Mafotokozedwe a ufulu wa lamulo wa makhoti samachitika popanda chifukwa; ndi njira yogwira mtima, yotsutsa kwambiri imene imaumba malo alamulo a United States. Mwa milandu yolembedwa m'malamulo, achiweruzo afotokoza, kukonza, ndipo nthaŵi zina kumasuliranso tanthauzo la ufulu wolembedwa m’Malamulo. Kupenda kowonjezerekaku kumapenda zosankha zazikulu zimenezi, njira zomasulira zogwiritsira ntchito oweruza, ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu za ulamuliro, ufulu, ndi chitaganya cha anthu.

Ntchito ya Makhoti Pomasulira Ufulu wa Malamulo

Makhoti, makamaka Khoti Lalikulu, amatumikira monga omalizira ovomereza kumasulira kwa lamulo. Zosankha zawo zikhoza kukhala ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu pa zoyenera za munthu ndi maulamuliro a boma. Gawo III la Malamulo limakhazikitsa nthambi yachiweruzo, koma mphamvu yeniyeni yomasulira Malamulo ndi ulamuliro wokakamiza inatuluka kuchokera ku zochita zoyambirira ndi kuchirikiza mphamvu kwa Khotilo ku Marbury v. Madison [1]. Chiyambire pamenepo, jadicary wamasulira malamulo a malamulowo kupyolera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya magalasi, kuphatikizapo malembo, Chipangano, ndi malamulo apamwamba apamwamba a malamulo.

Chiphunzitso cha malembo chimasumika pa tanthauzo lachibadwa la malembo alamulo monga momwe akanadziŵidwira panthaŵi ya kutembenuza. Chiphunzitso cha kutembenuza, chogwirizana kwambiri, chimafuna kupezanso tanthauzo lapoyera kapena cholinga choyambirira cha Mafelemu. Mosiyana, kukhala ndi malamulo a malamulo kumavomereza kuti mawu aakulu a Konsichushoni . "kunga ngati“ njira yapanthaŵi ya" kapena “chitetezero cholingana [1] chiyenera kusintha mikhalidwe ndi makhalidwe a anthu. Palibe njira imodzi imene imalamulira; zoweruza kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikiza njira, ndipo nthanthi yomasulira matanthauzo a khoti. Kumvetsetsa mapangano ameneŵa nkofunika chifukwa cha kumvetsetsa zimene khoti likunena pa mfundo zosiyana.

Akuluakulu a khotili amamasuliranso ufulu wa munthu. Zoyenera zina n’zomveka bwino. Zonga ufulu wolankhula pa Lamulo Loyamba, pamene kuli kwakuti zina zimasonyezedwa, monga kuyenera kwa kukhala paokha, kumene Khoti linapangana ndi masinthidwe angapo. Njira yomasulira imeneyi imafunikira kukambitsirana kosamalitsa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imadzutsa mkangano wapoyera wonena za oweruza olakwa ndi ntchito yawo yachiweruzo.

Milandu Yofunika Kwambiri m’Kumasulira Konsichushoni

Marbury vesi: Madison (103): Kukhazikitsa Gawo Loweruza

Mlandu wapadera umenewu unachititsa mfundo ya kupendanso, kulola Khoti Lalikulu kuchotsa malamulo amene amatsutsana ndi Malamulo. Mlandu unabuka pa kusagwirizana kwa ndale kwa masankho a 1800, pamene Pulezidenti John Adams wochoka anakhazikitsa “oweruza ausiku” ku ben. William Marbury, mmodzi wa oikidwa, Mlembi woikidwa wa Boma James Madison kaamba ka ntchito yake. Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall, analemba za Khoti, kuti pamene Marbury anali ndi udindo wake, Khoti silinalamulitse chifukwa chakuti lamulo lopereka mphamvu imeneyo (Kuikidwa 13 kwa Chikalata cha Judiary cha 1789) linali lopanda bungwe lake.

Marshall anapeŵa mwaluso kulimbana mwachindunji ndi Pulezidenti Thomas Jefferson mwa kukana kupereka lamulolo, koma panthaŵi imodzi inanena kuti lamulo lalamulo lili ndi mphamvu yolengeza machitidwe a Congress. Mawu ameneŵa, ngakhale kuti sananenedwe bwino m'Malamulo, anakhala maziko. Monga momwe Marshall analembera, “Ili yotsimikiza chigawo ndi ntchito ya dipatimenti ya chiweruzo kunena kuti lamulo nlotani. Lerolino, kupenda kwachiweruzo kuli maziko a lamulo la American, kulola makhoti a kuyang'anira malamulo ndi nthambi za boma.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Ending De Jure Se Convention

M’chochitika chachikulu chimenechi, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula mogwirizana kuti tsankho la mafuko m'masukulu a boma linaswa Kutetezera kwa Ecult Claus wa 14th Amendment. Chigamulocho chinathetsa chiphunzitso cha mbiri yoipa cha Plasty v. Ferguson[[FL:1] [1896]. Chilungamo chachikulu Earl Warren, polembera khoti, chinagogomezera kuti malo a maphunziro oletsedwa anali osalingana, kulanda ana ochepa a mwaŵi wa maphunziro ndi kuvulaza maganizo.

Brown [[FLT :1] sanali lamulo lapadera; chinali chitsiriziro cha zaka za kuperekedwa kwa lamulo ndi NAACP Legal Defense Fund, yotsogozedwa ndi Thirfaill Marshall . Lingaliro la Khoti linalemba pa umboni wa zasayansi wa anthu, monga ngati maphunziro a Kenneth ndi Mamie Clark, kusonyeza zotsatira zovulaza za ufulu. Kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso cha malamulo alamulo kumasonyeza njira ya moyo, kuzindikira kuti tanthauzo la kulingana liwongo limasintha kwa nthaŵi. Chigamulo chinayambitsa kukana kwakukulu m'mayiko ena, koma chinayala njira ya Chiletso cha Chiletso cha 1964 ndi Choyenera cha mu 1965. [FLD:] Country Lawsbook] School of the Legantmentation proctive [3]

Kusunga Zinthu Zobisika

Khotilo linagamulapo Rooe v. Wade[FLT :1] anazindikira kuyenera kwa mkazi kusankha kutaya mimba pansi pa kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi, kumene Khoti lidapeza kale m'milandu ngati Griswlvick v. Connecticut [1965] [65]. Kulemba za anthu 7-2, Jasi Harry Blackmun anavomereza kuti lingaliro la Jenetic Convend Reconsole ya ufulu waumwini ndi la Kugamulation kwa anthu linaphatikizapo ufulu wachinsinsi wachinsinsi umene unali wokwanira kuchotsa mimba yake.

Komabe, Khoti linavomerezanso zikondwerero za boma za kutetezera thanzi la amayi ndi moyo wothekera. Linachititsa kulinganiza bwino zinthu zimenezi: mkati mwa kufupikitsa koyamba, chigamulo chinakhudza mkazi ndi dokotala wake; m'kapetepete, maboma angayang'anizane ndi kuchotsa mimba kuti ateteze thanzi la mayi; ndipo m'maboma achitatu, maboma angaletse kuchotsa mimba kusiyapo ngati kuli kofunika kupulumutsa moyo wa mkazi. Chigamulo chimenechi chinayambitsa mkangano waukulu, ponse paŵiri lamulo ndi makhalidwe abwino, ndipo chimakhala chimodzi cha zigamulo zotsutsana kwambiri m'mbiri m'mbiri m'mbiri ya Khoti. Mlandu pambuyo pake mlanduwo unagwetsedwa ndi [FLT:] [FLD:] ndi "Dobs . Madole a Jackson’H. . . .[FFom'G.AUM.

United States v. Nixon (1974): Prezidential Accounting

Mlanduwu unalimbitsa mfundo yakuti palibe aliyense, ngakhale Pulezidenti, amene ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula mogwirizana kuti Pulezidenti Richard Nixon adatulutsa matepi ndi zikalata zonena za manyazi a Watergate, kukana kuti iye ali ndi udindo wapamwamba. Mlandu unabuka kuchokera ku kufufuza kwa kuswa kwa Komiti ya National ku Democratic ndi kuwonjezera pepala. Woweruza wapadera Leon Jaowski anatulutsa matepilo; Nixon anatsutsa kuti anatetezedwa ndi ufulu wofunikira kugamula mlandu wa prezidenti wa ku Democratic National komiti ndi kukonza chigamu.

Woweruza wamkulu Warren Burger, polembera khotilo, anavomereza mwaŵi wotsatira wa kulankhulana kwa pulezidenti koma anatsutsa kuti sikungapitirire zofunika zazikulu za kachitidwe ka upandu. Khoti linalamula matepiwo kutulutsidwa, ndipo potsirizira pake linavumbula kuti Nixon anali woloŵetsedwa m'chikuto, kutsogolera ku kuchotsedwa kwake. United States v. Nixton [[FLT: 1] [] anatsimikizira ntchito ya judiary potsimikizira ntchito yoŵerengera mlandu, ngakhale pamiyezo yaikulu kwambiri ya boma. Ilo inakhazikitsanso maziko a udindo woyang'anira mlandu wa boma.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kulingana kwa ukwati

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Obergefell v. Hodges yovomerezedwa ndi lamulo la ukwati wa kugonana m’dziko lonse, kutsimikizira kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira kuli ufulu wofunika kwambiri wotetezeredwa ndi Servetic and Secultificate Clauss of the 1450th Amendment. Kulemba kaamba ka 5 °4, Woweruza Anthony Kennedy anakhulupirira kuti ukwati uli wachibadwa m’chiganitso cha munthu ndi kuti kuyenera kukwatira kumafikira kwa okwatirana audindo amodzi. Chigamulo cha lamulo ndi malamulo a malamulo oletsa ukwati wosiyana ndi okwatirana ogwirizana.

Khotilo linayala malingaliro ake m’malamulo anayi: kuyenera kwa kusankha ukwati, chichirikizo chimene ukwati umapereka kwa mabanja, chitetezo cha ana ndi mabanja, ndi chenicheni chakuti ukwati ndiwo maziko a dongosolo la kakhalidwe ka anthu. Lingaliro la Kennedy linakhudza mwambo wa malamulo alamulo amoyo, akumawona kuti “mpangidwe wa chisalungamo nchakuti sitidzauwona nthaŵi zonse m’nthaŵi zathu. [] Maboma okakamizidwa kuzindikira maukwati auchikulire ofanana ndi auchiŵalo china ndi kusonyeza chiyambi chachikulu m’nkhondo ya LGBTQ+. Lingalirosolo lapoyera linasintha kwambiri m’zaka za m’mbuyo, kusonyeza mbali ya Khoti m’masinthidwe ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ka anthu.

Kufufuza Mafotokozedwe a Khoti

Kumvetsa nkhani zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwe. Khoti silimangothetsa mikangano basi; limatchula tanthauzo la lamulo limene limasonkhezera opanga mafilimu onse a boma, kukhazikitsa maziko a ufulu wa anthu m’tsogolo.

Chisonkhezero pa Malamulo

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu kaŵirikaŵiri chimatsogolera ku masinthidwe a malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, chigamulo mu Brown v. Board of Education sichinatheretu sukulu, koma chinapereka maziko a malamulo a Congress kuti chipereke Chilamulo cha Chilamulo cha Chilamulo cha Chilemo la 1964 ndi Chomapanga Zoyenera za Ufulu wa 1965. Momwemo, [[FLT:]bergev v. Hodges adabweza lamulo loletsa ukwati umodzi, kusonkhezera malamulo olamulira kulera ana, choloŵa, choloŵa, choloŵa, choloŵa, ndi mapindu opindulira. Mpatuko, [FLD] Madokkk'bs v. [FLD [FT] [2]

Komanso, nthaŵi zina Nyumba ya Malamulo ingavomereze zimene anthu ambiri sakufuna kuchita pokonza malamulo, ngakhale kuti zimenezi n’zovuta kuzisintha, ndipo n’zovuta kuzimvetsa.

Kusokoneza Maganizo a Anthu

Nkhani zazikulu zingasinthe malingaliro a anthu pankhani zachikhalidwe. Kulamulira mu Obergefell v. Hodges [1] mokulira kunasintha maganizo a anthu a muukwati womwewo, kugogomezera ntchito ya makhoti posonyeza ndi kukonza chikhalidwe. Kulemba zinthu patsogolo ndi pambuyo pa chigamulo kunasonyeza kuvomereza kowonjezereka, ngakhale kuti kunayambitsanso chitsutso. Momwemonso, Brown v. Bungwe la Maphunziro limathandiza kujambula mfundo za makhalidwe ndi malamulo oletsa ufulu wa anthu, kusonkhezera gulu la anthu. Komabe, unansi pakati pa malamulo ndi malingaliro a anthu ndi ovuta n’ngochititsa kuti nthaŵi zina, ndipo nthaŵi zina kumbuyo kwake kumbuyo kugamula.

Aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira ayenera kuzindikira kuti zosankha zapadera kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala ziŵiya zophunzitsira. Zimakhala mbali ya makambitsirano a dzikolo, kuphunzira m’makalasi, kutsutsana m'zoulutsira nkhani, ndi kupempha malingaliro a khotilo. Malingaliro akewo ndi olembedwa mwaluso. Zolembedwa zalamulo . Zikhoza kukopa kapena kulephera kukhutiritsa, ndi kulinganiza kwawo kwa nkhani yamtsogolo.

Mmene Zidzakhudzira Mlandu Watsogolo

Zigamulo zoyambitsidwa ndi milandu yosonyeza za m’tsogolo, kupanga malamulo amene amasonkhezera ufulu kumasulira ndi kutetezedwa. Kupitirizabe kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri kuti musunge kukhazikika m'dongosolo la malamulo. Chiphunzitso cha [[FLT: 0] n’choyera [1] (kuleka chigamulocho]) (kulekani kuti chigamulo chitsogolere makhoti kutsatira malamulo oyambirira. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Marbury v. [FLT: FLT] [F:] [FLT]] amakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha kupenda, osonyezedwa pafupifupi m'chiyeso cha lamulo. [FL:] [FL:] [FL:]

Komabe, chitsanzo sichotheratu. Roe v. Wade adaima pafupifupi zaka 50 asanalamulire mu Dobs . Khoti likufuna kuchotsa chitsanzo. Makhoti akusonyeza kumasulira kwa malamulo a malamulo. Zochitika zamtsogolo zidzapitiriza kukonzanso malingana ndi ufulu wonga chinsinsi, chitetezo chofanana, ndi njira yoyenera. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa [[FLT:] OFLT]berge, makhoti anena kaya kutsutsa kwa chipembedzo chimodzi ndi ukwati wa Express kungalungamitse mautumiki, kutsutsa kuletsa mafunso oyenera pakati pa ufulu wa chipembedzo ndi ufulu wosakhala wogwirizana.

Chiyambukiro pa milandu yamtsogolo chimafikanso ku njira ya kumasulira. Pamene Khoti litenga kulembedwa kwa malemba kapena kuyambika kwa mawu m’nkhani imodzi, njira imeneyo imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri m'nkhani zotsatira. Mwachitsanzo, kutembenukira kwaposachedwapa kwa Khotilo ku kuyambika kwa Chiyambi m'milandu yachiŵiri ya Primendment, monga ngati . Heller [2008] [2008] ndi [New York Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen . [FLT:] [202] [20]), lakhudza mmene makhoti ang'ono amaonera malamulo ophera mfuti. Kusintha kwa zinthu ndi kukonza zopekerera [mauzira]

Kumaliza

Kumasulira kwa ufulu wa lamulo kwa makhoti kuli njira yaikulu imene imapitirizabe kusinthika. Nkhani zazikulu . Zotsatira zake . Marbury . Zosankha zimenezi sizimathetsa mikangano pakati pa magulu; zimalengeza malamulo amene amagwirizanitsa nthambi zonse za boma ndi kudziŵitsa ufulu wa nzika iliyonse. Pamene aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira akulimbana ndi zosankha zimenezi, zimathandiza kwambiri kumvetsa malamulo a boma ndi makhalidwe ake. Kukambirana pakati pa Khoti, nthambi zandale, ndi anthu andale, zimatsimikizira kuti mbali ya ulamuliro wa dziko lapansi ikukhala.