Madongosolo a osankhidwa andale a gulu limodzi, omwe kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa kuti apatani amodzi kapena kuchuluka kwa madongosolo andale, amasonkhezera mwamphamvu chiŵerengero ndi khalidwe la zipani zandale mkati mwa demokrase. Madongosolo ameneŵa amasumika maganizo pa kuchirikiza kosankhidwa pa magulu andale apadera aŵiri, kukhazikitsa boma limodzi lokhazikika, koma angapangenso madongosolo aang'onoang'ono ndi kupanga zitokoso zazikulu pa madongosolo osiyanasiyana. Kumvetsetsa malamulo ogwirizanitsa ndi malamulo andale nkofunika kugwirizanitsa kugwira ntchito kwa ma democracy ndi kuyang'anira kusintha kwa masinthidwe. Nkhaniyi imapenda mmene madongosolo aakulu a madongosolo aŵiri ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana amapangira mphamvu, kupenda ponse paŵiri mapindu ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana ndi a malonda.

Kodi Njira Zothandiza Anthu Ambiri N’zotani?

Madongosolo a osankhira anapangidwa kutulutsa wopambana wowonekera bwino m'chigawo chilichonse cha voti. Lamulo lawo lalikulu nlakuti wobatizidwa kapena chipani cha kulandira mavoti ochuluka kwambiri . Chigamulo chofala kwambiri ndi Past Post (FPTP) [1], yogwiritsiridwa ntchito mu United Kingdom, United States, Canada, ndi India, pakati pa ena. Pansi pa FPPPP, covotation imaponya voti imodzi ya wofunsira pa mavotiwo; wogwirizana ndi ovota ambiri apambana, mosasamala kanthu kuti afikire 50%.

Mtundu wina wapadera ndiwo dongosolo lachiŵiri lozungulira . Zimenezi zimatsimikizira wopambanayo kukhala ndi chichirikizo cha ambiri, makamaka kwa amene amavotera mu chisankho. Masinthidwe ena amaphatikizapo voti ina (AV), kumene ofunsira ndi malo omalizira amachotsedwa kufikira mmodzi wa anthu ambiri. Madongosolo onse aakulu amagwirizana ndi zotsatira: iwo amachirikiza gulu lalikulu la anthu pansi pa dziko lapansi ndi laling'ono.

Madongosolo a osankhidwa amasiyanitsa kwambiri ndi madongosolo a kuimira (PR), amene amaika mipando mogwirizana ndi mavoti a oimira. PR imapanga nyumba za malamulo ndi zipani zambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri imafunikira maboma ogwirizana. Mabanja aŵiri ameneŵa a dongosolo losankha ndiwo chimodzi mwa zosankha za dongosolo la demokrase zimene zingapange, kusonkhezera mwachindunji chiŵerengero cha magulu opambana, mtundu wa mabungwe a boma, ndi kukhazikika kwa dongosolo la ndale zadziko.

Kumvetsa chifukwa chake madongosolo a kapitawo amapanga mwamphamvu kwambiri, timatembenukira ku nthanthi yokhazikitsidwa bwino m'sayansi yandale: lamulo la Duverger, limene limatchula kuti malamulo a m'mitundu yambiri amapanga ndi kuchirikiza dongosolo la mbali ziŵiri. Lamulo limeneli lili ndi njira ziŵiri: chiyambukiro cha makina ndi chiyambukiro cha maganizo.

Kugwirizana Pakati pa Madongosolo Aakulu ndi Madongosolo Aŵiri

Triverger’s la lamulo, lopangidwa ndi katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha ku France Maurice Duverger mu 1950, limafotokoza mphamvu yamphamvu ya mphamvu yokoka ya madongosolo a apamwamba ku Bipartist. mphamvu yapadera yapadera ndi yomveka: m'chigawo chimodzi chogwiritsira ntchito lamulo lachidule, kungotsogolera chivoti chapamwamba. Gulu limene limatsata nthaŵi zonse mbali zitatu kapena zotsika m’madera ambiri lidzapambana ngati mipando ina iliyonse, mosasamala kanthu za kugawana kwake. Kupotopetsa kumeneku kumaletsa kuvota kwawo “” pa gulu laling'ono lomwe silingathe kupambana, kutsogolera [FOct: FF:] chiyambukiro chapamwamba [FF:]: kupambana bwino kwambiri ngati mipando yosagwirizana ndi kugawa kwa anthu aŵiri otsutsa.

Chotulukapo cha mademokrase ambiri okhazikitsidwa chiri dongosolo lokhazikika la magawo aŵiri kumene magulu aŵiri aakulu amasinthana mu ulamuliro, aliyense wokhoza kupanga boma limodzi popanda kufunikira mgwirizano. Chilungamo chimenechi chimatamandidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kaamba ka kumvekera kwake ndi kuŵerengera: ovota amadziŵa bwino lomwe kuti ndi liti limene liri ndi thayo la malamulo, ndipo masankho akupereka malamulo omveka bwino. United Kingdom ndi United States ndi zitsanzo zazikulu za UK, ma Conservative ndi Labour akhala akulamulira kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, ngakhale kuti masankhoti aposachedwapa aona kukwera kwa Liberal Decrates ndi Scotland National, mbali yake chifukwa cha devolusion ndi kugawa kwa dziko la United States. Mapanganowa ali ndi chimodzi a dongosolo la mbali ziŵiri zokhazikika za dziko lonse la Decrat Republic ndi Reuganda ndi Republicration .

Umboni wa Maulosi Ofala

Kuyang'ana ku UK , FPP yakhala ikutulutsa maboma ambiri amodzi. Kuyambira 1945, masankho ochepa okha ndiwo achititsa nyumba ya malamulo yopachikidwa . posachedwapa mu 2010, yomwe inatsogolera ku mgwirizano pakati pa Conservatives ndi Liberal Democrates . Mabungwewo anali okhazikika, koma anali osiyana kwambiri. Dongosolo la United States limachititsa mfundo imeneyi ngakhale: Kupambana ndi kupambana mpikisano wa Elctoral College, ndipo madera a bungwe la Communional amakocheza kuti atulutse mipando yabwino ya gulu limodzi. Ogwirizana apadera monga Ros Ros Perot kapena Ralpher Nader sanapezepo chisankhoti, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amachita zinthu monga otola, olanda, ndi otulutsa chivoti chimodzi.

India, madongosolo amphamvu a zipani za dziko lonse, amalamulira, ndipo amagwiritsira ntchito FPP , komabe alibe dongosolo lokhazikika la mbali ziŵiri pamlingo wa dziko. Nchifukwa ninji? Kusiyanasiyana kwa zinenero , fuko, chigawo cha chigawo cha , . m'mayiko ambiri, zipani za m'madera ambiri, zimakambirana ndi zipani za mayiko. Dongosolo la gulu la mayikolo lasintha kuchokera pa gulu limodzi (Konrane) kupita ku mpikisano wamitundu yambiri ndi chipani cha Bharaya Janiya (BJP) ndi bungwe la Indian National Congress monga zazikulu ziŵiri, koma mipando ina yambiri. Indiya imasonyeza kuti malamulo aakulu sakhazikitsa dongosolo lapadera pamene chigawo chachikulu chachigawo chachikulu chiwo.

Canada limaperekanso nkhani ina yofunika. FPP yachititsa maboma ambiri ocheperapo . Posachedwapa, maboma a Liberal mu 2019 ndi 2021. Magulu achigawo onga Bloc Québécois ndi New Democratic Party (NDP) amakula bwino m'zinsi zao. Dongosolo la Canada la magawo limafotokozedwa kukhala “aŵiri ndi theka” kapena ngakhale“ m'magawo a" pamlingo wa boma, ngakhale kuti lamulo lapamwamba la chisankho ndilo likulu. Zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti lamulo la Duverger ndilo chikhoterero, osati lamulo lachitsulo. Zifukwa zonga boma, coyanja anthu, ndi makhalidwe abwino angalole mapulozetsati ambiri kupitirizabe kupikisana. Komabe, ngakhale ndi zigamu za anthu aŵiri omwe ali ndi otchuka kwambiri.

Mapindu Okhazikika a Madongosolo Aŵiri Okhala Pansi pa Malamulo Aakulu

Ochirikiza madongosolo aakulu, makamaka m'mwambo wa Anglo - America, amanena kuti dongosolo la mbali ziŵiri lotulukapo limapereka mapindu owonekera bwino m'chigwirizano cha ndale zadziko. Phindu lotchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndilo kupangidwa kwa kwa maboma ambiri amodzi [. Maboma otero angapatsire malamulo mofulumira, ali ndi mlandu kwa ovota, ndipo safuna mapangano a mgwirizano osalimba amene angagwe pakati pa madzulo. Kutsimikiza kumeneku kumaonedwa kukhala kofunika kwambiri m'nthaŵi zamavuto, monga ngati kutsika kwa chuma kapena ziwopsezo za dziko.

Chachiŵiri, madongosolo aakulu amapanga malamulo a magetsi oonekera bwino. Osankha gulu lokhala ndi pulatifomu yolongosoka, ndipo gululo lingapereke chilolezo cha kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zake. M'madongosolo ambiri, maboma ogwirizana kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga malamulo osokoneza malonjezo oyambirira a magulu, kupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa ovota kupereka ngongole kapena mlandu.

Chachitatu, magawo aŵiri amasankha ovota. Mmalo mogwiritsa ntchito mbali zosiyanasiyana za zipani zazing'ono, ovota amasankha kaŵiri (kapena kusankha kotsatira koopsa). Zimenezi zingawonjezere kutembenuka ndi kuchepetsa vuto la kuzindikira kwa nzika, makamaka m'madongosolo oyambirira a malemba kumene “kusankha kwachidziŵikire” kumakhala kosavuta: kuvotera ang'onoang'ono mwa aŵiri aakulu ofunsira.

Pomalizira, madongosolo a akulu agwirizanitsidwa ndi kugaŵikana kwa boma. Mapangano a zachuma m’madongosolo a PR angakhale osakhazikika, makamaka pamene aphatikizapo anzawo a m’miyambo. Kugwa kwa boma la mgwirizano kungakakamize masankho atsopano, kuchititsa nyengo za kusatsimikizirika kwa ndale zadziko. Pansi pa kukayikira kwa boma, boma limene lataya chitsimikiziro lingaloŵedwe mwachindunji ndi chitsutso, kapena masankhoti atsopano angabwezeretse kulinganiza kwa [1] Nthaŵi zambiri ndi kusokonezeka pang'ono kwa mkulu wa ntchito.

Maboma monga United Kingdom ndi United States akhala ndi nthaŵi yaitali ya boma lodalirika, lokhala ndi ulamuliro woonekeratu. Komabe, kukhazikika kumeneko kumabwera pamtengo wotsika: kuimira mawu ochepa ndi kukhazikitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Mavuto a Malamulo Ochuluka a Magulu Amitundu Yosiyanasiyana

Pamene dongosolo la osankhidwa lalikulu ligwiritsiridwa ntchito ku chitaganya chokhala ndi mavoti ambiri, kupitirizabe kwa mavoti monga ngati mtundu, chinenero, kapena magawo achipembedzo . Zotulukapo zake zingakhale zovuta. Vuto loyamba lalikulu ndilo kupambana pa 10 76% ya voti koma kupeza malo ochepa okha. M'chaka cha 2015 chisankho, UK communvolve (UIP) chikhoza kupambana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Liberal Democrates mu UK kaŵirikaŵiri amapambana pa zigamu za dzikolo zokwana 56. Anthu ambiri sangakhale ndi chikhulupiriro kuti andale.

Chachiŵiri, malamulo aakulu angapereke kusiyana kwa ndale zadziko kotsenderezedwa. Mwakupereka chilango zipani zazing'ono, iwo amachepetsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana oimiridwa m'nyumba ya malamulo. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku dongosolo la ndale zadziko limene lingathetse nkhaŵa za anthu ochepa, kuyambira kwa mafuko kufikira kwa akatswiri a malo okhala kufikira kwa otsutsa otsutsa kuyambika kwa mapologalamu. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, magulu ochotsedwa angatembenukire ku zitsutso zowonjezereka kapena ngakhale chiwawa, kulepheretsa bata m’nthaŵi yaitali.

Chachitatu, madongosolo aakulu angapangitse anthu kumanga malo awo opatulidwa [1] Ngati aŵiri okha ali ndi mwayi weniweni wa kupambana, iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito njira za ma aversarial, zero-sum. Kupambana kumayambitsa magulu amphamvu kuti akonze malo awo mmalo mofuna kugwirizana kokulira, kutsogolera ku kutsendereza ndi kukangana koŵaŵa kwaposachedwapa kwa United States. Kusintha kumeneku kungachititse boma kukhala lopanda mphamvu, mosasamala kanthu za kukhazikika kwa lamulo limodzi.

Chachinayi, mgwirizano wamitundu yambiri umene umapangidwa ndi malamulo aakulu . Nthaŵi zambiri monga maboma ochepa kapena monga mgwirizano wamwambo pambuyo pa nyumba ya malamulo yopachikidwa . "osakhazikika]. Chifukwa chakuti dongosolo losandutsa mapangano silinapangidwe, amasonkhanitsidwa mosoŵa mmalo mwa mwambo. Ku Canada, maboma ochepa ali ofala koma a moyo waufupi, otha chaka chimodzi kapena aŵiri chisawawawakire chisankho chatsopano. Ku UK, 2010-20 inali njira yosiyana ndi imene inafunikira kukambirana mosamalitsa; adagwirizana ndi nyengo yonseyo, koma anali ndi mwambo wa PR. , monga momwe dziko la Germany lakulitsira, kapena mapangano atsopanowo (amene amagwirizana ndi Netherlands).

Nkhani za Majeretari Osiyanasiyana

Mademokrase angapo okhazikitsidwa amagwiritsira ntchito madongosolo aakulu koma ali ndi madongosolo osiyanasiyana. Kusanthula kachitidwe kawo kumavumbula kusagwirizana pakati pa malamulo osankhidwa ndi bata la ndale zadziko.

Canada . Chiyambire 2004, chisankho chilichonse chakhala ndi FPTP . Dzikolo limawona nthaŵi zonse magulu anayi kapena asanu osankhidwa ku Nyumba ya Malamulo: Liberal, Conservatives , NDP, Bloc Québébécois , ndi nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi Greens. Chiyambire 2004, chisankho chilichonse cha boma chapanga kaboma kochepa kapena kagulu, kusiyapo 2011 pamene ma Conservativeid apambana ochuluka. Nyumba za malamulo za kaŵiri zakhala zikutsogolera ku maboma afupiafupi, ndi nyumba zachikatikati zaka pafupifupi 1,6 kuchokera pa 2004 ndi 2019. Kusintha kumeneku kumasiyana ndi chiphunzitso chakuti boma lalikulu limatulutsa boma lokhazikika. Komabe, dziko la Canada, ngakhale ndi mabungwe andale alephera kuyendetsa mavuto a maboma ena ambiri; malamulo alepherabe kuyendera limodzi ndi malamulo enieni.

Indiya njodabwitsa kwambiri. Kuyambira 1989, maboma a mgwirizano akhala amwambo pa mlingo wa boma, kaŵirikaŵiri kuphatikizapo zipani khumi ndi ziŵiri kapena kuposa. Ochuluka a BJP adapambana mu 2014 anali oyamba ndi gulu limodzi kuyambira 1984. . Komiti ya India ya FPPP yapanga zipambano zotsutsirapo kwambiri; chitsanzo, mu 2014, BJP inapata 31% ya mavoti koma 52% a mipando. Pamene kuli kwakuti mapangano a India akhala okhazikika [1] 1999-2004 National Democratic Alliances adatenga mawu ake onse ndi zochitika zapansi. Njira yaikulu, yogwirizana ndi ya Indiya, yagwirizana ndi dongosolo la ndale, yalolanso kufalikira kwa magulu angapo, koma yachitukulidwa ndi kuchirikiza kuyendetsa ntchito kwake kothandiza kwambiri.

France imagwiritsira ntchito njira ziŵiri zamphamvu za bungwe lake la National Assembly . Dongosolo limeneli kaŵirikaŵiri limatulutsa mbali yaikulu ya dziko limodzi, koma likhozanso kutulutsa nyumba ya malamulo yogaŵikana pamene palibe kugwirizana kokhazikika. Chisankho cha 2022 chinayambitsa nyumba ya malamulo yopachikidwa yokhala ndi magawo atatu, Presidentint Nicton, ndi sixtist NUPES, ndi kumbali yapamwamba ya National Rly=none. Boma lotulukapo liyenera kukambirana lamulo lililonse, lotsogolera ku malamulo ndi kuyendetsa ntchito. Falansa imawonjezera kucholoŵana kwa nthaŵi zambiri, monga momwe pulezidenti akulamulira kuti athandize kuyendetsa zinthu koma aungwe. Zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti ngakhale dongosolo lalikulu la dzikolo silikuchirikiza kusungidwa kwa boma limodzi, pamene boma landale lasinthasintha kwambiri.

Kulinganiza Kukhazikika ndi Kuimira: Kusintha ndi Masinthidwe Omwe Ali Oloŵapo

Mkangano pakati pa madongosolo aakulu ndi olinganiza kaŵirikaŵiri umaikidwa monga malonda a kuchoka pakati pa kukhazikika (boma la pulojekiti) ndi kuimira (kusintha malingaliro osiyanasiyana). Komabe, kulinganiza kungachepetse mbali zolakwika za kutsogolera zinthu ndi kusunga mapindu ake. Masinthidwe angapo apangidwa kapena kuchitidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana.

. MEXITED-metarianism (MMMM) , madongosolo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Japan, South Korea, ndi Mexico, amaphatikiza madera amodzi okhala ndi mipando yolinganizika kapena mipando yotsagana. MMM, mipikisano yofanana ndi ya chigawo cha chigawo cha Democratic ndi Democratic Party, , chotero dongosololo limalolanso magawo ena aakulu. Koma limalola zigawo zazing'ono kupambana mipando ina, kupereka umboni wowonjezereka. MMMM, woyambitsidwa mu 1994, inachititsa mpikisano wina wofanana ndi wachiŵiri pakati pa chigawo cha Democratic ndi Ddemocratic, koma ndi gulu lachitatu limene lilipobe.

Voti ya alternative , ndi njira yapamwamba yothandizira anthu amene apambana. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Australia ku Nyumba ya Oimira. AV imachepetsa kugaŵikana ndi kulimbikitsa ofunsira kukopa kupyola maziko awo, imene imachepetsa kukhazikika kwa malo. Australia yasunga dongosolo lapadera la mbali ziŵiri lolamulidwa ndi bungwe la Liberal- Unival ndi Gulu la Antchito, ndi Greens yokhala ndi mipando yochepa. AV kaŵirikaŵiri imaonedwa monga njira yaikulu yochitira chisankho chimene chili choyenera kuposa FTP, ngakhale kuti idakali pansi pa zigawo zazikulu.

Maseŵero apamwamba [[FLT :1] m'madongosolo a PR angachepetse chiŵerengero cha mapani, kuwongolera uyang'aniro. Germany ali ndi 5% ya malo a Bundestag, amene asunga zigawo zakuya ndi zakumanja kwa zaka makumi ambiri (Malo Oloŵera A Germany anadutsa chitseko chimenecho mu 2017).

Kusintha kwina ndi malamulo a zachuma . Ngakhale pansi pa malamulo aakulu, maiko angatenge machitachita amene amapanga maboma ochepa kapena ogwirizana kukhala okhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, mapangano ogwirizana, mapangano otsogolera osankhidwa ndi maudindo oonekeratu, ndi mavoti ochirikiza opanda chidaliro (kukhazikitsa boma lina lokonzekera kukhala lokonzekera) angachepetse upandu wa kugwetsedwa kwa boma. Canada ndi UK angatenge njira zowongolera ngati palibe gulu limodzi limene lingapeze chitukuko.

Kusankha dongosolo la osankhidwa kumadalira pa nkhani ya mbiri ya dziko, mayanjano a anthu, ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale. Kulibe kulinganiza kwakukulu kwa zinthu. Monga momwe wasayansi wandale zadziko Arend Lijphart anachirikizira mu mademocracy , kuvomereza mademokrase (kaŵirikaŵiri]) (kugwiritsira ntchito PR) kumafuna kukhala ndi zochuluka, zokoma, malamulo ofeŵa, pamene kuli kwakuti Westminsteriter Divisiongacy igogomezera kukhutiritsa ndi kubwezera mlandu. Kukhazikika kwa dongosolo la dongosolo sikuli ntchito ya malamulo ake osankhidwiratu; kumadaliranso pa unansi wa pakati pa magulu, mphamvu ya anthu, ndi malamulo a anthu.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo a osankho aakulu ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu pa kukhazikika kwa madongosolo a zipani. Amalimbikitsa kwambiri kubuka kwa madongosolo aŵiri a magawo, amene angatulutse maboma omveka bwino, oŵerengera mlandu, ndi otsimikiza. Kukhazikika kumeneku kumatchulidwa monga phindu lalikulu la Khonsonstman ndi United Congress. Komabe, madongosolo amodzimodziwo angayambitse mavuto aakulu pamene agwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu okhala ndi ma ma ma ma ma ma quavava. Madongosolo ambiri ogwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo aakulu kaŵirikaŵiri amavutika ndi kuimira koyenera, kulowa m'voti wapamwamba, kusoŵa kovota, kuwonjezera mavota, ndi kugwirizana kofooka kwa madongosolo ogwirizana osakhala ogwirizana.

Zitsanzo za UK, US, Canada, India, ndi France zimasonyeza kuti kugwirizana pakati pa madongosolo a votalism ndi kukhazikika sikuletseka. Zotulukapo zimadalira pa chiŵerengero ndi kuchuluka kwa mayanjano a anthu, kuchuluka kwa malo ochirikiza zipani, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Masinthidwe onga ngati mbali yosanganikirana ndi mbali za gulu la ofufuza kapena mavoti ena sizingachepetse kukhazikika ndi kuimira kwake. Monga kusinthitsa, opanga malamulo ndi nzika ayenera kuyesa mosamala malonda ameneŵa, nthaŵi zonse amalingalira kuti malamulo osankhidwawo satenga mbali pa maziko enieni a ndale zadziko omwe amachititsa mpikisanowo.

Kuŵerenganso za nkhaniyi, zothandizira za za bungwe la Reform Society , , ACHENAL KENELT KENELT KENERAFU , ndi [[FLT:] Maiko a dziko lonse a IDIYA [[FLT:] [[FLT:] [FLT]] [5] akupereka chidziŵitso ndi masinthidwe a madongosolo osanthula ndi ziyambukiro zawo. [Activeismstions [FLT:] akugwira ntchito ngati Lijtat'ssssss [kuptionssssss pakati pa kulinganiza kwa zandale zadziko.]