Kuyamba Kupeza Mphamvu za Boma

Kugawa kwa ulamuliro pakati pa maboma a kumaloko, boma, ndi boma kumapanga maziko a ulamuliro wa Amereka. Malamulo ameneŵa, odziŵika monga a boma, amalinganizidwira kuletsa chinthu chilichonse kukhala champhamvu kwambiri pamene akutsimikizira kuti ntchito za anthu zikhalabe pafupi ndi anthu amene amatumikira. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuzindikira makonzedwe a mphamvu imeneyi ndi ofunika kwambiri kuti amvetsetse mmene malamulo amapangidwira, kutsatidwira, ndi kuyendera m'dziko lonselo. Malamulo a U.S.

Ntchito ya Malamulo ya Mphamvu Yogawana

Constitution imakhazikitsa dongosolo la boma limene limaika mndandanda wolunjika mphamvu za boma la dzikolo pamene likusunga maulamuliro ena onse ku maboma. Kulekana kumeneku sikuli kotheratu . Kuleka ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito zina ndi kukhazikitsa ukonde wovuta umene umafuna kukambirana ndi kugwirizana nthaŵi zonse. Malamulo a Tenth Amendment amakhazikitsa lamulo ili: "Maulamuliro amene sanapatsidwe ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena oletsedwa ndi boma, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu.

Kulimbikitsidwa, Kugwiritsiridwa Ntchito, ndi Mphamvu Zoimirira

Magulu atatu amamasulira ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma. Maulamuliro otchulidwa omwe analembedwa mowonekera m'Malamulo, monga mphamvu yolengeza nkhondo, kuyang'anira malonda a dziko lapansi, ndi ndalama. Maulamuliro ogwiritsidwa ntchito achokera ku mphamvu zoyenerera ndi Zabwino Claus (I , chigawo 8), chimene chimalola Nyumba za Malamulo kupanga "zofunika ndi zoyenera" kuchotsa ntchito zake zotchulidwa. Mwachitsanzo, chilengedwe cha Federal Reserve Reserve System chinalungamis kulungamitsa ndi kuyendetsa ndalama. [FOL:] Maulamuliro osungidwa [FOT] [FFFFF:5], Chigawo [95])) omwe amatchula malamulowokha kuti agwirizanitse ntchito ndi kusatchulidwa m'malamulo, kukhazikitsa mapangano, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo adziko onse aŵiri. Pamene kuli kopeti, mapangano ogwirizana ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Mphamvu za Boma la Federal Zakuya

Boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro wokulira pa nkhani zimene zikuyambukira mtundu wonse. Kupyola pa maulamuliro asanu a maziko ondandalitsidwa m'nkhani yoyamba, mbali zina za mathayo za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Nyumba ya malamulo ingapereke msonkho wavy, kubwereka ndalama, ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo lofanana la kulinganiza. Nthambi yaikulu imakhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo achilendo, pamene jadicariary imamasulira malamulo a boma ndi mikangano pakati pa maboma kapena pakati pa boma. Mabungwe a boma monga ngati Environmental Protection Agement Agency (EPA) ndi Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi (HS) imagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a m'dziko lonse omwe amakhazikitsa miyezo ya m’mlengalenga, zachitetezo za kadyedwe, za chakudya, ndi zaumoyo.

Kufafaniza ndi Kutha Mwaye

Mfundo VI ya Constitution ili ndi Supremacy Claus, imene imalengeza kuti lamulo la boma ndilo "lamulo loposa la dzikolo". Pamene boma kapena malamulo akwawo akutsutsana ndi malamulo a boma kapena malamulo, lamulo la boma limakhala ndi mfundo . Mwachitsanzo, Cea Air Act imalola EPA kukhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko, ndipo maboma sangatenge malire ocheperapo. Komabe, kaŵirikaŵiri maboma angatenge miyezo yokhwima kuposa ya boma, monga momwe California yachitira ndi kutulutsa galimoto pansi pa chikole chapadera. Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kuyesa kuli mutu wachiŵirinso m'boma la America.

Milandu yofunika ya Khoti Lapamwamba la United States yalongosola malire a mphamvu za boma. MCULLOch v. Maryland [1] (1819), Bwalo lamilandu linachirikiza kuyenera kwa lamulo la Bank Yachiŵiri ya United States ndi kuchotsa msonkho pa banki, kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma. Posachedwapa, NFIB v. Sebelius [1] (202) anachepetsa mphamvu ya Commurst Bank ya Claus mwa kugamula kuti lamulo la Afford Carect Act sirct silingalungamidwe monga lamulo la malonda apakati pa malonda, ngakhale kuti linali losungidwa monga msonkho. Zosankha zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene gulu loyeretsa la Commakedzana la Commakeyalation.

Maulamuliro a Boma ndi Autonomy

Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa mbali zambiri za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuphatikizapo thanzi la anthu, chisungiko, maphunziro, zoyendera, ndi lamulo la banja. Mphamvu ya apolisi ya kukhazikitsa ubwino wa moyo wa onse . imalola kukhazikitsa malamulo onse kuyambira pa kumanga malamulo mpaka kutsatsa malonda. Maboma amayang'aniranso madongosolo awo a bwalo lamilandu, misewu, ndi madipatimenti owongolera. Chifukwa chakuti malamulo satchula maulamulirowa, amawasunga iwo kwa nthaŵi yaitali ngati saswa malamulo a boma kapena ufulu walamulo.

Malamulo a Boma ndi Mbali Yake

Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo ake, amene angapereke ufulu wowonjezereka ndi chitetezo kuposa amene ali m'Bungwe la Malamulo la United States. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo ena a boma amatetezera mwachindunji ufulu wa malo okhala kapena amalamulira kuchirikiza ndalama zofanana za maphunziro a anthu. Makalata ameneŵa amakhazikitsanso kakonzedwe ka boma la boma . Motsatizana ndi nthambi ya kazembe yotsogozedwa ndi bwanamkubwa, kampani wa malamulo (kuphatikizapo Nebraska, amene ali ndi unicaral), ndi boma la judiary. Malamulo a boma angasinthidwe mosavuta kuposa malamulo a boma, kulola maboma kusintha mikhalidwe mwa njira zoyendera ndi malamulo ndi kutchula malamulo.

Kugwirizana kwa Mayiko ndi Chikhulupiriro Chokwanira ndi Chilango

Mfundo IV ya Konsichushoni imafuna kuti maboma alemekeze ntchito za anthu, zolembedwa, ndi maweruzi a maiko ena . Izi zikutanthauza laisensi ya ukwati yoperekedwa m'dziko limodzi, ndipo chiweruzo cha khoti kuchokera ku boma lina chikhoza kuchitidwa m'dziko lina. Maboma amadzi amagwirizananso ndi mavuto onga ngati ufulu wa madzi, njira zoyendera, ndi kutsika kwa upandu. Mwachitsanzo, Port Authority of New York ndi New Jersey ndi gulu la bungwe lamphamvu limene limayang'anira mabuloni, masitepe, ndi mabwalo a ndege kudutsa mizera ya boma.

Maboma Akumaloko: Anthu Amawadziŵa Bwino

Maboma akwawo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ [[[[FLT.]] Malamulo a boma a kumaloko], ali ndi maulamuliro okhawo amene akulamulira, kuphatikizapo kukhoza kupitirira malamulo a boma, misonkhoma, ndi kuteteza anthu, kusoŵa chilolezo chilichonse.

Mautumiki a Maboma ndi Maulamuliro a M’matauni

Maboma a boma amapereka ntchito zofunika zimene zimakhudza moyo wa anthu. Zitsanzo zimenezi zimaphatikizapo apolisi ndi ozimitsa moto, zopereka za madzi, mapaki ndi zosangalatsa, malaibulale a anthu onse, ndi kukonza misewu yakwawo. Mayar, mabungwe a mizinda, ndi akuluakulu a boma amapanga zosankha za kugwiritsira ntchito nthaka mwa malamulo a malo, kukonza malo, kupereka zilolezo, ndi kuyendetsa bajeti za kumaloko. M’mizinda yaikulu, maboma a m'malowo amagwiranso ntchito m'mabwalo a ndege, mabwalo a ndege, ndi malo ochitira misonkhano. Chitokoso kuyendetsa zofuna za kukula, ukalamba, ndi kulephera kuyendetsa ntchito zaumoyo wa anthu.

Malo Apadera ndi Mapangano a Kumalo Ena

Kusiyapo maboma a cholinga, zigawo zambiri zapadera zimachita ntchito zina monga madzi, poizoni, kuteteza moto, ndi maphunziro a sukulu. Malo a sukulu ndi chitsanzo chofala kwambiri, ndi mabungwe osankhidwa amene amakhazikitsa maphunziro ndi misonkho. Mapangano a malo apafupi amalola maulamuliro apafupi kugwirizanitsa ntchito monga kutumiza kapena kulinganiza za m'dera, kupanga ma efficecience ndi kuchepetsa kukopa. Makonzedwe ogwirizana ameneŵa amatsimikizira mmene maboma a kumaloko angagwirizanitsire zinthu kuti athetsere mavuto popanda kutumiza maulamuliro apamwamba a boma.

Kugwirizana: Kugwirira Ntchito Pamodzi Kaamba ka Zonulirapo Zogaŵana

Counifism, yotchedwanso "marble-cake conimentism," imalongosola unansi wogwirizana kumene boma, boma, ndi maboma akumaloko amagwirizana pa madera amene amagawa mizere ya chigawo. Chitsanzo chimenechi chinakhala chotchuka m'nthaŵi ya New Deal ndi Great Society Nyengo, pamene boma linayamba kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zopatsa ndalama zothandizira kulimbikitsa ntchito za boma m'madera onga kumanga msewu, maphunziro a ntchito, ndi thanzi la anthu. Lerolino, mgwirizano wa boma ukuonekera m'programupulogalamu ya bungwe la United States-Stateedid , ndi kuyankha kwatsoka kochitidwa ndi Federa Emeternancy Agency (FMA).

Mitundu ya Ansembe Oyendayenda

Boma laboma limagwiritsira ntchito mitundu iŵiri ya zopereka zazikulu ku chisonkhezero ndi lamulo la kumaloko. Malo opereka ndalama zoikidwiratu amaikidwa pazifuno zapadera, monga kumanga msewu watsopano kapena kuwongolera maprogramu a zakudya za kusukulu, kaŵirikaŵiri okhala ndi mikhalidwe yolimba kwambiri. Opanda kupereka ndalama zothandizira za madera onse onga ngati kutukuka kwa chitaganya kapena mautumiki a anthu, akumapereka nzeru zambiri za mmene angagwiritsirire ndalama. Kulinganiza pakati pa mitundu imeneyi kwasintha nthaŵi, kuwunikira nkhani za kusinthika kwa boma ndi kuyankha mlandu kwa boma. Mwachitsanzo, programu yaikulu ya pa za kanthaŵi kofunikira kwa mabanja (TEFF) imalola maprogramungwe aakulu a za chithandizo m'magawo a za boma, ndi zopereka ndalama zambiri pa zofunika za ntchito za 1990, ndi zofunika za ntchito.

Kulabadira Tsoka ndi Kugwirizana kwa Boma

Masoka achilengedwe monga mphepo zamkuntho, moto woopsa, ndi miliri ikusonyeza kufunika kwa kugwirizana kwa boma. Pamene tsoka lachitika, maboma a m'deralo ndi amene amathandiza. Koma mwamsanga amafuna thandizo la boma ndi thandizo la boma. Lamulo la Stafford limayang'anira mmene boma limathandizira, kuchokera ku chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi cha nthaŵi yaitali ku ndalama zothandizira. Mliri wa Covid-19 unayesa maunansi ameneŵa pamene boma linakhazikitsa njira zaumoyo pamene boma lopereka mankhwala ndi chithandizo cha zachuma.

Kulimbana Pakati pa Maboma ndi Zosankha Zawo

Kusagwirizana pakati pa maboma a boma, boma, ndi malo akumeneko kumaperekedwa mosapeŵeka ndi zinthu zofunika zandale. Kaŵirikaŵiri mikangano imabuka m'madera onga malamulo a malo okhala, kumene maboma angatsutse malamulo a boma, kapena kukhazikitsa anthu osamukira kudziko, kumene madera ena amatengera "ansary" malamulo oletsa kugwirizana ndi maulamuliro a boma. Dziko lingagwirizanitse malamulo akumalo ndi zolinga za boma za kukhazikitsa nyumba kapena chitetezo cha boma.

Chigamulo cha Chiweruzo ndi Mbali ya Makhoti

Makhoti ndiwo maziko aakulu othetsera mikangano ya boma. Mwa kupenda kwachiweruzo, makhoti amamasulira malamulo, kuswa malamulo oletsa kukwaniritsa malamulo, ndi kufotokoza bwino pamene boma ligwiritsa ntchito. Khoti Lapamwamba lathetsa mikangano yokhudza kuletsa mfuti (m’chitsanzo, ] Diquality of Columbia v. Heller]), kukhazikitsa chamwanje (kumene boma limaletsa kuswa lamulo la boma), ndi ufulu wovotera. Makhoti ang'onoang'ono amamvanso masuti pakati pa maboma kapena pakati pa boma la boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti limakhala nthaŵi yokambirana ndi mtengo mtengo, limapereka njira yofunika kwambiri yosungira lamulo.

Kupereka Malamulo, Malamulo, ndi Kugwira Ntchito M’bungwe la Boma

Sizochitika zonse zokhala m'makhoti. Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amakambirana kupyolera mwa mabungwe a boma monga ngati Boma la Boma kapena Msonkhano wa United States. Mabungwe ameneŵa apempha akuluakulu a boma kaamba ka kusintha kwa malamulo, kupatsa mikhalidwe, kapena kukhazikitsanso malamulo. Mabungwe angaloŵenso ndi malamulo atsopano amene amalongosola bwino kugaŵidwa kwa ulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, Real ID Act imakhazikitsa miyezo yogwirizana ya malaisensinsinsi a boma, kutsendereza boma m'deralo. Malamulo a boma angasungenso ndi zigamulo kapena milandu, kupanga lamulo losonkhezera mwamphamvu ndi la PPPU lopanga malamulo.

Chisinthiko cha Mbiri Yakale cha Federalism

Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma kwasintha kwambiri pa mbiri ya Amereka. Chipani chapamwamba, chodziŵika monga chigamulo cha boma (pafupifupi 1789-1933), chinaona keke yopangika pamene mlingo uliwonse unkagwira ntchito m'mabungwe osiyanasiyana. Khoti Lapamwamba linakakamiza kusiyana kumeneku, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma. Kupsinjika kwa Ulemerero Kwakukulu ndi New Development kunazindikiritsa nyengo yosintha, pamene boma linasenza mathayo aakulu kaamba ka chitukuko ndi ubwino wa zachuma ndi chitaganya, kubweretsa maprogramu a bungwe la Great Society kugwirizanitsa kogwirizana. Micro inachititsa ngakhale kuloŵetsedwa kwa boma m’maphunziro, zosamalira zaumoyo, ndi chitukuko cha m’mizinda.

Chisinthiko ndi Chipani Chatsopano

Kuyambira m'ma 1970, gulu lotchedwa "New Federalism" linafuna kubwezera mphamvu ku boma ndi maboma akomweko. Maonga Nixon ndi Reagan anachirikiza ndalama zopitira ndi kugawana ndalama, akumanena kuti maboma anali ndi malo abwino kusamalira zosoŵa za kumaloko. Kusintha kwa zaubwino kwa 1996 kumene kunapanga ATANF ndi chitsanzo chotchuka cha kuchotsa chisinthiko. Posachedwapa, Khoti Lapamwamba lalimbikitsa ulamuliro m'nkhani ngati . United States (1997), imene inatsutsa lamulo loletsa kuyendetsa malamulo a boma kukhazikitsa lamulo, ndi [FLT:] My v. NAC. [FFFFFF:] [FFF:]

Kukonda Ndalama: Ndalama Zimasonkhezera

Malo ndi zisonkhezero za ndalama ndi zida zamphamvu zimene zimapanga dziko ndi khalidwe la kumaloko. Boma la boma limasonkhanitsa ndalama zambiri kuposa boma kapena maboma akomweko, ndipo limawawanditsa ndalama zimenezi kudzera m'maprogramu osiyanasiyana. Izi zimapangitsa kudalira kumene kungatsogolere ku kugwedeza [1] zigaŵenga zingakakamizidwe kukhala zofunika kwambiri m'zosinthanitsa ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, boma lokhala ndi chiwopsezo cha kukana ndalama zapamsewu wa misewuyo kusiyapo ngati maboma akukweza zaka 21 mpaka 21, kusamuka kumene kuchirikizidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba ku South Dakotal. Dole (1987).

Boma ndi maboma akukwezanso ndalama zawo mwa misonkho, malipiro, ndi maboo. Msonkho wa katundu ndiwo gwero lalikulu la boma, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amadalira pa misonkho ya ndalama ndi yogulitsa. Mliri wa CHOVID-19 unagwedezeka ndi mitsinje imeneyi, kusonkhezera zidutswa za chithandizo za boma monga American Replation Plan, zimene zimatumizidwa mwachindunji ku maiko. Kudalirana kwa chuma kumatanthauza kuti kutsika kwa chuma pa mlingo wa boma kungakule, ndipo modabwitsa, mavuto a boma angayambukire ndalama za boma.

Ntchito ya Boma Lowononga Zinthu

Kutenga mbali m'boma nkofunika kutsimikizira kuti milingo yonse ya boma ikhalabe ndi kulabadira. Kusintha ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri, koma kutomerana kumafikira ku misonkhano ya bungwe la sukulu, kutsimikizira pa kumvetsera kwa anthu, kuthamangira ku ofesi, ndi kugwirizana ndi magulu a anthu ausilikali. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, makampani audzu asintha bwino kwambiri masinthidwe a ntchito zaupolisi, malamulo a malo okhalako, ndi malamulo a zaumoyo a m'dziko. Mayanjano ndi mapulatifomu apangitsa kuti nzikazo zikhale zosavuta kulinganiza ndi kuwonjezera mawu awo, koma kutengamo mbali kumafunabe kudziŵa bwino nkhani zovuta.

Maphunziro ndi Unzika Wodziŵa Bwino Ntchito

Kuzindikira mmene mphamvu imagwirizanitsidwira kumachititsa nzika kutsogolera bwino lomwe zoyesayesa zawo. Munthu wodera nkhaŵa za miyezo ya maphunziro angalunjikitse kwa bungwe la sukulu lakwawo; munthu wodera nkhaŵa za kusintha kwa nyengo angachirikize kaamba ka mphamvu zokhalanso ndi mphamvu za boma kapena zisonkhezero za boma. Maphunziro a Civic amalimbikitsa kuzindikira zimenezi, chimene chimachititsa kuti mayiko ambiri afune maphunziro a boma pasukulu yasekondale. Makampani osafuna maphunziro ndi mabungwe monga [FLT:] Center ya CRICE FAMBIA FY athandize anthu a m'dziko kuzindikira mfundo za boma ndi ntchito yawo.

Kutsutsana kwa Patsogolo ndi Mtsogolo mwa Mafuko

Lerolino, boma la boma lili pachimake pa nkhani zambiri zotsendereza. Kukhazikitsa chilolezo cha cannabis kukupitirizabe kuyambitsa mkangano pakati pa maboma amene agwiritsira ntchito zosangulutsa mololedwa ndi boma limene limaika ntchitoyo kukhala Sedynal I yachinthu. Kusungitsa kugwirizanitsa mizinda yopatulika ndi akuluakulu a boma oloŵa m'dziko. Malamulo a zaumoyo, monga ngati katemera panthaŵi ya mliri, amayambitsa milandu ya boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma. Nkhani zimenezi sizingathetsedwe kwamuyaya; mmalo mwake, zimasintha monga zandale, zachikhalidwe cha anthu.

Kuthetsa mavuto monga a pa Intaneti, kutsegulira zinthu, ndi malamulo a luntha za anthu kudzayesa njira zimene zilipo. Mwachitsanzo, maboma angayendetse okha zopereka za makampani a tekinoloji, kapena kodi mtundu wa intaneti ikufuna kuti boma lichitepo kanthu? Mafunso ofananawo adzabuka ponena za galimoto zimene zimadzilamulira okha, mapuloteni a mphamvu, ndi mateleheath. Luntha la malamulo a dziko la America ndilo kusintha kwake.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa mapangano a boma ndi maunansi a boma, kufufuza zinthu kuchokera ku LGALL Information Institute ku Cornell Law School , Conference ya Malamulo a Boma [1], ndi [FLT:] ndi [FLT] .P.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa maboma a kumaloko, boma, ndi a boma suli wopepuka. Ndi njira yamoyo yolinganizidwa ndi Malamulo, zigamulo za khoti, ntchito yalamulo, ndi kugawana kwamphamvu kwa nzika. Mwakumvetsetsa mphamvu ndi mathayo osiyanasiyana a mlingo uliwonse(ndipo mmene zimayendera ndi kugwirizana ndi kugwirizanitsa, aphunzitsi, ndi mamembala a anthu a boma omwe amayendera malo andale zadziko. Ngati akuchirikiza mabowo a boma kusintha, kapena kusonkhezera malamulo a dziko, nzika za nzika zaluso zimakonzekera bwino kupangitsa mawu awo kumva ndi kuchititsa maboma awo kukhala ndi mlandu. Kukambitsirana kopitirizabe pakati pa maboma a boma kutsimikizira kuti kuyesa kwa boma kupitirizabe kuyendetsa malo andale kukhoza kuzoloŵera bwino ndi kukumana ndi mwaŵi watsopano.