandu, monga amene amagawa ufulu wa katundu, ntchito, ndi mwayi woloŵa ntchito zausilika. Maboma akupitirizabe kudalira pa kuteteza ufulu wochitira zinthu, kuchotsa mimba, ndi kusungidwa kwa maphunziro.

Kukopa Ufulu ndi Chiyembekezo

Chitetezo Cholingana Chimalamuliranso ufulu wa kuvota ndi kuimira ndale zadziko. [[FL:0] Reynolds v. Siml [1] (1964), Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti zigawo za boma za malamulo ziyenera kukhala zofanana pakati pa anthu . “munthu mmodzi, chivoti chimodzi lamulo. Izi zatsimikizira kuimira koyenera ndi kuletsa kuimira kwa kumidzi. Posachedwapa, chikalatacho chagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsutsa lamulo la fuko, malamulo a oimira malamulo a oimira lamulo, ndi ziletso zina zimene zimayambukira anthu ochepa kwambiri. Maboma angatetezere kusintha ku chisankho mwa kusonyeza kuti amatumikira chikondwerero chachikulu ndi kukopa, koma makhoti akhalabe chitetezero chachikulu cha kuyerekezera ndi kutsungula. [FGeneonting]

Makonzedwe a Claus

The System Claus ikunena kuti palibe boma limene “lingachotse munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda dongosolo lalamulo. [1] Chitsimikiziro chimenechi chili ndi mipambo iŵiri yosiyana: njira yoyenerera ndi njira yoikizira. Zonsezi ndi zipangizo zofunika kwambiri zotetezera nzika ku zochita za boma zodzisankhira.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Kupereka umboni woyenerera kumafuna kuti boma lisanachotse moyo wa munthu, ufulu, kapena katundu, lipereke njira zoyenerera. Izi zimaphatikizapo chidziŵitso chokwanira cha milandu, mwaŵi woyenera kumvedwa, wopanga chigamulo wopanda tsankho, ndi kuyenera kwa kupereka umboni. Maboma amadalira pa zofunika zimenezi kutsimikizira kuti zochita zawozo zikhale zopanda phindu, kuchotsa laisensi ya ntchito, kapena kuchotsa malamulo okhazikitsidwa. Maw projective projects . Makhoti apanga mayeso oyenera oyesa chiwongola dzanja chaumwini, kusoŵa kwa anthu, ndi chiwongola dzanja cha boma. Mwachitsanzo, mu [FLD:] Maws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Malamulo a boma ateteza ufulu waukulu umene sundandandalikidwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo, ngakhale pamene boma limagwiritsira ntchito njira zoyenerera. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira ufulu wonga kuyenera kwa kukwatira, kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi ana, kuyenera kwa kukhala paokha, ndi kuyenera kwa kukana chithandizo cha mankhwala monga chotetezedwa m’chiphunzitsochi. Nkhani ngati Grillold v. Connecticut [FL:1] [65] (kuyenera kukwatira), [FLTB:] Roeev. Wade [FL:3] [7] [7])] [773])) [zifukwa zofunikira kuwonjezera chikopa cholakwika. Ngakhale kuti chiwombo cholakwika, chikupitiriza kuperekedwa.

Chitetezo cha Ufulu wa Zachuma

Ngakhale kuti Khoti Lalikulu la Supreme linasiya njira yoyenerera ya zachuma ya Lochner nyengo (imene inawononga malamulo a malipiro ndi ola), maboma amakono amagwiritsirabe ntchito njira zofunikira kuchinjiriza malamulo a zachuma ongofuna. Makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito maziko oyenera, ofuna kuti lamulo likhale logwirizana ndi cholinga cha boma. Zimenezi zalola maboma kulamulira mabizinesi, kugwiritsa ntchito katundu, ndi mapangano anthaŵi yaitali ngati malamulowo saali opanda nzeru kapena obwezera. Motero, Proces Claus akupereka pansi pa doko loti ufulu wa zachuma ukhale wopanda chifukwa chomveka.

Chiphunzitso cha Kusintha

Chiphunzitso cha Incorporation Doctrine ndi lamulo la lamulo lakuti chitetezo cha Bill of Rights chimagwira ntchito ku maboma kudzera ku Malamulo a Chikalata cha 14 a Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Dokotala. Poyambirira, Bill of Rights inangoletsa boma. Khoti Lapamwamba linayamba “kutsimikizira” zitsimikizo zenizeni kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, ndipo lerolino pafupifupi makonzedwe onse a kukonza maboma asanu ndi atatu oyambirira agwiritsidwa ntchito ku boma ndi maboma a kumaloko.

Ufulu Wake Unaloŵetsedwa m’Maudindowo M’kupita kwa Nthaŵi

Ufulu wofunika umene waphatikizidwa ndi:

  • Mpambo woyamba Ufulu: kulankhula, kusindikiza, chipembedzo, msonkhano, pempho (kuyamba ndi Gitlow v. New York, 1925).
  • First Amendment machinjirizo ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi khunyu ( Mapp v. Ohio , 1961]).
  • Fith Amendment chitetezo ku kudzipatula ( Malloy v. Hogan, 1964]) ndi ngozi yowirikiza ([[FLT:] . Maryland . , 1969]).
  • ... ... ... Kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu ([FLT: 1]] Gedeon v. Wainwright , 1963]), kulimbana kwa mboni, kuzenga mlandu kofulumira, ndi kuzenga mlandu wa ajuli.
  • Kutetezera kwa mlingo wa kuchuluka kwa malamulo ku chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo ( Robinson v. California[FLT ,] 1962], ndi belo lopambanitsa.

Kugwirizanitsa kutsimikizira kuti maboma sangaswe ufulu wa nzika zalamulo. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo, makomiti a sukulu, ndi maboma onse amagwira ntchito pansi pa ziletso zofanana ndi boma. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumatetezera nzika ku ntchito yotsatizana ya malamulo ndipo kuli kofunika kwambiri ku ufulu wa anthu amakono. Kuphunzira zambiri ponena za kuloŵetsedwa kwa Cornell Legal Information Institute [1].

Ufulu Wosaloŵetsedwamo

Makonzedwe angapo a zoyenera za anthu sanaloŵetsedwepo, monga ngati Third Amendment (Osamalira asilikali) ndi Lamulo Lachisanu la kuweruza kokulira. Kuyenera kwachiŵiri kwa Kusintha ndi kunyamula zida kunaikidwa mu McDonald v. Chicago (2010]), kuthetsa mkangano wanthaŵi yaitali. Khoti lasiyanso kutchula mbali zina za mlandu wa khoti la Genetic Commergate Remection. Komabe, Incoration Doctive Doctrine ndi chimodzi cha ziŵisholo zamphamvu kwambiri zotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ku ntchito yake.

Mavuto a Malamulo ndi Milandu Yochititsa Chidwi

Mlandu wa 14 Demendment wachititsa kuti khoti Lalikulu likhale ndi mlandu kuposa malamulo ena onse. milandu yolemba milandu yokhudzana ndi malamulo imasonyeza malire a ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Kulingana kwa Fuko ndi Kachitidwe Kolimbitsa

Mu , Bwalo linasunga kuti malamulo apamwamba a maphunziro apamwamba angapulumuke ngati ali olinganizidwa bwino monga . Mapangano omveka asintha. Posachedwapa, [2003] [malamulo a Fair Adgicts. Harvard [FLT:] 233]) Kuswa lamulolo, kuchititsa kuti pakhale kutetezedwa kofanana ngati iwowo aikidwa kukhala oyenerera monga chopimira. Ichi chisonyezero cha posachedwapa, n’chomwe chiyenera kusinthira ndi malamulo awo. [[FLT]

Kuyamikira Ufulu ndi Kusayamikira

Demendment ya 14th Reconsole imaphatikizapo chilango cha maboma amene amakana kuvota: kuchepetsa kuimira m'Congress. Makonzedwe amenewo sanagwiritsiridwepo ntchito, koma Chigawo 2 chatchulidwa m'mikangano ya kuchotsako malamulo a felon. Ricardson v. Ramirez . Ramirez , pamene ena akupitirizabe kuchotsa ziŵerengero zazikulu za nzika, kuipitsa anthu wamba. Maboma tsopano akulimbana ndi malamulo amakono akuti chinjirizo la Classioclee, monga momwe chinenero cha 14netic Amend Amendment chikuwonekera kulolera.

Ukwati Wa kugonana Wofanana ndi Ufulu wa Banja

Mu Khoti linalingalira kuti kutetezeredwa ndi njira yoyenerera kukwatira . Hodges [1] (2015), Khoti Lalikulu linagwiritsira ntchito zonse ziŵiri Claus Procession ndi Kutetezera kwa Muyezo Claus kukhazikitsa kuyenera kwa lamulo la ukwati wa kugonana. Khotilo linalingalira kuti ufulu wotetezeredwa ndi njira yoyenerera umaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kukwatira, ndi kukana ufulu wa amuna ndi akazi okwatira omwewo kuswa chitetezo chofanana. Maboma onse anafunikira kupereka malaisensi a ukwati kwa okwatirana a shedi ndi kuzindikira maukwati awo kuchokera ku zigamu zina. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza mmene malamulo aŵiriwo angagwirizanitsirire pamodzi kutetezera zoyenera za anthu.

Anthu Osamukira ku Central America Ndiponso Okhala M’dziko Lina

Chigawo cha Community Clausse cha Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa 14 ndi chilengezo cha anthu onse obadwa kapena obadwa ku United States ndi kulamulidwa kwake. Mawu ameneŵa amachirikiza ufulu wa anthu, lamulo limene latsutsidwa koma kusungidwa ndi makhoti. Plyler v. Doe[FL:1] (1992], Khoti linagonjetsa lamulo la Texas loletsa maphunziro aufulu kwa anthu osalembedwa, likumasunga kuti chitetezo cha Clausle, osati nzika zokha. Boma ndi maboma a boma tsopano ayenera kutsimikizira kuti malamulo awo sasiyanitsana ndi osaopa anthu osakhala a chivomezi. [FL.[FL:2]] kuchirikiza ufulu wa Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Ufulu wa ASTUS. [FFFFF]]

Mapulogalamu Amakono ndi Malangizo Am’tsogolo

Chikalata cha 14 Demetrimenti chikupitiriza kukhala chida cha moyo chotetezera nzika. Makhoti akupemphedwa mowonjezereka kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo ake ku tekinoloji yatsopano, kuyenera kwa kubala, ndi nzeru zopeka. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsira ntchito maajensi popereka chilango chaupandu ndi kuneneratu za boma kukuwonjezera nkhaŵa zofanana ngati akulimbana ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri. Maboma a boma akukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa maluso ameneŵa, ndipo makhoti adzawayesa motsutsana ndi zitsimikizo za [Anthest Amend Amendment].

Kudziŵa Zinthu Zachinsinsi ndi Kuchuluka kwa Zinthu

Mu Karpeent v. United States (208), Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti kusonkhanitsa mafashoni a mafoni kumafuna chilolezo pansi pa Demetrisement Yachinayi, koma Bwalo linatchulanso kuti njira yofunikira ikhoza kuteteza kuyembekezera zinthu zachinsinsi. Dziko likuyesa malamulo achinsinsi, koma Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa 147 kumapereka malamulo. Pamene njira zofufuza zikhoza kufalikira, nzika zingadalire pa njira yofuna kutsutsa kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha makompyuta.

Kubereka Ufulu wa Maderesi Post- [[FLT: 0]

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Dobs v. Jackson Akazi a Health Organization (202]) anagwedeza Roe v. Wade, polingalira kuti Kusintha kwa Zachikhalidwe kwa 14 ndi sikumatetezera kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba. Komabe, kusungidwa kumatetezerabe ufulu wina wa kubala, monga kuyenera kwa kulera (kuletsedwa mu [[FLT: 4.]]] Grisrold [[FLT:] ndi [FLT] [FL:] [FLT] [Ect:6] [Eistact] m’malamulo ola]. [matsutsa kuletsa kubereka].

Kusalingana Zachuma ndi Mwayi Kapena Kudziimira Pachabe

Malo Ovomerezeka kapena kugamula mlandu wa Claus wa Kusintha kwa Zam'mbuyo kwa 14 ndi kutha kwenikweni ndi Slaughter - House Cases (1873), waona kuvomereza kwapang'ono. Akatswiri ena a zamalamulo ndi oweruza amatsutsa kuti ayenera kutetezera ufulu wofunika wosaphimbidwa ndi Century Procesme, monga ufulu wa kuyenda ndi ufulu wochita ntchito zofanana. Maboma angagwiritsire ntchito mfundo imeneyi kutsimikizira kuti malamulo a boma saletsa kuchepetsa mwaŵi wa zachuma, ngakhale kuti Khoti Lapamwamba lamilandu lakhala lokayikana kuubwezeranso mokulira. [[FL:0] Exloreaclations kapena Imnobius Claus pa Websitejinibaike [FFFF1:1].

Kumaliza

Kuchokera pa bungwe la Aumelt Claus Procession ndi ku Chiphunzitso cha Kugwirizanitsa Chikhalidwe cha 14 ndilo maziko a lamulo otetezera nzika za boma kwa ukatswiri ndi tsankho. Kuchokera ku Sucle Procession Claus mpaka ku Chiphunzitso cha Active Claus ndi ku Incoration, maboma onse amadalira pa makonzedwe ameneŵa kutsimikizira kuti chilungamo ndi kulingana, ndi kukhulupirika kwa anthu. Malamulo a m'mapepala awonjezera kuwongolera kwa anthu, koma buku lenilenilo silinasinthe kuyambira 1868. Mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zake ku mavuto atsopano, kutsimikizira kuti lonjezo la ufulu ndi chitetezo chisatha. Pamene anthu akusintha, Kusintha kwa zaka 14 ndi zinayi kupitiriza kukhala kochitidwa mwa malamulo amene anthu afunafuna chilungamo ndi kuweruza maboma.

[[FLT: 0] Kapepala ka: Nkhani ino njakudziŵitsa kokha ndipo siili uphungu walamulo. Pa mafunso alamulo, funsani loya wovomerezeka.