Zaka khumi zirizonse, pambuyo pa United States Census, njira yachete koma yotsatirapo imawonekera m'dziko lonselo: Kupenda . Kujambula malire a sankho kumasankha mmene anthu amaimidwira ku madera a kumaloko, boma, ndi boma. Kusintha ndi magwero aakulu a demokrase yoimira. Kumene kumapanga magulu andale zadziko ali ndi mphamvu, kumene kuli ndi liwu, ndi malamulo otani amene amasintha.

Lingaliro la "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi" linatsimikiziridwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu m'milandu yosonyeza zinthu yonga Reynolds v. Sims [1] (1964), kukhazikitsa kuti zigawo za malamulo ziyenera kukhala zolingana ndi anthu. Komabe, njira imene mizerayo yapangidwa yakhalabe yotsutsana kwambiri ndi luso landale. Nkhaniyi imaswa malamulo, njira ya ukatswiri, mapangano, mikangano ozungulira gerrymermaning, ndi nzika zosulitsa ntchito zawo zazikulu zingachite kuwongolera kuimira kwawo.

Maziko a Lamulo ndi Malamulo

Kusintha si njira yandale chabe; kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi zisinthiko zalamulo, malamulo a boma, ndi zitsanzo za bwalo lamilandu.

Chiŵerengero Chokhala Cornerstone

Malamulo a ku United States amalamula kuti pakhale kalembera wa boma ndi wa chigawo chimodzi pa zaka khumi zilizonse (Article, chigawo 2). Kudziŵa kwa anthu kumachititsa kuti pakhale mipando 435 ya anthu pakati pa mayiko. Maboma amagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zapamwamba zimenezi, zopinga, zopinga, zolembedwa za boma ndi za chigawo. Kulondola ndi kukwanira kwa kuŵerenga kumakhudza mwachindunji kugawidwa kwa mphamvu zandale. 2020 Census inayang'anizana ndi mavuto osayerekezereka, kuphatikizapo nkhondo ya Khoti Lapamwamba pa nkhani ya kukhala nzika, kuloŵerera kwa ndale ku Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda, ndi kuchedwa kochititsidwa ndi mliri wa CHOVAD. Kuswa kumeneku kunakakamiza nthaŵi ya kugaŵana kwa puloni ndi kuwonjezera kusakanitsa kochitidwa mwalamulo kuchirikiza kudalirana kwa chidziŵitso cha masamu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito.

Milandu Yamilandu Yaikulu Kwambiri

Miyala yambiri yochititsa chidwi imapanga malo osungirako malamulo osintha malo ndi kufotokoza malire amene opanga mapu ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito:

  • Baker v. Carr (1962): [[FL:1] Anatsegula khomo kuti makhoti a boma amve milandu yopeputsa, kukhazikitsa kunena kuti kusamva kuli koyenera mmalo mwa mafunso a ndale zadziko okha.
  • Wesberry v. Sanders (1964): [[FLT :1] adakhazikitsa "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi" pulinsipulo la madera osonkhana, kuwafuna iwo kukhala ofanana ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu monga momwe kungathekere.
  • Reynolds v. Sims (1964): [[FLT :1] Anafunsa "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi" muyezo wa boma la zigawo za malamulo, kuvomereza kuti nyumba zonse ziŵiri za bungwe la boma la Beaural payenera kugawidwa pamaziko a anthu.
  • Ruuko v. Common Create Cause (209): Chigamulo chachikulu pamene Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti oweruza anena kuti akupereka funso la ndale zadziko losakhoza kufikiridwa ndi makhoti a boma, kubwezera nkhaniyo ku makhoti ndi malamulo.

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu (VRA)

Chigawo 5, chimene chinafuna malamulo ena osankha "kusintha kulikonse kwa malamulo awo osankha kapena njira imene imatulukapo kukana kapena kulephera kuvomereza kuyenera kwa kuvota chifukwa cha fuko kapena mtundu. Chigawo cha 5, chomwe chinafuna maulamuliro ena osonyeza kusankhidwa ku "preplate" ku malamulo awo a Chilungamo, chinaikidwanso ndi Khoti Lalikulu mu Shelby County v. Harever . (20). Nkhani yaposachedwapa ya [FLT]) yotsutsana ndi chigamulo chachi chachiwonetsero chachikulu chachi. Mlandu waposachedwapa akuimba mlandu wa chivomezi chachi. Mlango wachiŵiri wa chikalata chachigamu cha chikalata cha kutsutsana ndi chigamuwenga chachikulu chachikulu cha chigamu. Chikalata chotsutsa chikalata chachigamu chachi cha chikalata chotchedwa perppeniontiase (Flprruption) (Revertiveritive) chachi.

Makina Opanga Mafuta: Amene Amajambula Mizere ndi Mmene Angachitire

Kumasulira mamepu osankhidwiratu kumafuna akanema, mfundo, ndi luso la zopangapanga. Kumvetsa akatswiri ameneŵa kumasintha mmene dziko limaonera zandale.

Kodi Ndani Amakoka Mizere?

Bungwe lopanga magawo osintha zinthu limasiyanasiyana kwambiri malinga ndi boma, kupangitsa kuti pakhale mbali yaikulu ya kuŵerengera mlandu ndi kuonekeratu m’dziko lonselo:

  • State Legislatures: M'maboma ambiri, nyumba yoyaluza ya boma imalamulira ntchitoyi. Izi zimayambitsa mkangano wa chikondwerero, popeza kuti opanga malamulo akukopa zigawo zimene iwo eni adzaloŵamo (kapena pagulu lawo). Chitsanzo chimenechi nchosavuta kwambiri kuyambitsa kuyendetsa jinga.
  • Makhomu Odziimira: Maiko ena (mlongo, California, Arizona, Michigan) anachotsa njirayo kwa andale zadziko kotheratu, kupereka mphamvu m'boma la nzika yodziimira kapena ya bipartisan. Chitsanzo chimenechi nchofala kwambiri monga kusintha kwa kulimbana ndi gerrydering , koma chikhoza kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto ake ndi mapangano a mapulogalamu kapena mapangano a ndale.
  • Commissions : Fakitale yopangidwa ndi mapangano kumene akuluakulu osankhidwa amaika ziŵalo, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchititsa nkhondo zosinthasintha zimene zimasonyeza nyumba yokhazikitsa inde.
  • Advisory Commissions : Maboma ena amagwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito zojambula mapu, koma mapu amenewo ayenera kuvomerezedwa ndi bungwe la malamulo, kupereka chigamulo chomalizira kwa andale zadziko.

Mukhoza kuona kusweka kwakukulu kwa njira ya boma yanu pa National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL).

Njira Yamwambo Yosinthira

Kupyola pa ziyeneretso za boma, maboma ambiri atenga mpambo wa miyezo yamwambo yosintha zinthu zimene zimatumikira monga zitsulo zotetezera mapu:

  • Kugawa mlingo: Muyezo waukulu. Machigawo a Congressionale ayenera kukwaniritsa kulingana kwa masamu. Maboma a malamulo a boma angalole kulakwa pang'ono ngati alungamitsidwa ndi malamulo a boma.
  • Udani:[[FLT :1] Mbali zonse za chigawo ziyenera kulumikizidwa mwakuthupi. chigawo sichingakhale ndi zisumbu za gawo.
  • [[NT.0] Ubongo: Dera liyenera kukhala pafupi ndi mapangidwe a mapangidwe. Bizarre, mawonekedwe ozungulira kaŵirikaŵiri ali chizindikiro chosonyeza kuchuluka kwa . Ma metric onga Polsby-Ppaper imapima zimenezi.
  • Mapangano a Chikondwerero: Mwinamwake muyezo wapamwamba kwambiri. Izi zikufuna kusunga malo okhala, timagulu ta chikhalidwe, madera a zachuma, ndi madera a m'mizinda, kuti asankhe woimira amene amamvetsetsa zosoŵa zawo. Kukwaniritsa ndi kukhazikitsa "mabungwe a chikondwerero" ndilo mfundo yaikulu ya kupikisana panthaŵi ya mbili ya anthu.
  • Kusunga Makhora a Mafuko Oyambirira: Maboma ambiri amafuna opanga mapu kupeŵa osankha opatukana mosayenerera m'madera atsopano, amene angasokoneze osankha ponena za amene amawaimira ndi kusokoneza mautumiki opanga mapulogalamu.

Ntchito ya Umisiri ndi Luso

Kusintha zinthu kwamakono ndi ntchito yaikulu. Opanga mapu amagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu apadera a Geographic Information System (GIS) monga Maptoditude for Redificience . Kuchuluka kwa mapepala osonyeza mavoti, chidziŵitso cha anthu, ndiponso ngakhale zolemba za anthu zathandiza kwambiri kuti mapu adziwe bwino, komanso kuti azitha kudziwa popanda kusanthula bwino. Mameyikete angafanane ndi masankho opanga mapu olondola kwambiri.

Gerrymandering: Chitokoso Chopitirizabe cha Kusakondera

Pamene kuli kwakuti kujambula mizera ya chigawo nkofunika, kachitidwe ka kugwiritsa ntchito njira zimenezo kaamba ka ubwino wa ndale zadziko kapena wa fuko kamatchedwa gerrymaningering. Mawuwo anapekedwa mu 1812 pamene Bwanamkubwa wa Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry anasaina mapu achigawo ofanana ndi lamander. Lerolino, ndisayansi yapamwamba imene imapereka chiwopsezo chachindunji ku ku kuŵerengera kwa democracy.

Kudya Majeremusi

Izi zimachitika pamene chipani cha ulamuliro chakoka zigawo zake kuti chikhale chachikulu ndi kuchepetsa mipando ya otsutsa. Njira ziŵiri zoyambirira ndi izi:

  • Kukopa: Kufalitsa gulu lamphamvu la osankha otsutsa m'zigawo zingapo kumene amakhala ochepa m'chimodzi ndi chimodzi, kuchepetsa mphamvu yawo yovota.
  • Kusintha: Kugwirizanitsa ofufuza otsutsa m'chigawo chimodzi, kulola gulu lalikulu kupambana bwino zigawo zozungulira.

Chitsanzo chomveka chimachokera ku Ohio ndi North Carolina mu 2010, kumene makina omanga malamulo a Republica anajambula mapu amene mosalekeza anapatsa gulu lawo 75 - 80% ya mipando ya makhoti alamulo mosasamala kanthu kuti anapambana kokha 50 - 55% ya chivoti cha dziko lonse. Monga momwe kwatchulidwira, Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu la Gulu la Guikulu lagamulo [[Flut:0]. Chigamulo cha A. Chofunika [[FUL:] ndi North Carolina, ndi Mexico. Izi zimapangitsa boma kukhala lapamwamba ndi loyera la chigawo. Brennan Center ikupereka malamulo abwino kwambiri. Komabe, makhoti alowa m'malamulo, kuswa pansi pa malamulo a boma ku Ohio, Pentelson, ndi ku Mexico.

Kufalikira kwa Fuko

Voting Rights Act imagwira ntchito pano. Kusankhana kwa mafuko kumachitika pamene kuli "faindi yojambula mizera yachigawo" m'kujambula mizera, ndipo sikungalungamidwe ndi chikondwerero chokakamiza. Izi nzosiyana ndi kupanga "kufera ndalama" zigawo pamene zifunidwa pansi pa Gawo 2 kuletsa kululuzika. Chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu [FOLD] Allen v. Milligan (20023) chinali chilakiko chapadera kaamba ka zoyenera za kuvota, kusunga mapu a msonkhano wa Alabama mwa kuswa chigawo 2 mwa kuchotsapo kuvotera kwa Black. Khoti linalamula kuti boma liwonjeze mapuwonenso ku malo achiŵiri kumene Blansi angawonedwe mlanduwu. Pamene kuli kosiyana ndi lamulo laudindo lachikulu m'malamulo loletsa kuyang'nkhanitsa.

Mmene Mungapezere Mankhwala Opatsa Majeremusi

Ochirikiza ndi ophunzira akulitsa kupima koyenera ngati mapu ali oyenera:

  • Mpata wa kulephera: Mavoti "watayidwa" (mavoti a woloŵa wotayika kapena mavoti a wolandira wopambana kuposa amene anafunikira kupambana). Mpata wamphamvu umasonyeza kuti gulu limodzi likuwononga mavoti ambiri kuposa linalo.
  • Parisan Bias [[FLT: 0] Parisan: Yerekezerani mmene mamembala amachitira m'dziko lopatsidwa mbali imodzi m'kuvota. Kuyesa ngati mapu aphunzitsa mbalizo mosalekeza.
  • [[FLT : 0] Kusiyana kwa Mean-Median : [[FLT :1] Kusiyana pakati pa chivoti cha chigawo ndi voti ya chigawo choulutsira mawu kugawana. Mpata waukulu umatanthauza kuyanja chipani ndi oulutsa achepe.

Ufulu Wanu ndi Mwayi Wochita Zinthu Zogwirizana

Kusintha si njira yotsekereza yokha imene imakhala yokha ya andale. Nzika zili ndi ufulu wokwanira ndiponso njira zofunira anthu oyenera. Mtengo wa kuonekera ndi kuonekera kwa anthu umasiyanasiyana malinga ndi boma, koma zikhoterero zake n’zothandiza kuti anthu azitha kulankhula momasuka.

Kutengamo Mbali kwa Onse m’Njira Yokopa Mapu

Maboma ambiri afunikira kukhala ndi khutu lapoyera kumene nzikazo zingachitire umboni za mmene mapu olingaliridwawo akuyambukirira anthu awo. Njira inanso yokhudza kwambiri kuchita ndiyo kutumiza mapu anu. Maboma ambiri tsopano amalola nzika kutumiza mapu awo athunthu pogwiritsa ntchito masamu ndi mapulogalamu opezeka poyera. Mapulogalamu onga Driqueryr [1] Kupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa aliyense kukokera ndi kutumiza mapu a chigawo chonse kwa boma lake kapena bungwe.

Pamene mukuchita , kuli bwino kufotokoza bwino chimene chimakhala "kugwirizana kwa chikondwerero chanu". Kodi ndichigawo cha sukulu? Kodi ndi malo a zachuma? Chikhalidwe kapena mwambo wa anthu a mitundu ina? nzika zimene zimalongosola bwino kwambiri madera ameneŵa, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuti olemba mapu awalekanitse popanda kulungamitsa. Kupereka ndemanga zolembedwa ndi umboni wolembedwa m'nyengo ya ndemanga ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri pokhudza mapu omalizira.

Kuyera Malo ndi Kukhazikitsa Malamulo

Maboma angapo ali ndi "Malamulo Opatula" amene amafuna kuti mapu onse a masamu, zolankhula ndi , ndi mapu ojambula akhale olembedwa kwa anthu onse. Ngati mukayikira kuti ingwemanistering (yachikale kapena yachigaŵenga m'makhoti a boma), mavuto alamulo angapangitsidwe. Magulu onga Campaign Legal Center, ACLU, ndi NAACP Legal Defense Fund abweretsa kaŵirikaŵiri milandu imeneyi. Anthu angaperekenso malamulo awo kuti atenge makomiti a boma kuti apange makampani odziimira okha kuti apange makomiti a mpikisano 2030. Kumvetsa nthawi ya boma lanu yopanga malamulo ndi masiku kuli kofunika kuti athandize kuteteza ufulu wa boma.

Tsogolo la Kusintha Zinthu: Kusintha Zinthu ndi Luso la Umisiri

Nkhondo ya m’madera abwino ikupitirirabe ndipo zaka khumi zapitazi zasintha kwambiri pa nkhani ya mmene ntchito yokonza malo amayendera, ndipo zimenezi zachititsa kuti nyengo ya nyengo ya 2030 iyambe.

Kuyamba kwa Makomiti Odziimira pawokha

Poyankha vuto la kugwetsa ulesi, ovota m'mayiko ambiri avomereza njira zopangira makampani odziimira okha. Michigan (Proposa 2, 2018), Colorado (Amend Y/Z, 2018), ndi Ohio (Issue 1, 2015) onse asonkhezeredwa ndi mafanizo amene amachotsa andale zadziko pa njira yojambula. Mabungwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi malamulo okhwima okhudza kugwiritsa ntchito bipartarianship, kumva kwa anthu onse, ndi kuonekera bwino. Tayembekezera gululi kuti lipeze njira yapamwamba yopitira ku mzere wa 2030, makamaka m'maiko kumene gulu limodzi limalamulira njira yonse yopanga maredi.

Kupanga Malamulo a Aligolitime ndi Nzeru Zopanga

Pali chikondwerero chomakula cha kugwiritsira ntchito maajensi kujambula "uchete" madera ena mwa kulinganiza bwino mamepu (monga ngati kugwirizana kapena kupikisana) ndi kunyalanyaza chidziŵitso cha ndale zadziko. Komabe, mapindu a kujambula mapu ali andale chibadwa: ayenera kuwonjezera maaultalm, kapena kutsimikizira kuti anthu a m'madera akunja asungidwa? Luntha la zopanga mamepu zikwi mazana ambiri m'masekondi, kulola olemba mapu kusankha chinthu chimodzi chabwino koposa cha gulu lawo. Komanso, zida za AI zingathandize anthu onse kuyang'anira gegerryder ndi kutchula njira zina zoyenerera, kuchepetsa luso la zaluso la za umisiri woikiridwa ndi osungidwa ndi andale mkati mwake.

Kukonzekera 2030

Olemba nkhani, atolankhani, ndi nzika zimene zatomerana zayamba kale maziko a kayendedwe katsopano. Nkhondo ya kubala anthu kwathunthu ndi kolondola ikupitirizabe. Magulu a anthu akukakamiza malamulo okhwima a boma otsutsa boma ndi malamulo amphamvu kwambiri. Kumvetsa malamulo a masewerawa tsopano ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yothandizira mmene mapu akuyendera kuyambira tsopano. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kulinganiza kwa kalembera, kukonza malamulo a boma, ndi kukonza malo alamulo ozungulira Chilango cha ufulu.

Kusintha ndi kumanga kosaoneka kwa democracy ya ku America. Kusankha amene ali ndi mawu owonjezereka ndi amene amalekezedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti njirayo njovuta ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imatsekerezedwa m'kulimbana kochititsa chidani, siingafikiridwe ndi nzika wamba. Mwakumvetsetsa malamulo a malamulo, miyezo ya zaluso, ndi njira zodziŵira zoperekera, mungaike boma lanu lidziike mlandu kaamba ka kujambula mapu oyenera.

Kudziimira pa chibwenzi n’kovuta kwambiri. Kulimbana kuti munthu asonyeze kuti ndi woyenera sikutha ndi mlandu wa khoti kapena chisankho chimodzi. Kufunika kukhala maso kwa anthu. Mukhalebe maso kuti mudziwe zimene mukuchita potsatira nkhani za m'dziko lanu, kumvetsera nkhani za anthu onse, ndi kuchirikiza mabungwe odzipereka kuti muone ngati mukuchita bwino. Mawu anu ndi voti yanu ndizo maziko a demokrase yogwira ntchito.