Kusintha malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe kwasintha kwambiri malamulo a chisankho m’mbiri yonse ya America, kusintha dongosolo lolinganizidwa poyambirira kuchotsa mbali zazikulu za anthu kukhala zimene zimayesayesa kugawanamo ndi dziko lonse. Zigwirizano zimenezi — kaŵirikaŵiri zotsogozedwa ndi nzika wamba zoyang’anizana ndi zopinga zachilendo — zalimbana ndi zopinga zauchiŵembu ndi kulamula kuti madera a m’dongosolo la democracy. Kumvetsetsa choloŵa cha magulu ameneŵa nkofunika kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo a chisankho chasintha ndi chifukwa chake nkhondo ya kumenyera ufulu wa kupezekako moyenerera kumakhaladi kovuta lerolino.

Kulimbana Koyambirira kwa Kufuna Kuthetsa Vutolo

United States anazikidwa pa malingaliro a ufulu ndi kuimira, komabe Malamulo oyambirira anasiyira ziyeneretso za kuvota pafupifupi kotheratu ku maboma — ndipo pafupifupi boma lirilonse linaletsa amuna achiyera kukhala ndi malo oyenera.

Zoyenerera Kukhala ndi Malo Ndiponso Nyengo ya Jacksonian

Kuchiyambi kwa ma 1800, mzimu wa democracy wowonjezereka umafuna kuchotsa kukhala ndi katundu monga chiyeneretso cha kuvota. Pofika zaka za 1840, maboma ambiri anali atachotsa ziletsozo kwa amuna achiyera, kufutukula kwambiri kusankhidwiratu. Nthaŵi imeneyi inakhalanso ndi ndawala zolinganizidwa kaamba ka akazi, ngakhale kuti zoyesayesazo sizikapambana kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi aŵiri. Kuwonjezereka kwa ufulu wa kusankha kwa azungu opanda katundu kunali sitepe lofunika, komanso kuuma kwa fuko ndi thanzi — njira yomwe ikapitirizabe kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Mkupiti wa Kumenyana ndi Anthu Akuda Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni Itatha

Kuchotsedwa kwa ukapolo pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni kunatsegulira malo atsopano pa ufulu wovota. Reconstructon Amereka adakonzedwa kuti asunge ufulu ndi unzika za Aafirika. Mu 1870, Lachisanu Lowonjezera linaletsa poyera kukana ufulu wosankha pa fuko, mtundu, kapena mkhalidwe wakale wa ukapolo. Imeneyi inali kusintha kwa malamulo a boma, ndipo inayambitsa kuwonjezereka kwa chisankho cha anthu akuda ku South.

Komabe, lonjezo la Kusintha kwa 15 linanyalanyazidwa mwamsanga ndi chiwawa, kuopseza, ndi kukwera kwa malamulo a Jim Crow. Mayiko a Kum’mwera anatsatira misonkho ya kufunsira, mayeso a kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, ndi zigamulo za agogo kuti achotse Blackvoti. Khoti Lapamwamba linafooketsanso kukonza zinthu monga United States v. Reese [1] [1876], kulola maboma kutseka chitetezo chake. Mawindo achidule a ku voti yosanja mkati mwa Fickutseka ndi kutha kwa zaka 100, ikumakhazikitsa malo a kutetezera ufuluwo.

Kuyenda Monyansitsa kwa Akazi

Pamene zipilala zaufuko zinakhazikitsidwa, akazi anapitirizabe kumenyana kwawo ndi pepala lotetezera. Zoyesayesa za gulu zinayamba mwakhama ndi Senika Falls Convention [1] mu 1848], kumene Elizabeth Cady Stanton ndi Lucretia Mottia zinatulutsa Chikalata cha Declaration of Sentiments — chikalata chosonyezedwa pa Chikalata cha ufulu wolingana wa akazi, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kuvota. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, mamenti a , kupambana m'magawo akumadzulo monga Wyoming 1869) ndi U679, koma boma linakhalabe lokana.

Gululo linagawanika kukhala magulu opikisana — National Woman Suffnge Association (NAWSA) yotsogozedwa ndi Carrie Chapman Catt inalondola njira ya boma ndi dziko, pamene kuli kwakuti gulu lankhondo la National Women la Alice Paul linaloŵerera m'kutsutsa, njala, ndi kuchotsa m'nyumba ya White House. Zochita zimenezi zinakulitsa chitsenderezo cha anthu onse. Mu 1920, [FLT:] degrepment ya 19th inavomerezedwa, kuletsa tsankho la kuvomereza kutsutsa kugonana. Komabe ngakhale chilakiko chinali chosakwanira: akazi ambiri a mtundu, makamaka Akuda ku South, anali otsekedwabe ndi kuvota ndi machenjera a kudera a Jim Crow omwewo adagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi anthu a Black.

Bungwe Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Lamulo Lopereka Ufulu wa Anthu la mu 1965

Kusintha kwa ufulu wosankha kotsatirapo kwa zaka za zana la 20 kunachokera ku bungwe la Civil Rights Movement. Pofika m'ma 1950, Aamerika ku South adayang'anizana ndi chiŵembu cha kutha kwa kutaya anthu kuŵerenga ndi kulemba — mayeso a kupenda, misonkho, kuopseza, ndi chiwawa. Gululo linavomereza ndi mkupiti wa kachitidwe kopanda chiwawa kolunjika kamene kanakakamiza mtunduwo kulimbana ndi kutsutsana pakati pa malingaliro ake a demokrase ndi kuwona kwankhanza kwa wosankha.

Mkupiti wa Selma ndi Lamlungu Lochititsa Maŵa

Chochitika chovuta kwambiri chinali Selma ku Montgomery mu 1965. Atsogoleri a ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikizapo Martin Luther King Jr. ndi Conference Christian Leadership, anasankha Selma, Alabama, chifukwa chakuti anakaniza kwambiri kulembetsa anthu Oda. Pa March 7, 1965 — wodziŵika monga Bloody Sande — asilikali anaukira mwamtendere ozembera pa Edmund Pettus Bridge ndi zida za magetsi, zokhala ndi mpweya wakuda, zotchuka pamaso pa anthu a m’dzikolo. Mpandu waponse umene unatsatira Pulezidenti Lydon Johnson anakakamiza Pulezidenti wa Boo kukhazikitsa lamulo loletsa ufulu wa kuvota.

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu cha 1965

Congress inapereka Voting Rights Act (VRA) [VLT ] mu August 1965 , ndipo Pulezidenti Johnson anasaina ilo kukhala lamulo. VRA inasintha: inaletsa mayeso a kuŵerenga ndi machitachita ena opatula, inaloleza kuyang'anira masankho a boma m'maiko ndi mbiri ya tsankho, ndipo inafuna kuti mabomawo apeze “kuwonekera". kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Chiweruzo asanasinthe malamulo awo osankha. Chigawo 2 chinaletsa muyezo uliwonse wosankha wosankha amene anapatula pa maziko a fuko kapena mtundu.

Zotsatirapo zake zinali zodabwitsa. M’chaka chimodzi chokha, wovota wa Black ku Mississippi anakwera kuchokera pa 7 peresenti kufika pa 60%. Aafirika anayamba kupata ntchito yosankhidwa m'chiŵerengero chosawoneka kuyambira mu Reconsoleon. VRA inakonzedwanso ndi kulimbitsidwa mu 1970, 1975, 1982, ndi 2006, nthaŵi iliyonse kuwonjezera chitetezo cha zinenero za anthu ochepa ndi kufutukula njira ya stadicance.

Kugaŵa Otsatizana ndi Magulu Ena

Kupambana kwa Chigawo cha Zifulu za Ufulu wa Anthu kunasonkhezera makampani ena ovota. [[FLT:] . [FLT] 26th Amendment , adavomerezedwa mu 1971, kuchepetsa nyengo yovota kufika pa 18, yosonkhezeredwa ndi zigomeko zakuti awo amene anali achikulire mokwanira kumenya nkhondo m'nkhondo ya Vietnam ayenera kukhala okhoza kuvota. National Voter Retation Act ya 1993 [[FLT:]] [FLT] [MTE] (Mtendi wa Vot Voter Act) inachititsa chivoti chovomerezerati chovomerezeka ndi kuvomereza kulembetsa ku DMVs ndi mabungwe zina za boma. Ndipo [[FLT:] America Act of 2002 [FFLT] (IV]) (IV]) yokambirana ndi kukonza chisankhoti cha 2000, chikalata chovomerezerati cha chikalata chovomerezerati cha voti.

Mavuto Amakono ndi Nkhondo Yopitirizabe

Mosasamala kanthu za zipambano zimenezi, ufulu wosankha udakalipo. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu la 2013 Shelby County v. Khoti la [1] Linachotsa njira yodziŵira za Court Rights Act, kulola maboma ndi mbiri ya tsankho kusintha malamulo awo a masankho popanda chilolezo cha boma. Pambuyo pake chigamulocho, chimagamula monga Texas, North Carolina, ndi Alabama , kudula malamulo oletsa kuvota, ndi kutseka mapepala otsekera amwambo — kaŵirikaŵiri m'malo a mitundu ya mavoti.

Malamulo a Zopangapanga ndi Chiyambukiro Chake

Ochirikiza malamulo a ovota akutsutsa kuti amaletsa chinyengo, koma kufufuza kumasonyeza chinyengo cha kuyerekezera kuli kosoŵa kwambiri. Osuliza amanena kuti ziyeneretso za ID zowona mtima mopambanitsa zimayambukira ovota otsika, atsamunda aufuko, okalamba, ndi anthu opunduka — magulu amene ali othekera kukhala ndi chithunzi cha boma. Malinga ndi ACLU, malamulo ameneŵa angachepetseretu pakati pa oyenerera osankhidwa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amaperekedwa ndi cholinga cha boma.

Kusintha Malo ndi Kupotoza Kuimira

Gerrymandering — chizoloŵezi cha kujambula malire a chigawo osankhira kuti ayanja chipani chimodzi kapena gulu limodzi — chakhala chotsogola kwambiri mwa kugwiritsira ntchito makompyuta ndi makompyuta. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyendetsa kwakhala ndi mbiri yaitali, maluso amakono amalola olemba mapu kudzaza mamembala a gulu la fuko kapena ndale zadziko m'zigawo zochepa kapena kuzisokoneza m'madera ambiri, kululuza mphamvu zawo zovota. [FLT: 0] Brenan Center ya Justier imadziŵitsa kuti masinthidwe opambanitsa a masankho a masankhoti a mpikisano ndipo angatsutse mfundo ya masankho ambiri m'magulu andale otchuka.

Kumenyana ndi Ufulu wa Mafuko ndi Kusintha Ufulu

Chigawo 2 cha Chikalata cha Cong Rights Act chimaletsa tsankho laufuko m'kusintha. M'nkhani zonga Thornburg v. Gingles (1986), Bwalo Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa miyezo yotsimikizira kuti pulani ya chigawo imachepetsa mphamvu ya kusanthula. Komabe, khoti lamilandu lakhala likulimbana kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuloledwa kwa gerrymanning ndi kuletsedwa kwa fuko. M'chigamulo Ruchro v. Chifuno Chachikhalidwe cha [1] (20: 3), khoti linagamula kuti makhoti a boma sangasiyane mawu onena za kusukkiridwa ndi ku khoti la Gerryan dering, losiya nkhani ya ku khoti ndi chigamulo cha lamulo lopatulika pa nkhondo. Chigamulo cha . Chigamulo cha m'chimo la .

Kuvomereza Ufulu wa Anthu Omva Zolakwa

Chiyeso china chachikulu m'gulu lamakono la ufulu wosankha chimakhudza kuswa ufulu wa anthu amene ali ndi zigamulo. Anthu 5 miliyoni aku America amaletsedwa kuvota chifukwa cha kutsimikiza kwa mlandu, chizoloŵezi choyambitsidwa pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa malamulo a kutsendereza Black coption. Lerolino, malamulo akusiyana kwambiri ndi boma: ena amabwezeretsa ufulu wosankha pambuyo pomaliza chigamulo, pamene ena amafuna kuti akhululukidwe kapena aimikire nyengo. Mtengo wa Florida 4, woperekedwa ndi anthu ofufuza mu 2018, cholinga chobwezeretsa ufulu wovota kwa anthu ambiri amene anamaliza kuweruza milandu yawo, koma pambuyo pake chivoti chigamu cha boma chinapereka lamulo lofuna kupereka ndalama zonse zabwino ndi ndalama zolipira — otsutsawomba msonkho. [FP.] Project: FUT.

Kuchirikiza Ufulu wa Eni America

Eni America adayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo chapadera cha kusanthula. Pamene kuli kwakuti Act ya Indian Citizenship ya 1924 inapereka unzika kwa Eni America onse, maboma ambiri akupitirizabe kuwaletsa kuvota kupyolera m'mayeso a kuwerenga, zofunikira, ndi tsankho lachindunji. Ngakhale lerolino, Osankha a ku Indian American Voting Rights Act , amasoŵa keyala ya m'khwalala, kupangitsa kulembetsa kolembetsa kovuta. Zoyesayesa kukhazikitsa kudziŵika kwa fuko monga ngati wovota wovomerezeka walamulo walephera m'maboma ambiri. [[FLT: 0]] Ogwirizana ndi American Volting Rights Rights Act Act [FLT], oyambitsidwa mu Congresss koma osapitirirabe, zingaperekere malire ndi maulamuliro ovomereza mavoti a boma kuti avomerezere.

Zipangizo Zamakono, Kugawanika kwa Makina, ndi Chitetezo cha Zisankho

Luso la zopangapanga lasintha njira zimene zingathandize ndi kulepheretsa ufulu wosankha. Kulembetsa kwa pa intaneti kwafera anthu ambiri, ndipo maboma ena ayesa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mavoti amagetsi ndi a pa Intaneti. Koma magawano a mavoti — mpata pakati pa anthu amene ali ndi nkhokwe yodalirika yofikira ndi amene alibe — umatanthauza kuti ndalama zotsala ndi osankhidwa a kumidzi zingasiyidwe. Kuwonjezera apo, nkhaŵa za kusankhidwa kwa makampani a pulogalamu zachititsa kuti achepetse kuvota kapena kufuna mapepala, njira zimene zingachepetse kuthekera kwa kulowa pa Intaneti komanso kuchepetsa ufulu.

Kukula kwa [[FLT: 0] kovomerezeka kwa voti kwakhala chimodzi cha masinthidwe achipambano kwambiri opanga tekinoloji. Maboma amene amavomereza AVR — kumene nzika zoyenerera zimalembetsedwa mwadala pamene zigwirizana ndi bungwe la boma pokhapokha zitasankha — wonani kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa pepala la olembetsa ndi mavoti olondola kwambiri. Monga mu 2024, maboma 20 ndi District of Columbia ayamba AVR. Komabe mkangano wa za chitetezo cha makina ovota umapitirizabe, ndi ochirikiza kupenda ndi kuyang'anira kotsendereza ndi kuchepetsa ngozi kuti luso la zopangapanga zinthu silikuchepetsa chidaliro m'sankhoma.

Nkhondo Yopitirizabe: Kumwerekera ndi Maphunziro

Mbiri ya ufulu wosankha mu America si nkhani ya kupita patsogolo kokhazikika koma ya kufutukuka ndi kubwerera mmbuyo. Mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kutetezera franchise ku mitundu yatsopano ya kutsendereza. Lerolino, Abrams Fair Fair Fight Act Comment ndi magulu a ziŵalo otchuka onga NAACP akupitirizabe kukakamiza kumbuyo ndi kuyeretsa kwa voti, malo ofufuzira, ndi malamulo oletsa. Grasroots zigwirizano zofanana ndi Zoyenerera za Vob ndi Dioclacetracy ndi zimapereka ziŵiro zalamulo ndi ziwongo zalamulo ndi zija za makhoti.

Maphunziro ndi kusonkhanitsa ovota zidakali maziko a. Makampani olembetsa, makampani olemba mabuku, ndi mapulogalamu a zinenero zambiri amathandiza kuthetsa zopinga za mawu olakwika ndi mapepala. Kukula kwa makompyuta a zaunyinji kwapanganso zida zatsopano zofikira osankha, komanso zathandiza kufalitsa chidziŵitso chonyenga ponena za njira zovotera ndi masiku.

Njira Ikupita Patsogolo

Pamene kayendedwe ka chisankho 2024 kayandikira, magulu osankha akupitiriza kukakamiza kukonzanso zinthu: kutha kubwezera ufulu wosankha kwa anthu amene anali m’ndende, kufuna makomiti odziimira okha, kufutukula chisankho ndi mavoti, ndi kupitirira [[FLT: 0] John Lewis Zotion Advement Act — malamulo amene adzabwezeretsa ndi kukonzanso makonzedwe oyambitsidwa ndi County . Malamulo ankhondo amakokedwa osati kokha mu County komanso m'boma ndi mabwalo a boma kuzungulira dziko lonselo.

Phunziro la mbiri yakale nlakuti ufulu wosankha suyenera kusungidwa kwamuyaya. Ufuluwo uyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito, kutetezeredwa, ndi kufutukulidwa ndi mbadwo uliwonse. Kusintha kwa mbadwo wakale — kuyambira kulembetsa kufikira kwa oyenda pa Selma — kukutikumbutsa kuti anthu wamba, olinganizidwa ndi otsimikiza, angasinthe lamulo. Chifuno chimodzimodzicho nchofunika lerolino kutsimikizira kuti nzika iliyonse yoyenerera ingaiponye pepala ndi kukhala ndi pulogalamu yake yoŵerengedwa bwino. Mtsogolo mwa kuchita nawo ntchito ya demokrase kumadalira pa ilo.