Mapu Osonyeza Zachikhalidwe Ndiwo Chiyambi Chobisika cha Demokrase

Pamene ovota apita ku mapendedwe, iwo samalingalira kaŵirikaŵiri za mizera yolembedwa pa mapu imene imasankha kumene amaponya pepala lawo, amene amawaimira, ndi mmene mavoti awo aliridi amphamvu. Mapu a Elelenal . amatchedwanso mapu openda kapena mapu achigawo . Ndi mbali yosaoneka ya demokrase yoimira. Amatembenuzira chidziŵitso cha anthu ku mphamvu ya ndale zadziko, ndipo njira imene amakokera ingachititse kapena kuletsa madera onse.

Pa mapu awo osavuta, osankhidwiratu, amagawa boma kapena dziko kukhala magawo amene aliyense amasankha woimira bungwe la malamulo. Mapu ameneŵa si zolembedwa zaumisiri zausilikali. Ndizo zopangidwa ndi zifuno zalamulo, kukambitsirana kwa ndale zadziko, sayansi, ndipo nthaŵi zina kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa. Kumvetsetsa mmene maboma amapangira mapu ameneŵa kumapatsa nzika zida kuti aone ngati masankho awo ali abwino ndi opikisana kapena otembenukira ku gulu limodzi kapena gulu limodzi.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mmene mapu a anthu amapangidwira, kuyambira pa kalembera wa zaka zonse mpaka pa kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka mapu omalizira, ndipo ikufotokoza mfundo zofunika zimene wovota aliyense ayenera kudziŵa kuti aone ngati akutsatiradi malangizowo.

Malamulo Osintha Malamulo

Ku United States, lamulo lopanga mapu osankhidwiratu limachokera mwachindunji ku Malamulo. Chigawo 2 chimalamula kuti mipando m'Nyumba ya Oimira igawidwe pakati pa mayiko odalira pa anthu. Zaka khumi zilizonse, pambuyo pa kubala kwa dziko, mipando imaikidwa pakati pa mayiko omwe amadziwika kuti amatuta. Mayiko ena amapeza mipando, ena amataya malo awo, ndipo ambiri amangokhala ovuta.

Boma litadziŵa kuti ndi madeti a maufumu angati amene lili nawo, liyenera kujambulanso malire a chigawo chilichonse kuti chikhale ndi anthu pafupifupi ofanana. Imeneyi ndi njira yokonzera anthu olingana. Pamene kuli kwakuti Konsichushoni imakhazikitsa lamulo la anthu olingana, maboma akhazikitsa malamulo awo, malamulo awo, madendesi, ndi madeti a nthaŵi kaamba ka mmene mizera yeniyeni imakokera.

U.S. Censureal Bureau [[FLT :1] imapereka chidziŵitso cha anthu chimene chimayambitsa kupenyedwa kwa malo. Kuŵerengera anthu kumakhala munthu aliyense wokhala ku United States [1] Mazeni ndi osakwanira mofanana ndi [1] ndipo chiwonkhetso chimenechi chimasonyeza zonse ziŵiri mipando ya magawo a boma lililonse imene imalandira ndi ziŵerengero za anthu zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kujambula mizera ya chigawo m’dzikolo ndi mlingo wa dzikolo.

Njira Yowongolera

Kupanga mapu osankhidwiratu ndi njira ya miyezi imene imaphatikizapo kupenda maluso, kupenda lamulo, mfundo yapoyera, ndipo pomalizira pake voti ya bungwe lolamulira. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma lililonse limatsatira njira zake, njira yonseyo imayendera limodzi.

Sitepe 1: Kupeza Chidziŵitso cha Kuŵerenga

Kusinthasintha kwa mtundu kukuyamba pamene Census Bureau imatulutsa chidziŵitso chake chosintha zinthu, chotchedwa P.L. 94-71. Mafaelo ameneŵa ali ndi anthu onse pamodzi ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu, limodzi ndi kutha kwa mafuko ndi mafuko. Maboma ambiri amalandira chidziŵitso chimenechi m'chiyambi cha chaka chotsatira kuŵerengerako, ngakhale kuti kuchedwa kuchitika, monga momwe zinachitikira ndi kuŵerengera kwa 2020 kwa anthu chifukwa cha mliriwu.

Sitepe 2: Kudziŵa Chiŵerengero cha Madera

Pa magawo a msonkhano, chiŵerengero cha zigawo chimaikidwa ndi kagaŵidwe ka. Kwa boma la malamulo, boma lililonse limasankha ukulu wa nyumba yake ndi chigwirizano cha boma. Maboma ambiri ali ndi malamulo alamulo onena za kuchuluka kwa oimira amene ayenera kukhalako, ndipo ena amafuna kuti zigawo zikhale m'zigawo zazikulu.

Sitepe 3: Kujambula Mizere

Kujambula mizera yachigawo kuli kumene mitengo ya ndale zadziko imawonekera bwino. Bungwe lokhala ndi thayo la kujambula mapu limatsegulira mapulogalamu a mapu, kunyamula malembo a kuŵerenga anthu, ndi kuyamba kugawana mathirakiti pamodzi kuti apange madera amene akugwirizana ndi malamulo. Programu yokonza malo amakono monga Maptiolituding for Redigritiling, kapena Diver Diexenger [1]

Sitepe 4: Mawu Olankhulidwa ndi Anthu Onse ndi Akumva

Mayiko ambiri amafuna kuti anthu azilankhula nawo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kumvetsera kwa anthu kumene anthu angalankhule kapena kutsutsa mapu amene akufunika, kukhoza kutumiza mapu ena, ndiponso mipata yofotokoza mapu a mapu a mapu. Maboma ena amapempha kwambiri anthu kuti agwirizane ndi mapu a pa Intaneti komanso amapempha kuti afufuze mapu a anthu amene akufuna kuwamva pa Intaneti.

Sitepe 5: Kulera Ana ndi Kupenda Mwalamulo

Chomalizira ndicho kulera ana ndi bungwe lathayo, tsatirani chitokoso cha lamulo. Kulera ana mwa mapu kungafunikire voti lachisawawa, kuvomerezedwa kwakukulu, kudalira pa malamulo a boma. Akatengedwa, mapu amatsutsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri m'mabwalo ndi magulu amene amatsutsa a akhate ogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma, kusankhana mitundu, kapena kuswa malamulo a boma. Malamulo a khoti angachedwetse kukwaniritsa mapu ndipo nthaŵi zina amatulukapo mapu ojambulidwa ndi khoti.

Kodi Ndani Amakoka Mizere?

Chimodzi mwa zosankha zimene boma lipanga ndicho kusankha amene amajambula mapu osankhira.

Kuchepetsa Malamulo

M’mayiko ambiri, bungwe la malamulo limajambula mapu a mamepu a msonkhano ndi a boma. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti anthu akututa mizereyi akhale ofunitsitsa kulowa m’maderawo. N’zosadabwitsa kuti madaipu za mamepu a malamulo amagwirizana ndi chipani chawo. Mapikicawa atulutsa mapu olembedwa mwankhanza kwambiri m’mbiri ya America.

Ntchito Zodziimira Payekha Zobwezeretsa

Maboma ambiri achititsa kuti anthu ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mamepu kapena ntchito za nzika. Mabungwe amenewa amapangidwa kuti achotse anthu odzifunira okha. Ziŵalozo zimasankhidwa pofufuza zinthu zimene sizikuphatikizapo akuluakulu a boma ndi zipani. Mayiko monga California, Arizona, Michigan, ndi Colorado amagwiritsa ntchito mamepu odziimira okha, ndipo kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti amapanga mapu amene ali opikisana kwambiri ndi okondera kusiyana ndi amene amajambula malamulo a malamulo.

Ntchito za Chikomyunizimu ndi Mawonekedwe a Hybrid

Mayiko ena amagwiritsa ntchito makhonsati amene amaphatikizapo akuluakulu osankhidwa kapena oikidwa m’chipani. Mafano opangidwa mwa mtundu wa zilembo zimenezi amaikiratu mapusi otseguka m’maso kapena m’nyumba.

Mapu Yabwino Kwambiri M’malamulo

Kusintha si njira ya ndale chabe. malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, ndi zigamulo za khoti zimaika miyezo yapadera imene mapu ayenera kukhutiritsa. Chofunika kwambiri mwa zimenezi ndicho kulingana kwa anthu, kukondera kwa fuko, ndi kulinganiza.

Kulingana kwa Anthu

Malamulo a munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi imafuna kuti zigawo zikhale zofanana ndi anthu monga momwe kungathekere. Makhoti amasulira chofunika chimenechi motsimikiza, kaŵirikaŵiri akulamula kuti anthu afanane kapena asokonezeke. Kwa zigawo za boma, malamulo asintha, koma kusiyana kwakukulu kwa anthu kungatsutsidwe.

Kusankhana Mafuko ndi Makhalidwe Abwino

Chikalata cha Voing Rights Act cha 1965 ndi kusintha kwake kuletsa mapu amene amachepetsa mphamvu ya kuvota kwa anthu a mafuko ochepa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti madirowa sangawononge anthu ochepa m’madera ambiri kuwaletsa kusankha anthu amene akufuna. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, mapu sangachulukitse anthu ochepa osankhidwa m’chigawo chimodzi kuti achepetse mphamvu zawo kwina. Kusintha kwa tsankho la fuko ndi kufunitsitsa kutchuka ndi chimodzi mwa madera ovuta kwambiri ovomerezeka kwambiri osankha anthu osankhidwa.

Kugwirizana ndi Kugwirizana

Maboma ambiri amafuna kuti zigawo zikhale zogwirizana, kutanthauza mbali iliyonse ya chigawocho iyenera kugwira mbali ina. Kugwirizana kuli mfundo yofala koma yosatsatirika kwambiri. Magawo ogwirizana amakhala ndi maluwa apadera, pamene madera ozungulira kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi mikhalidwe yodabwitsa, yochuluka imene imagwirizanitsa anthu osiyana. Pamene kuli kwakuti kugwirizana sikuli chiyeneretso cha boma, malamulo ambiri a boma akuphatikizapo zimenezi monga cholinga.

Anthu Osangalatsa

Chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka cha maboma amafuna madrowa kuti alemekeze anthu okondwerera: magulu a anthu amene amagaŵana m'zachuma, chikhalidwe, mbiri, kapena mayanjano. Mfundo zimenezi zikufuna kusunga anthu kuti akhale okhazikika kuti alimbikitse mokhutiritsa zosoŵa zawo. Kukwaniritsa mudzi wa chikondwerero kuli kogwirizana, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri madaipu ochirikiza amatsatira lingalirolo mosankha kulungamitsa kugaŵitsa kapena kusunga malo ena.

Kuzenga: Chiwopsezo cha Core cha Kuimira Zabwino

Gerrymandering ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malire a chigawo kuti apatse chipani chimodzi kapena gulu limodzi phindu lopanda chilungamo. Mawuwa ayamba mu 1812 pamene Kazembe Elbridge Gerry wa Massachusetts anasaina mapu a chigawo chomwe chinaphatikizapo chigawo cha samander , ndipo izi zinachititsa kuti pakhale dzina lakuti "gerrymander" lero, gerrmaning apangidwa mpangidwe awiri.

Kudya Majeremusi

Partisan gersamandering imafuna kukulitsa chiŵerengero cha mipando ya chipani cha ndale zadziko chingapambane, ngakhale pamene chipanicho chilandira kagulu kochepa ka voti yonse. Madaipu amagwiritsa ntchito njira ziŵiri kuti akwaniritse zimenezi. Kupakira anthu otsutsawo pazigawo zochepa, kuchepetsa mphamvu yawo ya kupambana mipando kwina. Kufalitsa gulu lotsutsalo kumadera ambiri, kutsimikizira kuti iwo ali ochepa m'dziko lililonse ndipo sangasankhe osankhidwa awo. Kujambula kwa pulogalamu yapamwamba kumatheketsa kujambula mapu ndi kulinganiza kwabwino kwa opanga opaleshoni, kukwaniritsa mapindu okhalitsa amene angakhalitse kwa zaka khumi.

Kufalikira kwa Fuko

Kusankhana mafuko kumaphatikizapo kujambula mizera yozikidwa pa fuko kuti achepetse kapena kukulitsa mphamvu ya kuvota ya magulu a mafuko kapena mafuko. Chikalata cha Voting Rights chimaletsa kulinganiza fuko, koma muyezo pakati pa kuloledwa kwa fuko ndi kusankhana mitundu kaŵirikaŵiri ngwopanda pake. Makhoti awononga mapu kumene fuko linali chochititsa chachikulu mpikisano wa magawo, ngakhale pamene cholinga chotchulidwacho chinali kugwirizana ndi Voting Rights Act.

Mmene Luso Lakusinthani Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Ma 1990 asanafike, kukonza mapepala kunali ntchito yamanja pogwiritsa ntchito mapu, mapepala osindikiza, ndi mapensulo a mitundu. Kukwera kwa madongosolo a chidziŵitso cha malo (GIS) ndi makompyuta amphamvu aumwini kunasintha zonse. Lerolino, madirowa a mapu angaikemo mapulogalamu a m'chigawo chapamwamba, kuwonongeka kwa anthu, ndi njira zosankhira zakale zoyendera. Amajambula malire a dziko, kuona mmene akukhudzira kulingana kwa anthu otsala pang'ono kulowa m’malo amodzi.

Luso la luso la zopangapanga lapangitsa ma sharowa kukhala omveka bwino ndi obisika kwambiri. Madayabo angayese madesiki mazana ambiri kuseri kwa zitseko, kusankha amene amapatsa gulu lawo phindu lalikulu pamene akukwaniritsabe malamulo. Makampani a Independent ndi zipangizo zopangira mapu a anthu athandiza kuchepetsa ubwino umenewu, koma kuchuluka kwa ukatswiri ndi kupezeka kwa chidziŵitso kukukhalabe kofunika.

Zosankha Zapakhoti Lalikulu Zothandiza Kuchepetsa Mavuto

Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States lapenda za kukonzanso malamulo nthaŵi zambiri, kuika malire a malamulo amene maboma ayenera kugwira ntchito.

Baker Carr (1962) ndi Reynolds ndi Sims (1964)

Zigamulo zapadera zimenezi zinakhazikitsa lamulo la munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi. Khotilo linagamula kuti madera opotozedwa amene anapatsa osankha a kumidzi mphamvu yosayerekezereka anaswa Chitetezo cha Ecult Claus. Milandu imeneyi inakakamiza maboma kubwezeretsa zigawo ndi anthu ofanana ndi ena ndi kubweretsa ajuli ku njira yobwezeretsa malamulo monga kuyang’anira kokangalika pa mphamvu ya malamulo.

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Khotilo linagamula kuti zigawozo zinakocheza modabwitsa pamaziko a fuko, popanda chilungamo chokwanira, zinaswa chigawo cha Kumpoto kwa Carolina chotchedwa Exlimate Protection Claus. mlandu umenewu unabuka m’chigawo chimene chinali chopangidwa modabwitsa kuti chigwirizanitse anthu Akuda, ndipo linatsimikizira kuti mawu akuti anthu a fuko logwirizana ndi anthu angapitirize ngakhale pamene chigawocho chithandiza opita kukatenga osankhidwa ndi ochepa.

Rucho v. Common Change (209)

Pachigamulo chachikulu, khotilo linanena kuti makhoti a boma ogaŵanitsa anthu satha kuweruza okha. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti makhoti a boma sangamve mavuto kuti aone kuti akuvomereza chipani chimodzi kuposa china, ngakhale kuti chikhale chosiyana motani ndi kupotoza. Khotilo linanena kuti kuukira ndi nkhani ya ndale zadziko imene iyenera kuthetsedwa ndi makhoti a boma, makhoti, kapena osankha mwa njira zodzisankhira.

Kusintha kwa Boma ndi Zimene Opanga Zinthu Angachite

Chifukwa chakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo sinapereke chisinthiko cha boma ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba latseka chitseko cha khoti lamilandu la boma ku chikalata cha otsutsa, kachitidwe kogwira mtima koposa kamachitika pamlingo wa boma. Olemba mapepala amene akufuna mapu oyenera ali ndi njira zingapo zochitira.

Ntchito Zothandiza Kukonzanso Masukulu

Kufufuza kwa Center ya Justice kumasonyeza kuti makampani odziimira okha amapanga mapu amene ali opikisana kwambiri, okondera, ndi olabadira kwambiri anthu kuposa mapu opangidwa ndi makhomageti. Mavoter angakakamize kaamba ka zoyesayesa kapena malamulo kupanga kapena kulimbitsa ntchito m’boma lawo.

Gwiritsirani Ntchito Zipangizo Zopangira Mapu Kuti Ojambula Mapu Akhale ndi Mathayo

Mabungwe osapanga phindu ndi mabungwe a zamaphunziro amapereka zida zaulere zimene zimalola nzika kujambula mapu awo ndi kuwayerekezera ndi zifuno za boma. Zida zonga Districtr ndi National Conference of State Legislatures performations zimathandiza nzika kuzindikira mapu oyenera ndi kuti kaya mapu a boma lawo akugwirizana ndi miyezo yofunika.

Khalani ndi Kachitidwe ka Kuyankha kwa Onse

Boma likayamba kukonza malo ake oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, nthawi zambiri pamakhala windo la ndemanga za anthu.

Kudziŵa za Boma ndi Zosankha za M’dziko

Akuluakulu amene amajambula mapu amasankhidwa. Opanga malamulo a boma, akazembe, ndipo ngakhale oweruza m’maiko ena ali ndi chisonkhezero chachindunji pa kupeputsa. Kutchula nkhani za boma ndi masankho a kumaloko monga ngati kuvota m'masankho a dziko. Ovota akapitirizabe kudziŵa za amene amalamulira kupendedwa kwa boma lawo, iwo angapange zosankha zimene zingasokoneze kapena kuswa dongosolo lopanga mapu lolakwika.

Njira Zothandiza Zofufuzira Mapu Anu

Wovota aliyense angaphunzire kupenda ngati mapu a chigawo chawo n’ngoyenera. Choyamba, ganizirani za mapangidwe a chigawo chanu. Kodi amatsatira madende achilengedwe monga mitsinje, misewu, kapena mizera ya dera? Kapena kodi amadutsa m'madera ambiri akutali kuti agwirizane ndi madera akutali? Kukongola kwachilendo sikuli umboni wa kudzikongoletsa okha, koma ndi mbendera yofiira yoyenerera kupenda.

Chotsatira, tayang'anani pa kulingana kwa gulu. M'mapu ooneka bwino, chiŵerengero cha zigawo zimene zikuimira chipani chilichonse chiyenera kusonyeza zimene boma likufuna. Ngati chipani chimodzi chipambana 60 peresenti ya mipandoyo pamene chikupambana 50 peresenti yokha ya voti ya dziko lonse, mwina chinthu china ncholakwika.

Chomalizira, fufuzani ngati mapu anu anajambulidwa ndi ntchito yapadera kapena ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo. Mapu ojambulidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma, makamaka ngati munthu mmodzi ali ndi ulamuliro wokwanira, ali ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu. Ngati boma lanu ligwiritsa ntchito komiti, fufuzani kuti mamembala a bungwelo anasankhidwa bwanji ndiponso ngati anachita zimenezi moonekera bwino ndi mfundo zimene anthu onse apeza.

Tsogolo la Kukonzanso Malo ku United States

Malo ozungulira adakalipobe. Mayiko akulandira ntchito zaufulu mosadukiza, mosonkhezeredwa ndi kukhumudwa kwa anthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi. Makhoti a boma akulimbikira kuyang'anira mapangano a boma, monga momwe makhoti a boma amapatuka. Mchenga wa 2030 udzakhala woyamba wa kupendeka pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Rucho, ndipo akunena kuti sanasinthebe njira zawo.

Lupanga la magetsi lipitirizabe kukhala lupanga lolimba kwambiri. Kumbali imodzi, zida zamphamvu zopangira mapu zimapanga kusavuta ndi kulondola. Kumbali ina, zipangizo zotsegula ndi chidziŵitso chopezeka poyera zimatheketsa nzika ndi magulu a olonda kuzindikira kupotozedwa ndi kulinganiza njira zina zabwino. Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu m'kusanthula kumadalira pa mmene anthu amachitira ndi kuphunzitsa kuvotera.

Mapu ya magetsi siikuikidwa m’miyala. Amakokedwa ndi anthu amene akugwira ntchito m’madongosolo a zamalamulo ndi andale omwe angasinthidwe. Wosankha aliyense ali ndi mphamvu yophunzira mmene mapu ameneŵa amapangidwira, kupenda ngati mapu awo ali abwino, ndi kukakamiza kuti asinthe zinthu zimene zimapanga mizere kuti ikhalenso ndi mphamvu: m’manja mwa anthu, osati andale.