Chiyambi: Mbali Yofunika Kwambiri ya Boma pa Kupita Patsogolo kwa Zinthu Zophunzitsa

Malamulo amathandiza kwambiri pa zachuma ndiponso pa moyo. Kuyambira pa misewu ndi mlatho mpaka ku madongosolo a madzi ndi mamizere opangika, malo amene amathandiza moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku kufuna kuikizira ndalama zambiri, kulinganiza kwa nthaŵi yaitali, ndi kupha. M’mayiko ambiri, udindo umenewu umagawana pa magawo osiyanasiyana a boma — boma, boma kapena chigawo, ndi dera, ndi malo akumeneko — aliyense akubweretsa mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, madongosolo a ndalama, ndi malingaliro ake. Kumvetsa mmene mipangika ya bomayi imathandizira kutukuka kwa maprojekiti, makampani, makampani, ndi anthu omwe alipo. Ndi kuchuluka kwa dziko lonse lapansi, ndalama zambiri zimafunidwa pa zaka makumi aŵiri zotsatirapo malinga ndi [FLG:]

Kumvetsa Atsogoleri Atatu a Boma Popanga Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti dongosolo lenileni la dziko limasiyanasiyana, maboma ambiri amalinganizidwa m'njira zitatu zoyambirira. chigawo chilichonse chili ndi ulamuliro wa malamulo a malamulo kapena malamulo pa mitundu ina ya zinthu zapadera, limodzinso ndi mphamvu zothandizira kupeza ndalama. Magawo a maudindo kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza kukula kwa malo, mlingo, ndi ziyambukiro za anthu a ntchitozo.

  • Boma la Fateral (Ufuko): Udindo wa madongosolo a m'mayiko, chitetezo cha dziko, ndi ntchito zazikulu zimene zimapanga malire a boma kapena a chigawo. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo misewu ya m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, njanji zapamtunda, mzera waukulu, ndi madoko aakulu.
  • Kaunti kapena Boma la chigawo: Ayang'ana pa khofi ya chigawo, mayunivesite a anthu onse, kuyang'anira za madzi, ndi malamulo a malo okhala. Machitidwe monga njira pakati pa zinthu zofunika za dziko ndi zenizeni za kumaloko.
  • Boma la kumaloko (zigawo, magawo, ma stenitor ): Amayang'anira misewu yapafupi, madzi a kumaloko ndi zimbudzi, mapaki, makampani oyendera anthu onse, ndi malo a anthu. Mlingo umenewu ndi woyandikana kwambiri ndi anthu okhalamo ndi mabizinesi, kupangitsa ziwonedwe za zosoŵa za kumaloko kukhala zofufuza modetsa nkhaŵa.

Kuphatikiza zinthu zimenezi kumasonyeza mmene ntchitozo zimayendera mofulumira kuchokera pa mfundo inayake mpaka kumalizidwa, mmene ndalama zimagwiritsidwira ntchito bwino, ndiponso ngati zinthu zofunika m’deralo zikukwaniritsa zofunika za anthu osiyanasiyana.

Boma Ladziko: Ndalama Zambiri, Chithunzi Chachikulu

Boma la dzikolo limapereka magwero aakulu koposa a ntchito zazikulu za maziko. Mbali yake si kungolemba chabe; limakhazikitsa malangizo apadera kupyolera m'malamulo, malamulo, ndi miyezo ya dziko. Mu United States, Ifrastture Informationmentation ndi Jobs Act (IJA) ya 201 yoperekedwa $1 thililiyoni [$.2] zaka zoposa zisanu, kugogomezera kudzipereka kwa boma kumanganso misewu, mabwalo amadzi, ndi migwirizano ya manambala. Maprogramu amodzi aakulu aku Canada (Inved Plan Plan) ndi European Union (Unicty).

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makina pa Ntchito Yothandiza Anthu

Kuyenda kwa madola ambiri kupyolera m’chisanganizo cha zida zolinganizidwa kuyambitsa boma ndi kachitidwe ka kumaloko pamene akutsimikizira zinthu zofunika za dziko kukukwaniritsidwa:

  • Mapangano: Kuphatikiza ndi kupereka zofunikira zapadera zozikidwa pa njira, zonga ngati BuILD ya zoyendera zapatsogolo kapena TIGER ya zomangamanga zatsopano. Zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna ndalama zofanana kuchokera ku mlingo wotsika.
  • Loya ndi Thandizo la Kuwombola: Programu zonga Infraformation Makedzana ndi Innovation Act (TITUA) imapereka ngongole zowonedwa ndi ngongole zotsimikizira [, kukopa ndalama za boma kukopa likulu la boma.
  • Tax Incentives: Kuchotsa msonkho wa boma, kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama, ndi ngongole za mabizinesi obwezeretsedwa zamagetsi zimachepetsa mtengo wa malikulu a boma ndi maboma akwawo ndi antchito anzawo apawo.

Kuyang’anira ndi Kulamulira

Boma la boma limakhazikitsa "malamulo a msewu" kaamba ka kupangidwa kwa maziko a zinthu. Izi zimaphatikizapo:

  • [[MLT:0] Kufufuza kwamphamvu pansi pa National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) kapena malamulo ofanana m'maiko ena.
  • Miyezo ya Santifi [[FLT :1] ya misewu, mapaipi, ndege, ndi njanji (m' lekuatiso, Federal Highway Administration).
  • Ziyeneretso zachinsinsi zonga malamulo a malipiro ofala ndi "Gula America" zopereka zimene zinalamulira kugwiritsira ntchito zopangira zinthu zapanyumba.

Mabungwe a boma monga Dipatimenti ya Zoyendera ku United States, Army Corps of Engineers, ndi Environmental Protection Agency amachita mbali yaikulu polola ndi kuchirikiza ndalama.

Boma la Boma: Anthu Okhala M’madera Apakati Otchuka

Boma kapena maboma a m'madera ena amagwira ntchito monga mlatho pakati pa zofuna za boma ndi zosoŵa za kumaloko. Iwo ali ndi thayo la kulinganiza ndi kuyang'anira madongosolo amene amagwirizanitsa anthu m’malire awo, monga misewu ya boma, madongosolo a zamalonda a anthu onse, ndi ntchito za madzi. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi kulinganiza kwa bajeti, kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira monga ogwiritsira ntchito oyambirira a maprogramu a boma.

Kugwirizana ndi Maprogramu a Federal

Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera (DOT) ndi mabungwe ena ofanana nawo nthaŵi zonse amafunsira ndalama za boma ndipo amaonetsetsa kuti ntchito za m’dzikolo zikugwirizana ndi njira za dziko.

  • Kuyambitsa Statedial Transportation Plan (STIP) [1] imene imaika ntchito patsogolo zaka zinayi.
  • Kuyang'anira ndalama za misewu yapamsewu ndi kuzigaŵira ku maboma akwawo chifukwa cha anthu, ulendo wa pamsewu, ndi kusoŵa.
  • Kusintha malamulo a dziko ndi chitetezo kuti agwirizane ndi mikhalidwe ya kumaloko, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera m’zochitika zopenda malo okhala za mlingo wa boma.

Kumene Boma Linachokera Malipiro a Pansi

Kupyola pa kusamutsidwa kwa boma, maboma amapanga ndalama kaamba ka maziko a zinthu kupyolera:

  • Msonkho wa magetsi [[FL:0] — magwero amwambo, ngakhale kuti amatsika ndi kulera galimoto yamagetsi ndi kuyendetsa bwino mafuta.
  • Makope ogwirizana — thayo lachisawawa kapena zomangira za ndalama zochirikizidwa ndi misonkho yopatulidwa kapena ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito (mphindi., ndalama).
  • Public-Private Pionsues [3] , kumene oikizira aumwini amapanga, kumanga, kukonza ndalama, kugwira ntchito, ndi kusungitsa ntchito posinthanitsa ndi mitsinje ya ndalama ya nthaŵi yaitali.
  • Maseŵero ndi kuchulukana kwa zinthu pa makosi aakulu kuti athe kufunafuna ndi kupanga ndalama.

Maboma alinso ndi ulamuliro wa kukweza misonkho kapena kukhazikitsa ndalama zatsopano, kuwapangitsa kukhala achangu kwambiri kuposa boma la boma pothandiza ku zosoŵa za chigawo. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri agwiritsira ntchito [[FLT: 0] msonkho wa chisudzo m'zaka zaposachedwapa ku kutsekera mipata ya zachuma.

Boma Lakumeneko: Kupereka Malangizo Amene Anthu Amakhala

Maboma akomweko — mizinda, matauni, ndi zigawo zapadera — ali patsogolo pa kuperekedwa kwa zinthu zapadera. Amayang’anira madongosolo amene nzika zimachita ndi tsiku ndi tsiku: misewu ya kumaloko, njira zapamsewu, magetsi a m’khwalala, madzi ndi zinyalala, zosungira zinyalala, mapaki, ndi nyumba za anthu. Chifukwa chakuti ali pafupi ndi chitaganya, maboma a m’deralo ali malo abwino koposa kupenda ndi kutsimikizira maprojekiti akusonyeza zinthu zofunika za kumaloko.

Anthu Amafunikira Kupenda ndi Kukhazikitsa

Akuluakulu a boma amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera zinthu monga:

  • Madongosolo oyendetsera zinthu amene amayendera misewu, mapaipi, ndi zipangizo.
  • Kufufuza kwa tauni ndi maholo a tauni kuti muone zinthu zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu okhalamo (m’chitsanzo, kukonza njira zapansi pa msewu. njira zatsopano za njinga).
  • Kusintha ndi kulinganiza malo [[FL:1] yogwirizana ndi madefa omanga ndi kukonza.

Malo osungirako zinthu a kuderali ndi monga kukonzanso misewu, kutulutsa madzi osefukira, kukonza malo opangira mankhwala atsopano, ndi kumanga malo osungirako anthu kapena malo osungirako zinthu.

Zida Zothandizira Kupeza Ndalama

Maboma a m’dzikolo amadalira msonkho wochepa kwambiri kuposa boma kapena boma, choncho ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito msanganizo wa zinthu zimene zaperekedwa:

  • [[MFUNDO:0] Msonkho wokwanira [ — magwero a ndalama ofala koposa, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ndalama zenizeni zolipiridwa kaamba ka mapaki kapena malaibulale.
  • Msonkho wa malonda wa kumaloko , mizinda yambiri ndi mabala ake a levy senti yowonjezereka kapena chigawo cha senti ya zoyendera kapena kuwongolera za zamagetsi.
  • Kufufuza kwapadera — kulipira zinthu zimene zimapindula mwachindunji ndi ntchito, monga ndandanda yatsopano ya zimbudzi kapena chigawo cha magetsi cha m’khwalala.
  • [[ML:0] Ndalama zovomerezeka [[[FL:1] , ndalama zimene zimagulitsidwa pa kupangidwa kwatsopano kuti zithandize kulipirira katundu wa zamaziko owonjezereka.
  • Osintha kuchokera ku maprogramu a boma ndi a boma — mpikisano ndi njira zoperekera nzofunika kwambiri pa ntchito zazikulu zoposa mphamvu ya kumaloko.

Mosasamala kanthu za zida zimenezi, maboma ambiri akuyang'anizana ndi kusasamalidwa kokhazikika, kotsogolera ku madongosolo osungitsa ndi ukalamba. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) akusimba kuti misewu ya U.S. yokha ikufuna $228 biliyoni [$] pachaka, pamene kuli kwakuti ndalama zimene zikuwonongedwa tsopano n’zotsika kwambiri.

Kuthandiza Anthu Ogwira Ntchito M’mayiko Ena: Kugwira Ntchito

Ntchito zikuluzikulu za maziko ndi zochepa kwambiri zimene zimayendetsedwa ndi boma limodzi.

Kupereka Ndalama Zothandiza Pamodzi ndi Kugaŵana Mtengo

Zinthu zikuluzikulu monga kulumikizana kwa m’misewu yatsopano, sitima zapamtunda, kapena malo ochotsera madzi, zimaphatikizapo zopereka za m’mizere itatu yonseyi.

  • Fakitale: kufika ku 80% ya misewu ya m'chigawo chakunja pansi pa maprogramu amwambo.
  • State imagawana:[[FLT ] 10-20% kuchokera ku ndalama za boma za zoyendera kapena zomangira.
  • Awo a malo apafupi: [[FLT :1] 5-15% kuchokera ku misonkho ya kumaloko kapena zopereka za mtundu wina monga za njira yamanja.

Chitsanzo cha mtengo wokulira chimenechi chimafalitsa katundu wa ndalama pamene akupatsa mlingo uliwonse mtengo m'chipambano cha ntchito. Chimalimbikitsanso chilango, monga momwe maboma akumaloko ayenera kusonyezera chichirikizo cha chitaganya ndi kufunitsitsa kusungitsa ndalama zofanana.

Mabungwe Olinganiza Madera

Mu United States, Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOS) imasonkhanitsa maboma a kumalo ndi mabungwe a boma m’madera a mizinda kulinganiza ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu m’madera ena. Ma MPOS amatsimikizira kuti ntchito zoyendera m'madera onse n’zogwirizana ndi kuti ndalama za boma zimaperekedwa motsatira zinthu zofunika kwambiri za m'moyo. Mabungwe ofananawo alipo m’mayiko ena, monga mabungwe opititsa patsogolo ntchito m'dziko ku UK kapena [FLT:].

Kugaŵana Chidziŵitso ndi Kusintha kwa Zidziŵitso

Maboma akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mapulatifomu otsegulira zinthu, mapulogalamu a malo osiyanasiyana (GIS), ndi mapulojekiti ogwirizana kuti alinganize ndandanda, ndalama zogwiritsa ntchito mzera, ndi kuyang'anira. Mwachitsanzo:

  • Malo osungiramo zinthu zofufuzira a mlatho woyendera kulola ma DOT a boma ndi mainjiniya a m'deralo kukonzanso zinthu.
  • Kuthamanga kwa magetsi kupyola m'madongosolo a pa windo limodzi kumachepetsa kuchedwa kwa ntchito yomanga.
  • Magawo olinganiza ophatikizapo boma, boma, ndi akuluakulu a boma kuchiyambiyambi kwa ntchitoyo angachinjirize mikangano ya malo okhala kapena ziyambukiro za chitaganya.

Mavuto Aakulu pa Kukula kwa Zinthu Zochuluka

Ngakhale kuti pali ubwino wochita zinthu mogwirizana ndi boma, pali mavuto ena amene angabweretse chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri sagwirizana.

Kupeza Malipiro ndi Malonda

Ngakhale kuti boma limawononga ndalama zambiri, ntchito zambiri zimalephera. Kuchepa kwa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito za ndalama, pamene mayiko angasokoneze ntchito zanthaŵi yaitali.

  • Kufufuza mwa kukonzanso ndalama monga kulanda mtengo (ndalama za ndalama, kupenda kwapadera pa masiteshoni atsopano a thumwi).
  • Kumanga [[MTL:0] Ndalama zoikizira zimene zimatetezera zitseko ku mabomba a bajeti a chaka ndi chaka.
  • Kukweza kuzindikira kwa anthu mwa ndawala zimene zimagogomezera mtengo wa ndalama wa kuchepa kwa zinthu — mwachitsanzo, khadi la ASCE la zomangamanga za America.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo ndi Kuchedwa

Kupenda malo okhala, zofunika za kusungidwa kwa m'mbiri, ndi zivomerezo zogwirizana zingatenge zaka, makamaka pa ntchito zazikulu. Pa avareji ya pulojekiti ya misewu ya U.S. imafunikira zaka 7-10 kuchokera ku kukonzekera kufikira kumapeto, ndi njira zoŵerengera mbali yaikulu. Masinthidwe onga:

  • Programmes zofufuza malo okhala [ zimene zimakhudza ntchito zambiri zofanana.
  • Chigamulo chimodzi cha boma chimene chimalola mabungwe onse.
  • Woyambitsa pangano la ukwati wapasadakhale kuthetsa nkhaŵa zisanawonedwe.

Njira zimenezi zingachepetsere nthaŵi yochitira zinthu zachilengedwe ndi za anthu.

Kugaŵanika kwa Ndale ndi Kugawanikana

Ntchito zokonza zinthu zimene anthu amatsutsa kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsutsidwa ndi anthu amene amaopa kusokonezeka kwa malo okhala, kuwonongeka kwa malo, kapena kuwonongeka kwa katundu. Ngati mayiko osiyanasiyana akukhudzidwa, zotsatirapo za "Ibe in My Backyard" (NIMBY) zingathetse ngakhale ntchito zoyendetsedwa ndi ndalama. Kugonjetsa zimenezi kumafuna:

  • Kutseguka kwa chitaganya [1] ndi kupanga zosankha zooneka.
  • Programu zosamalira zonga ngati ziŵiya za malo olembetsera kapena chitaganya chophatikizidwa m'makonzedwe a ntchito.
  • Kuyankha kodziimira kwa mwini [1] pamene mikangano ibuka pakati pa mayanjano a boma.

Njira Zolowera Zatsopano ndi Tsogolo la Malamulo Okonzedwa ndi Boma

Pamene bajeti ya boma ipitirizabe kuponderezedwa ndipo ikufunika kuwonjezeka, njira zopangira zinthu zikuchuluka kwambiri.

Kugwirizana kwa Anthu Onse (P3s)

Ma P3 amalola maboma kupeza ndalama ndi ukatswiri waumwini posungabe kukhala ndi anthu ndiponso kuyang'anira. Zotsatira zake ndizo mapangano opanga ndi kumanga ndi kugwira ntchito (DBFOM) kumene mnzakeyo amaikapo ngozi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Mapindu akuphatikizapo:

  • Ntchito yopereka uthengayi inasintha kwambiri.
  • Kuchotsa ndalama zowonongedwa mopambanitsa.
  • Kukonzanso kapangidwe ndi zinthu zopangidwa.

Bank ya World Knowledge Lab imapereka zitsanzo kuchokera ku dziko lonse lapansi, kuyambira misewu ya chiwombankhanga ku Colombia mpaka mankhwala a madzi ku India.

Kugwira ndi Kuwongolera Makhalidwe Abwino

Kuthandiza anthu kupeza ndalama zothandizira kumanga nyumba zamakono popanga ndalama zambiri zowonjezera katundu zimene zimabwera chifukwa cha bizinesiyo.

  • Kusintha kwa ndalama (TIFF) . . . . . . . . kukwera kwa msonkho wa katundu m'tsogolo m'chigawo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kubwezera zomangira zoperekedwa kaamba ka kumanga.
  • Kukula kwa TOD [1] — kumanga ndi kulipirira pa masiteshoni atsopano a thumwi zimathandiza kusungitsa masiteshoniwo okha.
  • Ndalama zofunikira pa chitukuko chatsopano kutsimikizira kukula kulipirira kaamba ka maziko ake.

Malo Opangira Makompyuta ndi Mizinda Yanzeru

Maboma onse akuika ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu zamagetsi monga kuchuluka kwa nthambo zamagetsi ndi zipangizo zoyendera m’magalimoto, m’ndege, ndiponso m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Malo oyendetsera zinthu angachepetse ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, makampani aluso oyendetsa galimoto (ITS) omwe boma limayendetsa angasinthe zizindikiro za magalimoto m’nthaŵi yeniyeni, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa magalimoto popanda kuwonjezera mphamvu ya misewu.

Kumaliza: Kufunika kwa Njira Yoyendera Njira Zosiyanasiyana

Kusintha zinthu sikuli ntchito ya boma limodzi. Olamulira a boma, boma, ndi maboma a kumaloko amodzi amabweretsa ntchito zofunika: ndalama ndi malangizo a boma, kugwirizana ndi kulinganiza kwa dziko ndi madera, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa malo ndi kugwirizana kwa madera. Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zimachitika pamene milingo imeneyi ikugwira ntchito mogwirizana, kugaŵana chidziŵitso, kulinganiza zinthu zofunika, ndi kuyang'anira ngozi. Kwa nzika ndi osunga ndalama, kumvetsetsa filimuyi ndi sitepi yoyamba yochirikiza kulemera kwa mphamvu yamphamvu, maziko olimba kwambiri. Pamene kusintha kwa nyengo, kuwonjezeka kwa anthu, ndi kusintha kwa tekinoloji kukukula, kukhoza kwa maboma kugwirizana mokhutiritsa kudzakhala chinthu chogamula kuti kaya dongosolo lathu la osunga zinthu zikwane ndi kukwaniritsa zosoŵa za mbadwo wotsatira.