Malamulo a ku America amatsatira mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya malamulo, yomwe inachokera ku Malamulo achisanu ndi 14 a U.S. Ilo limatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene adzamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Makhoti amamasulira mfundo imeneyi m'njira ziŵiri zazikulu: njira zoyenerera, zimene zimakhudza njira zoyendetsera boma, ndi njira zoyenerera, zimene zimateteza ufulu wina wofunika kwambiri ku ku kuloŵerera kwa boma. Malongosoledwe ameneŵa amasintha ndi kulinganiza kwa ufulu ndi udindo wa nzika iliyonse. Kumvetsa mmene makhoti afotokozere njira zoyenerera nkofunika pogwira ntchito ya ulamuliro wa boma ndi munthu aliyense.

Kumvetsetsa Zotsatira Zoyenera: Maziko a Lamulo

Njira yoyenerera ndiyo kutsimikizira lamulo lalamulo la America, lotumikira monga kufufuza pa ulamuliro wa boma. Mpumitsi wachisanu umagwira ntchito ku boma, pamene Kusintha kwa 14 kumapereka chitetezo choyenera ku machitidwe a boma. Onse pamodzi, amatsimikizira kuti zochita za boma zokhudza anthu onse aŵiri nzachilungamo ndi zopereŵera. Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zonse lakhala likukhulupirira kuti njira yoyenerera si njira yokhwima koma lingaliro losinthasintha limene limasintha mogwirizana ndi zochitika za mlandu uliwonse.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Procedia project imangosumika pa njira ndi njira zimene boma liyenera kutsatira pamene likufunafuna kulanda munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Pamutu pake, imafunikira kuti anthu alandire chidziŵitso cha ntchito yolingaliridwayo ndi mwaŵi wa kumvedwa pamaso pa wopanga zosankha wopanda tsankho. Kusintha kwapadera kumachokera ku [[FLT: 0] . Eldridge . [7,66], imene inakhazikitsa kuyesa kolinganiza kwachikatikati kwa chiwopsezo chaumwini, upandu wa kusoŵa malamulo okhalapo, ndi chikondwerero cha boma m'malamulo oyendetsa zinthu. Makhoti agwiritsira ntchito mayeso ameneŵa kupyola mndandanda wa nkhani zazikulu, kuchokera ku mapindu a za kuchepetsa laisensi ndi kumvetsera.

  • Thokizo: [[FLT:] Anthu ayenera kudziŵitsidwa milandu kapena zochita zawo panthaŵi yake, ndi tsatanetsatane wokwanira kukonzekera chitetezo.
  • Kuyenera kumvedwa: Imeneyi imaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kupereka umboni, kuitana mboni, ndi kuyang'anizana ndi umboni wotsutsa.
  • Khoti la tsankho: Zosankha ziyenera kupangidwa ndi wopanga chosankha wosatenga mbali m’chosankha kapena chosafuna kukondera.

Njira yoyenerera yoperekera si njira yoikidwiratu; zofunika zachindunji zimasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa zochita ndi zikondwerero zimene zili paupandu. Mwachitsanzo, kuzenga mlandu kumafuna chitetezo chokwanira, pamene kuli kwakuti kuzenga mlandu kwa kuchotsedwa kwa anthu kungafunikire njira yochepera. Makhoti azindikiranso kuti njira yoyenerera imaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa uphungu m’milandu ndipo, m’nkhani zina zachiweniweni monga kutha kwa ufulu wa makolo, chithandizo cha uphungu chingafunike mwalamulo.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Chiphunzitsochi chimaletsa boma kuloŵererapo pa zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri, ngakhale ngati njira zimene amagwiritsira ntchito n’zoyenera. Chiphunzitsochi chimaletsa boma kuswa ufulu umene "wakuya" m'mbiri ndi mwambo wa dziko limeneli" ndi "kufufuza mfundo za ufulu wolamulidwa," monga ngati chija chafotokozedwa mu Shington v. Glucksberg [[FLT] [1997]. Khoti Lalikulu lazindikira mfundo zofunika kwambiri za ufulu wa munthu woyenerera pa njira yoyenerera, kuphatikizapo kukwatira, kulera ana, kuyenera kwa kuumbeta, ndi kuwona mtima kwa munthu wosunga thupi. Pamene lamulo limapereka malamulo okhwima, limafuna kutsimikizira kuti boma likhale ndi kuyenerera kwa lamulo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuyenera kukwatira: [[FLT :1] [[FT:]bergefell v. Hodges (2015]) pulogalamu yoyenerera ndi chitetezo chofanana ku ukwati wa kugonana.
  • Kuyenera kulera ana: [[FLT :2] Troxel v. Granville (2000]) anatsimikizira kuti makolo ali ndi ufulu wofuna kutsogolera ana awo.
  • Kuyenera ku malo achinsinsi: [[FLT :2] [[FLT]Griswold v. Connecticut[FL:3] (1965) adazindikira kuyenera kwa kukhala chinsinsi m'banja, pambuyo pake kufutukulidwa mu [[FLT:] Roe v. Wade [7] [7] [1] ndi Lawrence v. Texas (2003]]
  • Kuyenera kukana mankhwala: Cruzan v. Mtsogoleri, Missouri Department of Health (1990) anazindikira kuyenera kwa munthu wokhoza kukana chithandizo cha moyo.

Komabe, chiphunzitsochi chikupitirizabe kuteteza ufulu wa anthu kwa anthu ochenjerera kwambiri.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu m’Nthaŵi Yake

Malamulo a ku America oyambirira angayambitsidwe ku Magna Carta (1215), yomwe inatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu waufulu amene adzalandidwa ufulu kusiyapo " lamulo la dzikolo". Lingaliro limeneli linasamukira ku lamulo la Chingelezi ndipo linaphatikizidwa m'malamulo a boma oyambirira. Malamulo a U.S. anali ndi chitetezo choyenera m'malamulo otetezera mu Demendment, ndipo pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiweniweni, Kusintha kwa 145 kunapereka chitetezo chimenechi ku maboma. Zigamulo zoyambirira za khoti lalikulu, monga Scott v. Sandford . [FLT:] [185] , linamasulira njira zotetezera ukapolo, koma pambuyo pa kukonzanso kotsatira jumbrisciptionsba zinayamba kuzindikira njira ya kutetezera ufulu waumwini.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambi kwa zaka za 20 zinaona kukwera kwa njira ya "zachuma zofunikira," imene makhoti ankagwiritsira ntchito kuswa malamulo a antchito monga malipiro ochepa ndi malamulo a ola limodzi monga Lochner v. New York (1950]). Nthaŵi ino itatha ndi [[FLT:] West Coast Hotel v. Parrish [1977]], pambuyo pake Khoti linatenga maziko oyenera a malamulo a zachuma. Chiyambire, njira yofunikira yapadera ya za ufulu ndi zachinsinsi, pamene njira yofunikira ya kuwonjezera malamulo yakula m'lamulo, ndi ufulu wa za boma, ndi maphunziro.

Mlandu wa Khoti Lalikulu Lomwe Linatsutsa Kumasulira Kwabwino

Zosankha zingapo zapadera zimasonyeza mmene makhoti amadziŵira njira yoyenerera ndi zimene zimachitikira nzika.

[[FLT: 0] Roe v. Wade [773] ndi Dobs v. Jackson Akazi's Health Organization (2022)

Mu .Roe , Bwalo Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti kuyenera kwa kukhala kwayekha, kozikidwa pa njira yoyenerera, kumaphatikizapo chosankha cha mkazi cha kuchotsa mimba. Khotilo linakhazikitsa chigamulo chochepa cholinganiza ufulu wa mkazi ndi moyo wa boma mu umoyo wa mayi ndi moyo wothekera. Pafupifupi zaka 50 pambuyo pake, Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization kukhazikitsa chigamulo chalamulo [[FLT:] kuyendetsa [FLT], posunga kuti kuchotsa mimba sikunazika kwambiri m’mbiri ndipo sikutetezedwa ndi njira yoyenera kuchotsa mimba.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966]

Miranda mofutukulidwa modabwitsa] mwa kulamula osungitsa lamulo kudziŵitsa okayikira ufulu wawo kukhala chete ndi kulangiza pa kufunsidwa kwa chilango. Khoti linalingalira kuti popanda machenjezo ameneŵa, kutsutsana kwachibadwa kwa apolisi kumanyalanyaza mwaŵi wa Kusintha zinthu kwa Fith 5 pa wekha, kumene kumagwira ntchito ku maboma kupyolera mwa njira yoyenerera ya kugamula mawu. Machenjezo a "Manda" akhala apamwamba a kachitidwe kaupandu ku America, kutsimikizira kuti akukayikira za chitetezo chawo cha malamulo.

[ [1] [1] Shashington v. Glucksberg (1997)

Mu Glucksberg , khoti linakana chiletso chaching'ono choletsa Washington kuthandizira kudzipha. Chigamulocho chinafotokoza njira yochepera: kuti kuyenera kukhala kofunika kwambiri pa njira yoyenerera, kuyenera kukhala "kwabwino, kozikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ndi mwambo wa dziko lino" ndi "kulephera kuvomereza lingaliro la ufulu wolamulidwa. Khotilo silinapeze mwambo wotero wothandiza kudzipha ndi kupenda bwino, kuchirikiza chiletso. Nkhani imeneyi imasonyeza njira yanzeru ya Khoti lamakono yofutukutsira njira yoyenerera.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015]

Mu Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti, kuyenera kwa kugonana kumagwira ntchito kwa okwatirana omwewo pansi pa zonse ziŵiri ndandanda yoyenerera ndi chitetezero chofanana cha Demendment ya 145. Khotilo linapeza kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira kuli chiwongola dzanja cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, ndi kuti kuchotsa okwatirana amodzi ogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo kumawamana ulemu wofanana. Chigamulo chimenechi chinasonyeza kupitirizabe kwa njira yoyenerera yotetezera maunansi aumwini, mosasamala kanthu za mayeso oletsa kwambiri kuchokera ku [FLT:]

Kuvuta Nzika: Ufulu ndi Zenizeni

Matanthauzo achiweruzo a njira yoyenerera ali ndi ziyambukiro zokulira pa miyoyo ya tsiku ndi tsiku ya nzika, zikumasonkhezera chirichonse kuyambira ku chiweruzo cha upandu kufikira ku lamulo la banja ndi chinsinsi cha magetsi.

Chitetezero ku Kumwa Molakwa

Projectal project imatetezera nzika ku zochita za boma zodzifunira. Mwachitsanzo, sukulu ya boma isanaimitse wophunzira kwa masiku khumi kapena kuposapo, Khoti Lapamwamba lomwe linakhala mu Gos v. Lopez [1] kuti wophunzira ayenera kulandira chidziŵitso ndi mpata wa kumvetsera. Mofananamo, mogwirizana ndi mapindu a Chisungiko, boma liyenera kupereka chiweruzo lisanachotse mapindu. Zitetezero zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti anthu ali ndi mwaŵi wotsimikizirika wa kutsutsa zosankha za boma zimene zimayambukira moyo wawo, ufulu, kapena chuma.

Mayesero Oyenera ndi Kuimira Malamulo

Kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu m'milandu, kotsimikiziridwa ndi Sixth Amendment ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku maboma kupyolera m'zochitika zoyenerera mu Gedeon v. Wainfrr (1963), imatsimikizira kuti ngakhale oimbidwa mlandu wa chiŵembu ali ndi ufulu wofikira kwa loya. Khoti lazindikira posachedwapa kuti njira yofunikira imafunikira chithandizo chogwira ntchito cha uphungu pansi pa [[FLT:] Srickland v. Washington [1] (19984). Ngakhale kuti palibe kuyenera kwa lamulo, njira yoyenerera ingafune kukhazikitsa loyamwala nkhani zofunika m'malamulo m’malo monga ngati ufulu wa makolo woikidwa pamtengo, monga momwe linambirira m'Khoti: [FLT] [5]

Kukhala Wekha ndi Kudzitetezera m’Zaka za Chiŵerengero cha Masamu

Luso la zopangapanga limayambitsa mavuto atsopano. Pamene mabungwe a boma akusonkhanitsa ziŵerengero zambiri za makompyuta, makhoti ayenera kulinganiza ufulu wachinsinsi ndi zofunikira za lamulo. Carpeent v. United States (208), Khoti Lalikulu linavomereza kuti boma lifunikira chilolezo cha kupezera maselo a malo achinsinsi, kutchula chitetezo cha Konsoli cha Kudalira kwa Malamulo cha zinthu zosadziŵika bwino. Pamene mlanduwo unagamulidwa pansi pa Firence Yene Amendment, imasonyeza njira yoyenerera yakuti nzika zili ndi kuyenera kwa kuyang'anira boma popanda chifukwa chomveka. [FLT:]

Mavuto ndi Kuvuta

Mosasamala kanthu za chitetezo champhamvu, zovuta zazikulu zikutsala. Kuphwanya lamulo kwachititsa unyinji wa milandu yaing'ono yonyamula zilango zazikulu, kaŵirikaŵiri kunyalanyaza chitetezo chakumbuyo . Kulephera kupereka zisonyezero zokwanira zalamulo, makamaka m'madongosolo a anthu, kumatanthauza oimbidwa mlandu ambiri amene amayesedwa ndi uphungu wolemetsa. Malamulo a boma amalola lamulo kulanda katundu popanda kugamula kwa upandu, kuyambitsa njira zofunikira ponena za kusoŵa kwa eni katundu ndi kumvetsera. [FLT: 0] Katswiro wa bungwe la Kansa wofufuza za kuwonongeka kwa anthu ndi uphungu wochuluka. Kuwonjezera apo, kukwera kwa malamulo aupandu kutsendemanga, kutsendereza, ndi zosankha zopanga madongosolo otsekemera amene angatsutsidwe ngati njira yoimbidwa kapena kutsutsa njira ya kutsutsa.

Zochita Zaposachedwapa ndi Mtsogolo mwa Kuyembekezera

Kumasulira kwa njira sikunasinthe. Mliri wa Covid-19 unasonkhezera makhoti kuyang'anira malamulo a zaumoyo oletsa ufulu / mwachitsanzo, malamulo a katemera, ndi kutsekedwa kwa bizinesi. M'chiromanian Katolika Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo[[FLT:] [2020], Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa malire a kupezeka kwa anthu pa nyumba zolambiriramo monga kuswa lamulo laulere, koma mlanduwo unagogomezeranso kuopsa kwa pakati pa thanzi la anthu ndi njira yopanga zinthu. Pamene chitaganya chikuyang'anizana ndi zigamu zopanga makampani, ndi luso la za zoyang'anira zinthu, makhoti adzapitirizabe kuyeretsa malamulo onse aŵiri a New York popanga ndi kukonza njira yoyenerera.

Kulemba kwa Khoti Lalikulu kwasintha m’zaka zaposachedwapa, ndi ambiri osunga mwambo amene amachepetsa kuwonjezereka kwa njira yofunikira. MaDobbs ali chitsanzo chowonekera bwino koposa. Milandu yamtsogolo ingapendenso ukulu wa kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi, zoyenera za kutumiza anthu a m’dziko, ndi malire a ufulu wa banja. Akatswiri a zamalamulo ndi ochirikiza asumika kwambiri pa njira yoyenerera ndi chitetezo chofanana cha

Kupatsa Mphamvu Nzika Mwadongosolo

Njira yoyenerera si kungokhala yalamulo; ndi chitetezo chimene nzika iliyonse ingapereke. Kudziŵa njira zofunikira za kulinganiza ndi kumasulira kumatheketsa anthu kutsutsa boma mochenjera, kufuna kumvetsera bwino, ndi kutetezera ufulu wawo waukulu. Maphunziro, chithandizo chalamulo, ndi kusungidwa kwa chitaganya nkofunika kutsimikizira kuti njira yoyendera ndiyo yoposa lonjezo. Pamene kusinthika kwa malamulo kungasinthe chitetezo chapadera, kudzipereka kwakukulu kwakuti palibe munthu aliyense ayenera kulandidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda kusamalidwa bwino kwa anthu kumakhala kodziŵikabe kwa chilungamo cha ku America.