Chiyambi

Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri ali omanga a zokumana nazo zathu zatsiku ndi tsiku. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma amalamulira mitu yankhani, ndizo zigamulo zopangidwa m'malikulu a boma zimene zimaumba mwachindunji mmene ana amaphunzirira, mmene anthu amayendera, mmene amasamalirira odwala, ndi mmene anthu amakhalira otetezereka. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo akeake, kampani yoya, ndi mabungwe a akulu a boma amene amapanga malamulo ogwirizana ndi zinthu zofunika za kumaloko. Kuchokera pa msonkho wa mmaŵa wa khofi umene mumadutsa pa tramu yanu, boma limakhudza pafupifupi mbali zonse za moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuzindikira ziyambukiro zenizeni za dziko zimenezi kumathandiza nzika kukhala odziŵana m'ka m'dongosolo la democracy ndi ochirikiza malamulo amene amawongowongolera anthu awo.

Kaya ndinu wophunzira, katswiri, kapena wopuma pantchito, malamulo amene apangidwa m’boma lanu amayambukira mwachindunji mwaŵi wanu, chisungiko, ndi mkhalidwe wa moyo.

Kuphunzitsa Ana

Maphunziro ndi limodzi la maudindo aakulu kwambiri a boma. Pamene magawo a sukulu akumeneko akuyang'anira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku, madipatimenti a boma ndi madipatimenti a maphunziro amakhazikitsa malamulo ndi ndalama zimene zimasankha zimene ophunzira amaphunzira, mmene aphunzitsi amavomerezedwera, ndi mmene sukulu zimayendetsera.

Kupereka Ndalama Zopita Kumalo Ena

Boma limalamulira magwero aakulu a ndalama za maphunziro a anthu K-12. Mmene ndalama zimagaŵiridwa zimayambitsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zigawo zachuma ndi zaumphaŵi. Mwachitsanzo, likulengeza kuti New York ndi California amagwiritsira ntchito njira zocholoŵana zoperekera chithandizo zozikidwa pa zosoŵa za ophunzira, chuma, ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu m'chigawo. Komabe, mogwirizana ndi Conference of State Legislatures [, imasiyana kwambiri m'njira zimene amadalira pa misonkhoma yakwawo, zimene zingapangitse kusiyana kwa ndalama zikwi zambiri pakati pa zigawo za dziko lapafupi. Mu 2023, Pennsylvania inapezedwa kukhala ndi ndalama zambiri zopereka ndalama m'dziko, khoti lolamulira logawa lake lopereka ndalama m'dzikolo.

Miyezo ya Maphunziro

Mayiko amatsatira mfundo zamaphunziro zimene zimafotokoza zimene ophunzira ayenera kudziwa m'giredi iliyonse. Chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri ndi Common Core State Directs, imene inatengedwa modzifunira ndi maboma ambiri kumayambiriro kwa 2010. Kuyambira pamenepo, mayiko ena asintha kapena kulowa mmalo mwawo. Mu 2023, Florida inatengera chikhalidwe chatsopano ndi miyezo ya mbiri yakale yomwe imagogomezera "mapindu a yunivesite," pamene Texas akupitirizabe kusonkhezera mabuku olembedwa m'dziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha msika wake waukulu. Maboma amasankhanso kaya sukulu zimaphunzitsa za kugonana, kusintha kwa nyengo, kapena kutsutsa mafuko, kupanga sukulu kukhala chitsanzo chachinduna cha zigamu zandale.

Kutsimikizira ndi Mkhalidwe wa Mphunzitsi

Boma lililonse limakhazikitsa ziyeneretso zake kaamba ka kukonzanso ndi kukonzanso. Zofunika zimenezi zingaphatikizepo kupambana mayeso a nkhani, kumaliza mapulogalamu okonzekeretsa ovomerezedwa ndi boma, ndi kupeza ngongole za maphunziro zopitirizabe. Maboma onga Massachusetts ali ndi miyezo yolimba ya mapepala imene imatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala maziko a mayeso apamwamba a dziko, pamene kuli kwakuti ena apanga njira zina zolankhulira kwa mphunzitsi. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2022, Arizona anayamba kulola aphunzitsi kugwira ntchito popanda digiri yamwambo ya maphunziro, ndipo Louisiana anachotsa zofunika kuti aphunzitsi omwe alipo apambane maluso a kukonzanso. Kusiyana kumeneku kumakhudza mwachindunji amene ali patsogolo pa kupereŵera kwa aphunzitsi.

Zoyendera

Kuchokera pa matayala oyenda pansi pa matayala anu mpaka pa mabasi amene amayendetsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri oyenda, maboma ndiwo eni magalimoto ndiponso oyendetsa zinthu.

Kukonzanso ndi Kupereka Ndalama

Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera (DOT) amasunga makilomita 160,000 a msewu ku United States. Ndalama zambiri zimachokera ku misonkho ya boma ya mafuta, malipiro a galimoto, ndi ndalama zoyendetsera boma. Komabe, pamene magalimoto akulephera kuyendetsa bwino mafuta, maboma akufufuza zinthu zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, Oregon, yayendetsa bwino mfundo yakuti oyendetsa misonkho pa kilomita imodzi, osati pa gasi.

Njira Zoyendetsera Anthu

Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amathandizira ndi kuyang'anira makampani a anthu oyenda m’mabasi, m’sitima zapamtunda, ndi sitima zoyenda. Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) ndi bungwe lolamulira boma limene limayendetsa anthu oposa 5 miliyoni tsiku lililonse. Mosiyana ndi, maboma aang'ono monga Vermont ndi Maine amadalira ntchito yapadera ya makampani oyendera anthu a m’madera omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa. Mlingo wa malonda a malonda ukhoza kaya nzikazo zingagwire ntchito, sukulu, kapena kukhazikitsa ntchito zamankhwala popanda galimoto. Mu 2024, California inapereka $1 biliyoni kuti ifutukutse ntchito ndi njanji, kuphatikizapo mwendo woyamba wa zitsulo zake zapamwamba za chigawo.

Malamulo a M’misewu ndi Chitetezo

Malamulo a boma amalemba malamulo a galimoto oletsa liŵiro, malamulo a malamba a pampando, mageti a DUI, ndi malamulo ocheutsa. Utah inali boma loyamba kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mwazi wa chidakwa (BAC) kwa DUI ku 0.05%, ndi maboma oposa khumi ndi aŵiri aletsa "kulemba pamene akuyendetsa galimoto" kwa oyendetsa magalimoto onse. Malamulo ameneŵa ali ndi ziyambukiro zamphamvu pa ngozi zapamsewu. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety maripo akuti malamulo oletsa kuyendetsa milingo yapando yaikulu tsopano ali ndi ziŵerengero zapamwamba kwambiri za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa oyendetsa galimoto ndi kuchepetsa imfa kuposa malamulo a boma.

Malamulo Osamalira Thanzi

Maboma akugwira ntchito kwambiri yosamalira thanzi, kuyambira osamalira zaumoyo mpaka kuyendetsa makampani a zaumoyo wa anthu onse.

Opereka Thanzi Lopereka Thanzi

Madokotala, manesi, ogulitsa mankhwala, ndi akatswiri ena a zaumoyo ayenera kuvomerezedwa ndi boma limene akugwira ntchito. Bungwe lililonse la zachipatala limakhazikitsa maphunziro, kukonza mayeso, ndi kufufuza madandaulo. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosintha. Namwino wovomerezedwa m'boma limodzi angafunikire mapepala ena kuti ayesetse, ngakhale kuti Nosi Licensurence Conct (tsopano akuvomerezedwa ndi maboma 42) kuwonjezera njira yopitira mtanda. Mu 2023, mayiko ena anayamba kuzindikira kuti ndi laisensi ya chigawo cha teledine , kufalikira kwa anthu akumidzi akumidzi.

Malamulo a Inshuwalansi

Madipatimenti a inshuwalansi ya boma amayang'anira mainshuwalansi a zaumoyo operekedwa kwa anthu, mabizinesi aang'ono, ndi magulu aakulu. Amapenda kukwera kwa ziŵerengero, kukakamiza miyezo ya makampani a zauve ndi kuyendetsa mainshuwalansi a zaumoyo opangidwa pansi pa ACA. Pa 2025, 21 a boma limodzi ndi District of Columbia akugwira ntchito yawoyawo, pamene otsalawo amadalira pa msika wosavuta ndi boma. Zosankha za kuwonjezera Mdid pansi pa ACA zakhala pakati pa zosankha za kusamala thanzi zambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazo. Magalamu 10 amene sanakulitse Médid (makamakamaka ambiri ku South) tchutitsa khomo loyerekezeredwa ndi 1. Zimakhoterero zawo za kuletsa ndi kuteteza ndi kuchiritsa kwanthaŵi yaitali kwambiri.

Thanzi la Onse Limayamba Kuthandiza

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma amayang'anira katemera, kuyang'anira matenda, ndi makampani a zaumoyo. M'mliri wa zachipatala wa CHOVID-19, maboma analamulira malamulo a kubisa, katemera, ndi malongosoledwe a nkhani. Pa zotsatira zake, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo okhudza za matenda a anthu onse. Maboma onga Maryland ndi Washington awonjezera ndalama zothandizira matenda a maganizo, pamene ena achepetsa malamulo a zaumoyo. Kusiyana kumeneku kwakonza mmene chitaganya chikukonzekerera kuyambika mtsogolo ndi mmene mautumiki a zaumoyo amakhalira osavuta.

Kusungidwa kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kukakamizidwa kwa Chilamulo

Maboma ndiwo amamanga malamulo a apolisi, apolisi, apolisi, abwalo la milandu, ndi omanga milandu, ndipo amakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa anthu kubwerera kwawo.

Kulimbikitsa Ulemu wa Lamulo

Malamulo a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo amene amalamulira khalidwe la apolisi, kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, makamera, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu. Pambuyo pa zochitika zazikulu za maproject, maboma angapo apanga masinthidwe. California adapereka AB 392 mu 2019, imene imachepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito kwa mphamvu yakupha ku mikhalidwe imene ili "yofunika" mmalo mwa "kulolera" . Colorado, New York, ndi Washington tsopano amafuna kuti apolisi onse osungitsa lamulo aloŵetsedwe pamene mnzake agwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yopambanitsa. Mosiyana ndi, maboma ena apereka "kunyalanyaza lamulo la bluu" limene limawonjezera zilango kaamba ka kuukira nduna ndi kuyang'anira kwa ankhondo. Zosankha zimenezi zimakhudza mwachindunji mmene apolisi amachitira ndi anthu amene amatumikira.

Chivomerezo Chadzidzidzi

Mabungwe oyang'anira ngozi za boma amagwirizanitsa masoka monga mphepo zamkuntho, moto wolusa, mafunde, ndi ngozi zaumoyo. Mwachitsanzo, Division of Emergency Management isanaike zinthu ndi kuchititsa kuti malo ogona akhale otetezeka pa nthawi ya mphepo ya mphepo, pamene Dipatimenti ya California ya Treestry ndi Fire Protection (CAL MULIRE) imayankha ku kuwomba kwakukulu kwa moto. Kufulumira ndi kuyendetsa bwino kwa boma kungatantha kusiyana pakati pa moyo ndi imfa. Mu 2023, pamene kusakaza kwa Maui, boma ndi mgwirizano wa kumaloko kunawonongeka kwambiri, kuchititsa kusintha kwamphamvu m'madongosolo la zamwayi ku Hawaii.

Chilungamo Chaupandu

Makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu yambiri ya upandu kuyambira pa kuswa malamulo mpaka kulakwa. Mabomanso amagwira ntchito m’ndende, mabungwe oletsa anthu kulowa m'ndende, ndi mapulogalamu a anthu. Malamulo opereka chilango amasiyana kwambiri: maboma ena athetsa chilango cha imfa (maboma 23 monga 2025), pamene ena akuphabe akaidi. Maboma akuyesanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zoloŵera m'ndende. Mwachitsanzo, Oregon yaika ndalama zambiri m'makhoti a mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi North Dakota yofutukula m’malo mwa ndende za anthu opanda chiwawa. Malamulowa amakhudza anthu, ndalama zowawongolera akaidi, ndiponso ndalama zowawongolera kuti apereke kulipira msonkho.

Malamulo a Zachilengedwe

Maboma ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu yoteteza zinthu zachilengedwe ndi kulamulira kuipitsa, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amapitirira malamulo a boma.

Kuletsa Kuipitsa

Maboma ali ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malamulo a Cease Air ndi Clean Water Act m'malire awo. Iwo amakhazikitsa malire a kutulutsa mafakitale, mafakitale, ndi magalimoto, ndi kuyang'anira mpweya ndi madzi. California wakhala mtsogoleri m'dera lino(Its Air Resources Board (CARB) amakhazikitsa miyezo yokhwima kwambiri ya dziko, ndipo mayiko ena ambiri amatengera miyezo ya California. Mu 2024, kumaliza kwa lamulo lofuna kuti galimoto zonse zatsopano zolemera zogulitsidwa m'bomalo zikhale zero-active Board pofika 2036.

Kusamalira Zachilengedwe

Boma limayang'anira maekala mamiliyoni ambiri a mapaki, nkhalango, ndi malo a nyama. Amatulutsa malaisensi yosaka ndi kupha nsomba, kuyang'anira kudula matabwa, ndi kuteteza malo okhala. Mwachitsanzo, Adirondack Park ku New York ndi paki ya boma yokhayokha yaikulu kuposa Yellowstone, ndi mapulani ake a dziko. Kumadzulo, boma monga Colorado ndi Montana amayang'anira ntchito za mphala ndi nyama zina zazikulu. Kunja ndi kuyendetsa chuma chachikulu: malinga ndi [[FLT: 0] Bireau of Economicly Paries [FLD:1], dziko lakumadzulo, lochirikiza ntchito zoposa 5 miliyoni m'dziko lonse.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo Kumayamba

Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa chikole chawo cha kuchepetsa kutentha kwa mpweya ndi magetsi obwezeretsedwa. Chifuno cha California cha kusaloŵerera m'zochitika za carbon pofika 2045. Chikalata cha Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act cha New York chilamula 70% kukonzanso magetsi pofika 2030. Maboma a mayiko osiyanasiyana m'boma la Regional Greenhouse Gas Initivetive (RGI) ndi programu yoyendera pulogalamu ya kachipangizo yachika kachipangizo ka ka ka ka kapeti yachepetsa mphamvu ya magetsi ndi magalimoto ndi 50% kuyambira 2009. Komanso, mayiko ena akhazikitsa malamulo amene amaletsa maboma kuletsa kuletsa gasi lachilengedwe m'mafakitale. Malamulo a boma ameneŵa amapanga malamulo apamwamba ngati anthu amaona malo ozungulira nyumba zawo, galimoto zoyendetsera magetsi m'magalimoto, kapena mphepo za magetsi zoyendera ku madera akuzungulira.

Makhalidwe a Zachuma

Maboma amachititsa kuti makampani azipeza malo komanso antchito.

Atsogoleli a Msonkho

Malipiro a ndalama zogulitsidwa amasiyana kwambiri. Maboma asanu ndi anayi alibe msonkho wa munthu aliyense (m', Texas, Florida, Tennessee), pamene ena onga California ndi Hawaii ali ndi ziŵerengero zopita patsogolo za 13% . Makampani amasiyananso: Oregon alibe msonkho wa malonda, pamene Louisiana ndi Tennessee ali ndi ndalama zoposa 9%. Kusiyana kumeneku kumakhudza ndalama zimene mabanja amataya ndi kukongola kwa boma kwa opuma pantchito kapena a mabizinesi.

Malamulo a Mabizinesi

Maboma anaika malipiro ochepa, malamulo owonjezera owonjezera, ndi ziyeneretso zachitetezo kuntchito kupitirira miyezo ya boma. Pa 2025, malipiro apamwamba kwambiri a boma ali ku Washington D.C. ($17.50), pamene Georgia ndi Wyoming ali ndi ndalama zotsikirapo pa $5.15 (boma la boma lokhala ndi malamulo otsogolera ambiri). Maboma amalamuliranso maukwati: malamulo a ntchito oyenerera (tsopano m'maboma 27) oletsa maukwati kukhala mkhalidwe wa ntchito, kuwonjezera mphamvu. Occapablical feansssssss amasiyana, nawonso Massachusetts amafunikira maola 1,500 a maphunziro, pamene kuli kwakuti m'ma Alabama 750 okha amafunikira.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Ntchito

Maboma ambiri amapanga maprogramu ophunzitsa kugwirizanitsa maluso a antchito ndi ntchito zakumaloko. Mwachitsanzo, Michigan’s "Going Pro" pologalamu ya ndalama zophunzitsira antchito amene alipo, pamene California Community Community College ikupereka mapulogalamu aulere a ntchito zina kupyolera mwa "Strong Workforking Program". Maboma nawonso akupikisana ndi makampani aakulu. HQ2 ya Amazon inafufuza makampani ambirimbiri akupereka zisonkhetso za msonkho [1] njira zimene zakhala zikupendedwa. Mu 2024, makomiti a antchito a boma m'magawo monga Indiana ndi Utah akusimba malo oposa 900,000 kuphatikiza maprogramungwe ofunsira.

Kuteteza ndi Kusunga Nyumba za Anthu

Maboma amachitanso mbali yofunika kwambiri yotetezera nzika monga ogula ndi kuonetsetsa kuti anthu apeza nyumba zotetezereka, zotchipa.

Malamulo Otetezera Ogula

Maloya a boma akakamiza malamulo ambiri otetezera, kulimbana ndi chinyengo, kusakaza, ndi mabizinesi. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2023, Athorney General wa New York anasunga chigamulo pa kampani imene inasocheretsa ogulitsa zinthu m'machenjera. Maboma amagwiritsiranso ntchito "malamulo a majena" amene amatsimikizira kuti magalimoto owonongeka kapena owonongeka amasintha zinthu, ndi kukakamiza anthu kugwiritsa ntchito chidziŵitso. Consumerhocy Act (CPA) inapatsa anthu ufulu wa kudziŵa zimene makampani aumwini akusonkhanitsa ndi kuchotsa, kukhazikitsa chitsanzo chimene chinenero china chofanana ndi Colorado ndi Virginia chatsatira. Zimenezi zimayambukira kugula zinthu kwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku kuchokera ku kugula galimoto kuti agwiritsire ntchito youlutsa zinthu za anthu.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Nyumba ndi Malo

Maboma amalimbikitsa kulinganiza nyumba mwa malamulo a malo, kuyang'anira nyumba, makampani omanga, ndi makompyuta a nyumba. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, Oregon ndi California akhazikitsa malamulo olimbikitsa nyumba zokhalamo anthu ambiri. Oregon anali woyamba kuthetsa banja limodzi lokha, kulola kuti zigaŵenga m'madera onse okhala. Nyumba ya California Bill 9 imathandiza eni nyumba zawo kugawa mabomba awo ndi kumanga duplexes, kuwonjezera zopereka ku msika. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, monga Florida ndi Texas zatsekeria zaletsa malamulo a boma, akuletsa kumangidwa kwatsopano. Chotulukapo nchakuti banja ku Portland, Oregon lingakhale ndi zosankha ndi chitetezo zosiyana kuposa banja ku Jacksonville, ngakhale kuti onse aŵiriwo ali ndi malo apamwamba mu Florida.

Malamulo omanga ndi malo ena a boma amene amayambukira mwachindunji chisungiko ndi mtengo. Pambuyo pa mphepo ya mkuntho Andrew mu 1992, Florida inatengera imodzi ya malamulo okhwima kwambiri omanga m'dzikolo, kufuna mawindo otetezera ndi madenga olimbitsa. Nyumba zatsopano ku Florida zimatha kupirira mikuntho, kuchepetsa ndalama za inshuwalansi ndi kuchepetsa kuwononga [1] phindu lachindunji limene limasonyeza mmene malamulo a boma angatetezere moyo ndi katundu.

Kumaliza

Maboma amaumba moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku m’njira zambiri zooneka ndi zosaoneka: kuyambira pa mtundu wa maphunziro a mwana kufikira pa kutetezereka kwa msewu, kuchokera ku mtengo wa inshuwalansi ya umoyo kufikira ku mpweya umene timapuma. Msanganizo wapadera wa malamulo wa boma lirilonse umasonyeza mapindu ake a ndale zadziko, chuma, ndi mbiri. Monga momwe zitsanzo zikusonyezera m’nkhani ino, kusiyana pakati pa maiko sikuli kokha maphunziro . Iwo ali ndi zotulukapo zothekera kaamba ka mwaŵi, thanzi, ndi ubwino wake.

Kwa anthu okhala m’dzikolo, kuzindikira zisonkhezero zapamwamba za boma zimenezi ndizo njira yoyamba yopezera ufulu wa boma. Kusankha m'masankho, kulankhula ndi opanga malamulo a boma, ndi kutenga nawo mbali m'makutu a anthu ndizo ziŵiya zimene zingaumbe malamulo ofotokozedwa pano. M'dziko limene maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amafotokozedwa kukhala "maluso a demokrase," kufufuza kumene kungapambane kungakhale zitsanzo kwa ena. Kudziŵa mmene boma lanu limagwirira ntchito sikuli njira yamaphunziro chabe; kuli mbali yofunika ya moyo wolinganizidwa bwino m'dongosolo la boma.