Madongosolo andale ndi opangidwa mosaoneka ndi anthu. Amalongosola mmene mphamvu zimagawidwira, mmene zimapangidwira, ndi mmene ndalama zimagwiritsidwira ntchito m’madera onse. Kuyambira pamene mudzuka ndi ndandanda ya sukulu yokhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe la sukulu, ku misonkho imene simuipeza, madongosolo andale amasintha kayendetsedwe ka moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kumvetsa madongosolo ameneŵa si njira yongopezera maphunziro.

Nkhani ino ikuthetsa mitundu yaikulu ya madongosolo andale zadziko, kupenda mmene amayambukirira kukhalako kwa tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi kupenda mbali yofunika imene nzika zimachita m’kuwongolera ulamuliro wawo. Kaya muli wophunzira wopeza malingaliro ameneŵa kwa nthaŵi yoyamba kapena mphunzitsi wofunafuna maziko omvekera bwino, kupenda kumeneku kumapereka chidziŵitso chozikidwa pa mmene madongosolo andale zadziko amagwirira ntchito.

Kodi Dongosolo Landale Nchiyani?

Dongosolo la ndale zadziko ndi madongosolo a kachitidwe ka kalamulo ndi kamwaŵi amene amalamulira chitaganya. Limaphatikizapo mabungwe amene amapanga, kusungitsa, ndi kumasulira malamulo . Motsimikizirika, wokhazikitsa malamulo, mkulu wa oweruza, ndi jaji (pamodzi ndi malamulo, miyambo, ndi njira zimene zimasankha mmene mphamvu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Madongosolo andale zadziko samakhala okhazikika; amasintha mogwirizana ndi zitsenderezo za mkati, zisonkhezero zakunja, ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu amene akulamulira.

Pamaziko ake, dongosolo lirilonse la ndale zadziko liyenera kuyankha mafunso ofunika atatu: Kodi ndani amalamulira? Kodi olamulira amasankhidwa kapena amachotsedwa motani? Kodi ndi malire otani, ngati alipo? Mayankho a mafunso ameneŵa amatulutsa madongosolo osiyanasiyana owoneka padziko lonse. Britanica yoloŵa m'madongosolo andale zadziko amapereka mafotokozedwe omveka bwino, koma ziyambukiro zothandiza kwambiri.

Zigawo za dongosolo la ndale zadziko zimaphatikizapo malamulo (olembedwa kapena osalembedwa), dongosolo lalamulo, zipani za ndale zadziko kapena timagulu, ndi njira zoloŵera m'kugawana kwa anthu. M'dongosolo lokhazikika, mbali zimenezi zimapanga njira zotsimikizirika kaamba ka kugawira nkhondo ndi kugaŵira katundu. M'madongosolo ofooka kapena authoritarianism, iwo angatumikire kwakukulukulu kusonkhezera mphamvu ya wolamulira wolamulira.

Mitundu ya Ndale Zadziko

Asayansi andale amatchula njira zosiyanasiyana: chiwerengero cha anthu amene ali ndi mphamvu, njira yotsatizana utsogoleri, kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro wa boma, ndiponso kuteteza ufulu wa munthu.

Demokalase

Democracy, kuchokera ku Chigiriki dēmokratia [1] (kulamulira kwa anthu), kuika ulamuliro weniweni m’manja mwa nzika. M’chenicheni, zimenezi zimatanthauza masankho anthaŵi zonse, opikisana; zitetezero za ufulu wa anthu monga kulankhula kwaufulu ndi msonkhano; ulamuliro wa lamulo; ndi ulamuliro wa judicary . Palibe democracy yamakono imene ili democracy yolution yolunjika; mmalo mwake, imagwira ntchito monga yoimira democracy, kumene nzika zimasankha akuluakulu kuti apange zosankha zawo.

Democracism imabwera ndi madongosolo osiyanasiyana. M'dongosolo la nyumba ya malamulo (m., United Kingdom , Canada, India) bwana wachotsedwa kuchokera ku nyumba ya malamulo ndipo ali ndi mlandu wake. M'dongosolo la prezidenti (m.g., United States, Brazil) mkuluyo amasankhidwa ndi kusankhidwa pa malamulo. Malamulo aŵiriwo ali ndi mphamvu ndi zofooka, koma amagawana pangano la masankhoti ndi zinenero zandale. Malinga ndi lipoti la pachaka la [FLT: 0] Nyumba ya Freedom , chiŵerengero cha democracy cha dziko lonse lapansi latha m’zaka zaposachedwapa, chikhoterezo chimene chimagogomezera kutchuka kwa democracy.

Kulemba

Chikalata cha unduna chimasumika mphamvu mwa mtsogoleri mmodzi kapena kagulu kakang’ono kapamwamba, popanda kuŵerengera kwa anthu. Chitsutso cha ndale zadziko chimatsekerezedwa, chisankho (ngati chisungidwe) sichili cha mpikisano weniweni, ndipo ofalitsa nkhani amalamuliridwa mwamphamvu. Nzika ziri ndi ufulu wochepa wa kulinganiza, kutsutsa, kapena kusuliza boma. Madongosolo a a audindo kaŵirikaŵiri amadzilungamitsa mwa kukopa ku dongosolo, kukhazikika, chizindikiritso cha dziko, kapena kutukuka kwa chuma.

Zitsanzo zimayambira ku mbiri ya asilikali (m’chitsanzo, Argentina pansi pa junta) mpaka mayiko a panthaŵi ino (m’chitsanzo, Vietnam) ndi ulamuliro wankhanza (m’chitsanzo, Belarus pansi pa Alexander Lukashenko). Maboma audindo angasiyane kwambiri, kuchokera ku “uchigawenga wankhanza umene umalekerera anthu ena a m’dziko kuponderezana ndi nkhanza zimene zimadalira ku kuyang’anira ndi chiwawa.

Kupondereza

Chipani cha Nazi chimasonyeza mtundu wopambanitsa wa ulamuliro wa authoritarianism umene boma limafuna kulamulira mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa anthu ndi waumwini. Kuphunzitsa kwa anthu, kuyang’anira, kugwiritsa ntchito umunthu, ndi mabodza a boma ndizo zizindikiro. Maulamuliro ankhanza ali ndi chipani chimodzi kapena mtsogoleri amene amanena kuti ndi amodzi okha pa choonadi ndipo amafuna kukhulupirika kotheratu. Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zimaphatikizapo Germany wa Nazi, Soviet Union pansi pa Stalin, ndi North Korea lerolino.

Chitotali chosiyana ndi ulamuliro wa authoritarianism wofala m'chifuno chake: cholinga chake si kungopondereza kutsutsa koma kukonzanso chibadwa cha anthu ndi chitaganya mogwirizana ndi lingaliro lina. [FLT: 0] Encclopædia Britannica imadziŵitsa kuti ulamuliro wankhanza umadziŵika ndi nthanthi yotchuka, gulu limodzi lokha, ndi dongosolo la kulamulira kwa zigaŵenga za apolisi.

Monarchy

Monarchy ndi njira imene munthu mmodzi, amene kwenikweni ndi mfumu kapena mfumukazi, ali ndi malo autsogoleri wa boma kaamba ka moyo, kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kutsatizana kwa chibadwa. Mu ufumu wa monarchy, mfumu yakhala pafupi ndi mphamvu yopanda malire (m’chitsanzo, Saudi Arabia, Oman). Mu ufumu wa malamulo, mphamvu za mfumu zimachepetsedwa ndi malamulo kapena dongosolo la malamulo, ndipo zimatumikira kwenikweni monga mutu wa mwambo (m’mzera, United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden).

Maufumu a monarchy amakono alamulo amagwira ntchito mofanana ndi ma democracy, maboma osankhidwa akugwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro weniweni.

Chikomyunizimu

Chikomyunizimu ndi mtundu wa ndale zadziko zomwe. M’lingaliro lake, chimalingalira kuti ndi chitaganya chopanda gulu, chopanda boma chimene chimapanga zinthu pamodzi. Zochita zake, maboma a chikomyunizimu a makumi aŵiri ndi chigawo chapakati (Soviet Union, China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam) amakhazikitsa ulamuliro umodzi wokha wokhala ndi boma limodzi ndi ufulu wa zachuma ndi ziletso zazikulu pa ufulu wandale. Chipani cha Komyunizimu chimalamulira kwambiri mbali zonse za ulamuliro, ndipo masankhoti amatumikira ku zigamulo za gulu la Raifaise.

Madongosolo a chikomyunizimu a m'nthaŵi ino asintha. Mwachitsanzo, China, atenga masinthidwe a zachuma ogwirizana ndi dongosolo la chipani cha Lenin. Chotulukapo chake ndi chisanganizo cha zinzake zokhala ndi ulamuliro wa boma. North Korea imaphatikiza mfundo za communistism ndi ulamuliro wopondereza wa andale. Mawuwo “aunistast" lerolino akufotokoza maulamuliro osiyanasiyana, koma amagawana kukana maufumu osiyanasiyana ndi kugawana mipikisano yaumwini.

Mmene Madongosolo a Zandale Akuyendera M’kupita kwa Nthaŵi

Madongosolo andale zadziko saathetsedwa; amachokera ku nkhondo za m'mbiri, kusintha, masinthidwe a zachuma, ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Kusintha kuchoka ku kupikisana ndi dziko ku Ulaya ndi kuchotsedwa kwa maiko pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, ndi kugwa kwa Soviet Union zonsezo zinasintha mapu a ndale zadziko. Kumvetsetsa chisinthiko chimenechi kumathandiza kulongosola chifukwa chake maiko ena ali okhazikika mu ulamuliro wa democracy pamene ena akuzungulira kupyola ku maufumu ndi ulamuliro wa ankhanza.

Zinthu zimene zimasonkhezera kusintha kwa ndale zadziko ndizo kupita patsogolo kwa chuma (nthanthi yamakono imatsutsa kuti anthu olemera ali othekera kwambiri kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa anthu), magulu a kakhalidwe (m’mphindi, gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe ku United States), chitsenderezo chakunja (m’chitsanzo, kukulitsa kwa malamulo a zachuma), ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopangapangapanga (m’mphindi, kusindikiza, intaneti). Komabe palibe chinthu chimodzi chimene chimatsimikizira zotsatira zake. Njira ya dziko imadalira pa msanganizo wake wapadera wa mabungwe, nduna, ndi nzika zake.

Chimodzi cha maziko osonkhezera ndicho “kusintha kwa democracy” chitsanzo, chimene chimazindikiritsa magawo: kumasuka (kutsegula ufulu), kupambana (choyamba cha masankho), ndi kugwirizanitsa (malamulo a demokrase). Kutembenuza sikukhala kwa mzera nthaŵi zonse; maiko ambiri amabwereranso mwankhanza kapena kubwereranso ku ulamuliro wa authoritarianism. maripoti ochokera ku V-DEM Institute imatsalira democracy ya democracy , kusonyeza kuti monga 2024, maiko ambiri amabwerera m'mbuyo kapena kubwerera ku ulamuliro wa authorist.

Kuyerekezera Madongosolo Andale Zadziko: Zitsanzo Zenizeni Zadziko

Kuti timvetse mmene maboma akugwirira ntchito, tiyerekezere nkhani zikuluzikulu.

United States (Democratic Pulezidenti Republic). Mphamvu imagawidwa pakati pa nthambi zitatu za boma. Zisankho nzanthaŵi zonse ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri n’zopanda ufulu, ngakhale kuti nkhaŵa za kuyendetsa, ndalama za kampani, ndi kupondereza ovota zikupitirizabe. Dongosololi limapatsa ufulu waukulu wa anthu ndi anthu apamwamba, koma ndale zawonjezera kudalirana ndi kuchepa kwa zipani.

Chichayina (Chigawo chimodzi cha Authority). Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha China chimalamulira magulu onse a boma, ankhondo, ndi a zachuma. Zisankho n’zokhazikitsira malo apamwamba a kumalo ndipo sizipikisana ndi utsogoleri wapamwamba. Boma limagwiritsira ntchito kuyang’anira, kuyang’anira, ndi maulamuliro alamulo kuti lithetse kusamvana. Kukula kwa chuma kwakweza mazana a mamiliyoni ambiri a anthu mu umphaŵi, koma ufulu wa ndale zadziko uli woletsedwa kwambiri.

Saudi Arabia (Absote Monacy). Mfumu imakhala ndi bwanamkubwa, malamulo, ndi ulamuliro wachiweruzo. Zipani za ndale zadziko zimaletsedwa, ndipo palibe zisankho zimene zimachitidwa kaamba ka udindo wa dziko. Dongosolo la malamulo nlozikidwa pa lamulo la Sharia, ndipo magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe amalemba ziletso zowopsa pa ufulu wa kulankhula, zoyenera za akazi, ndi zachipembedzo za anthu ang'onoang’ono.

North Korea (Titalitian Dictatorship). Banja la Kim lalamulira chiyambire 1948, ndi kulambira kwa umunthu kofala. Boma limalamulira chidziŵitso chonse, limaletsa chitsutso chirichonse, ndi kusungitsa umodzi wa magulu ankhondo aakulu padziko lonse oimapo mogwirizana ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu. Nzika zikukhala monyinyinyirika ndi mochenjera, popanda kutengamo mbali kwatanthauzo kwa ndale zadziko.

Mmene Madongosolo a Zandale Amayambukirira Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku

M’dzikolo, anthu ayamba kuona mmene a m’dzikolo amakhalira pa ndale.

  • Malungamitso ndi Ufulu. Maboma amatsimikizira kwenikweni ufulu wa kulankhula, kusindikiza, kusonkhana, ndi chipembedzo. Madongosolo audindo kaŵirikaŵiri amaletsa ufulu umenewu, kupanga malo a kuchenjera ndi kudzilamulira. M’maboma a opondereza, ngakhale makambitsirano aumwini angayang'anitsidwe.
  • Malamulo a zandale amagamulapo malamulo a msonkho, malamulo a ntchito, ufulu wa katundu, ndi ukulu wa kuloŵerera kwa boma m'zachuma. Madongosolo a democratic amakhala ndi maulamuliro amphamvu kwambiri a zaumoyo, ngakhale kuti si okha. Madongosolo a authoritarianism angakule mofulumira (m.g., China), koma kaŵirikaŵiri pamtengo wa ufulu wa ntchito ndi chitetezo cha malo okhala.
  • Kuphunzitsa. Kuthandiza, kuchirikiza ndalama, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro ndizo zosankha zonse zandale. Maufumu a dziko nthaŵi zambiri amachirikiza maganizo otsutsa ndi maphunziro a anthu. Maboma aunisteritaritaria angagwiritsire ntchito maphunziro monga chiŵiya chophunzitsira maganizo, kulamulira zimene mbiri ndi malingaliro zimaphunzitsidwa.
  • Ulemu wa zandale zandale zimagamulapo ngati chisamaliro cha zaumoyo chimalingaliridwa kukhala choyenera kapena katundu. Mademokrase ambiri ali ndi madongosolo a zaumoyo apadziko lonse; United States imadalira pa mtundu wosiyana ndi inshuwalansi yaumwini. Maboma a aunduna kaŵirikaŵiri amanyalanyaza chisamaliro chaumoyo kapena amaletsa kupezeka kozikidwa pa kukhulupirika kwa ndale zadziko.
  • Chilungamo cha . Malingaliro andale zadziko amayambukira mmene mayanjano amachitira ndi kusalingana, tsankho, ndi ufulu waung’ono. Ma Democracia amapereka mathayo alamulo kaamba ka magulu otsika kufuna kusintha. Madongosolo a authoritarianism angatsutse kukhalapo kwa chisalungamo cha dongosolo kapena kutsendereza ufulu wa kulingana.
  • Ifemwini Safety . Ulamuliro wa lamulo ndi upo wa boma ndi zizindikiro za mademokrase ogwira ntchito. M'maboma a authoritarianism, apolisi ndi apolisi angagwiritsiridwe ntchito kutetezera boma mmalo mwa nzika, kuchititsa kumangidwa kokakamiza ndi kupondereza ufulu wa anthu.

Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti maboma andale si nthanthi chabe; amasankha amene amapeza chimene, nthaŵi yake, ndi mmene angachipezere — ndipo ngati mungalankhule momasuka.

Ntchito ya Nzika m’Magulu Andale

Ngakhale dongosolo la ndale zadziko lotsekerezedwa kwambiri silingakhalepo konse popanda mtundu wina wa nzika kukhala ndi phande. M’mademokrase, kuloŵetsedwamo nkokulira ndi kofunika. M’maboma a a autocracy, kumalamuliridwa ndi kukakamizidwa. komabe kulikonse, nzika zimapeza njira zosonkhezera boma lawo, kaya kupyolera mwa njira zolinganizidwa kapena chitsenderezo chamwaŵi.

Kutulutsa madzi

Kulankhula kuli mtundu wa mwachindunji ndi wofalikira wa kugawanamo kwa ndale zadziko. M'mademokrase, imasankha atsogoleri ndi kugamulapo mafunso a lamulo. Komabe, wovota amasiyana kwambiri [1] mu United States, kutembenukira kwa masankho a pulezidenti kuzungulira 60%, pamene maiko onga Australia amalamulira kuvota ndi kufikira ziŵerengero zoposa 90%. Kusankha zoyenera kuli nkhani ya ndale zadziko, ndi mikangano pa malamulo a ovota, felon akutsutsa chisankho, ndi chilolezo chodziwirira cha boma chimene chingakhale ndi phande.

Kudziloŵetsa mu Usilikali ndi Kutsutsa

Kusankha sikuposa kuvota. Kutsutsa, kupempha, ndi kusamvera kwa anthu kwachititsa kusintha kwa mbiri yakale, kuyambira pamapeto a tsankho ku South Africa mpaka kuwonjezera kulingana kwa ukwati m’maiko ambiri. M'madongosolo a authoritarianism, kuchita zinthu kuli ndi ngozi yaikulu, kuphatikizapo kumangidwa kapena chiwawa. Intaneti yachepetsa zoletsa kulinganiza, komanso imapangitsa kuti boma liziyang'anira ndi kuchotsa mawu ena. Activisism idakali njira yamphamvu kwa nzika kuti zineneze ndi kulamula mlandu.

Kuloŵetsedwa m’Dziko ndi Kulamulira Kwawo

Democracy siitha pa bokosi la pepala. Kutengamo mbali m'mabungwe a sukulu, mayanjano a m'dera, mamembala, ndi mabungwe a tauni amaumba malo apafupi kumene anthu amakhala. Uyang'aniro wolamulidwa ndi boma umapatsa nzika mipata yambiri ya kusonkhezera zosankha zimene zimayambukira miyoyo yawo ya tsiku ndi tsiku / / mapark, chisungiko cha anthu, misonkhozo ya kumaloko. Mademokrase ambiri aona kukwera kwa bajeti yopereka ndalama zoikizira, kumene nzika zimasankha mwachindunji mmene zimapangira ndalama za anthu.

Anthu a M’dzikomo ndi Magulu Ofuna Kusangalatsa

Mabungwe osakhala a boma, maukwati, mayanjano aukatswiri, ndi magulu audindo amaimira zikondwerero zapadera ndi kuchititsa maboma kukhala ndi mlandu. Chitaganya cha anthu champhamvu chiri chizindikiro cha mademokrase abwino. M'madongosolo a authoritarianism, chitaganya cha anthu wamba kaŵirikaŵiri chimaletsedwa kapena kuikidwa pamodzi. Kukhoza kupanga mayanjano popanda chilolezo cha boma kuli chizindikiro chachikulu cha ufulu wandale zadziko.

Kuthamangira Ofesi

Nzika zikhozanso kukhala mbali ya dongosolo lenilenilo mwa kuthamangira ku ofesi ya boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira imeneyi imafunikira ziŵiya ndi chichirikizo, imapereka njira yachindunji kwambiri ya kuwongolera. M'mademokrase, aliyense wokwaniritsa zofunika za kuyenerera kwa kugonjera angayendetsedwe; m’madongosolo a authoritarianism, oyembekezera kubatizidwa ayenera kuvomerezedwa ndi gulu lolamulira kapena boma.

Madongosolo a Zandale ndi Kuloŵererana kwa Dziko Lonse

Dziko la demokrase lingasonkhezere woyendetsa malonda ndi boma kuti apeze ufulu wa anthu; mliri ungavumbule kufooka kwa madongosolo osiyanasiyana a zaumoyo; kuukira kwa pa Intaneti kungayambike ndi magulu a boma opotoka a boma m’maboma a andale. Kumvetsetsa madongosolo andale osiyanasiyana nkofunika kuti anthu aziona bwino za ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse ndi mavuto a padziko lonse.

Mabungwe apadziko lonse olamulira monga United Nations Trade Organization, ndi International Criminal Court amasonyeza kuphatikizana kwa makhalidwe andale, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsutsana ndi nkhani zokhudza ulamuliro wa dziko. Mtsogolo mwa mayiko osiyanasiyana, mgwirizano umadalira pa mmene maboma andale amachitira kuti athetse mikangano pakati pa mfundo za demokalase ndi za ulamuliro wa auchigawenga.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo andale amaumba kumangidwa kwakukulu kwa moyo wathu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pamene dziko lonse lisintha - sintha ndi kubwerera m’mbuyo kwa demokalase m’madera ena ndi magulu atsopano olamulira m’madera ena, n’kumene kwakhala kofunika kwambiri kuposa kale lonse.