Makina a boma ndiwo mahatchi a ulamuliro wa Amereka, okhala ndi thayo la malamulo ambirimbiri amene amayambukira mwachindunji moyo wa nzika zawo. Kuchokera ku kupereka ndalama ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo ku kukonzanso chilungamo ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwa dongosolo la zaumoyo, malamulo a boma amaumba malo amene anthu amakhala, ntchito, ndi mabizinesi. Pamene kuli kwakuti United States Congress iri ndi thayo la lamulo la boma, unyinji wa malamulo operekedwa ndi nyumba zoyamwira 50 za boma n’ngodabwitsa. Mabungwe ameneŵa pamodzi amalingalira zaka zikwi zambiri za ngongole chaka chilichonse. Kuzindikira bwino lomwe lamulo limapanga kukhala lamulo pamlingo wa boma sichiritso chokha; ndi chida chothandiza kwa ochirikiza, eni malonda, a a nyuzipepala, ndi nzika za anthu amene afuna kuyendetsa kapena kuyendetsa dongosolo la kayendetsende.

Pamene kuli kwakuti magalasi a mpangidwe a magalasi apadera a boma, njira za boma nzosiyana, zosiyana, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zofikirika kwambiri kwa anthu. Nzovuta, maulendo a mbali zambiri amene amafuna lamulo kuti apulumuke, kutsutsana, ndi kulolerana pambali zingapo. Sitepe lililonse lalinganizidwira kutsimikizira kuti lamulo lolingaliridwa lakhala lolinganizidwa mosamalitsa lisanafike mabuku a malamulo. Kupenda kumeneku koyambirira kumasweka ulendowo, kuchokera ku chiyambi cha lingaliro kufikira ku ku ku kukhazikitsa komalizira kwa lamulo latsopano, kumapereka chitsogozo chodalirika ku umodzi wa ntchito zazikulu za boma.

Buku la Genesis la Chilamulo cha Boma: Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kuzigwiritsa Ntchito

Ulendo wa lamulo la boma unayamba kalekale asanaloŵe m'chipinda cha chipinda. Imayamba ndi lingaliro. Lingaliro limeneli lingachokere ku magwero osiyanasiyana. Kulimbana ndi chopinga cha boma kungasonkhezere ntchito yothamanga. Gulu losonkhezera loimira maindasitale ena lingapereke masinthidwe ku malamulo a malonda. Bungwe la boma lingapeze mpata m'mphamvu zimene zilipo zosungitsa. Apolisi amavomereza ntchito, kufufuza, kapena pulatifomu ya malamulo a wopanga malamulo ndizonso zofala.

Pamene lingaliro la lamulo lapangidwa, mawu enieni a lamulo ayenera kupangidwa. Ili ndi njira yaluso kwambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti wopanga malamulo angakhale ndi cholinga chachikulu, chinenero chalamulo chiyenera kukhala cholondola kuti apeŵe zotsatirapo zosayembekezeredwa ndi kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto a bwalo lamilandu. Maboma ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito lamulo loletsa zinthu, kaŵirikaŵiri lotchedwa Legislative Counser, Ofesi ya Malamulo, kapena Womasulira malamulo. Olemba malamulo ameneŵa amatembenuza lingaliro la wokonza malamulowo m'chinenero chalamulo. Amatsimikizira kuti malemba olingaliridwawo akugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma, amasunga malamulo, ndi zolinga zake molondola.

Kuchirikiza kuchirikiza ndalama kuli njira yotsatira yofunika kwambiri. M'mayiko ena, muli malire a chiŵerengero cha oyendetsa malamulo kapena malamulo onena za nthaŵi imene angawonjezeredwe. Chigawo choyambirirachi, pamene chikuoneka ngati kuti ndi chauyang'anira, chingathe kusonyeza kuti lamulo la bipartisan ndilo limathandiza kapena limathandiza kwambiri m'chipinda. M'mayiko ena, muli malire a chiŵerengero cha anthu oyendetsa kapena malamulo okhudza nthawi imene angawonjezeredwe. Chigawochi, pamene chikuoneka kuti chikuthandiza kuyendetsa malamulo andale. Chikalata chokhala ndi mphamvu ya zandale, gulu losiyanasiyana la ochirikiza chitukuko chapamwamba kuposa chilo china choyambitsidwa ndi munthu mmodzi popanda wopanga malamulo.

Chiyambi ndi Kuŵerenga Koyamba

Ndi ndalama zolembedwa ndi ochirikiza osungidwa, njira yalamulo ikuyamba. Wopereka ndalamayo amaipereka kwa kalaliki wamkulu kapena mlembi wa chipinda chawo. M'mayiko ambiri, kachitidwe kameneka katsagana ndi "kuŵerenga koyamba," pamene mutu wa chikalata umaŵerengedwa mokweza, ndipo amagawidwa nambala ya lamulo. Nambala imeneyi ndi yovomerezeka ya ulendo wake (m’jere, HB 101 ya House Bill 101, kapena SB 202 ya Nyumba ya Malamulo Bill 202). Nambala imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapepala alamulo, makhalenda, ndi dongosolo la anthu onse.

Malamulo a kuyambitsa amasiyana kwambiri ndi boma. Mayiko ena ali ndi malamulo okhwima operekera mapepala pa pulogalamu ya malamulo, pamene ena ali ololera kwambiri. Boma ngati California lili ndi "zaka ziŵiri" chigawo, kumene mafaindi oyambitsidwa chaka choyamba angapite ku chaka chachiŵiri popanda kubwezedwa. Maboma ena ali ndi magawo osatsatizana kumene kusatsalira kwa mapepala alionse amafa kumapeto kwa zaka ziŵiri, kufunikiritsa kuyambanso kothera mu pulogalamu yotsatira. Mtengo wa ndalama zimene zatchulidwazo ukhoza kukhala wodabwitsa; chilolezo chachikulu chingaone zijambulidwa m'chigawo chimodzi. Mlaleko umenewu nthaŵi yomweyo umagogomezera kufunika kwa mapulogalamu oyenera: komiti. Kuŵerenga koyamba kwa dongosolo la malamulo m'malamulolo ndi kuyang'pulogalamu yake.

Komiti: Kumene Mabilisha Amapimidwa

Komiti ndiyo maziko a kachitidwe ka malamulo. Nthaŵi zambiri imatchedwa "bungwe la nyumba ya malamulo," apa ndi pamene tsatanetsatane wa malamulo amafufuzidwa, kutsutsana, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kulembedwanso. Popanda chilolezo cha komiti, lamulo silimapita pansi kuti avote ndi chipinda chonse. Mphamvu ya komiti youmba, kuwongolera, kapena kupha malamulo njaikulu ndipo njaikulu m'kugwirira ntchito kwa nyumba ya boma.

Ntchito ya Makomiti Oimapo

Komiti iliyonse imalinganizidwa kukhala yachikhalire, magulu odziŵika ndi mfundo zodziŵika monga makomiti oima. Makomiti ameneŵa amayang'anira madera monga Agriculture, Educary, Health and Human Services, Judiary, Transportation, ndi Folture . Komitiyo (yoyang'anira msonkho ndi ndalama za boma). Imayang'anira malo amphamvu kwambiri amene akugwira ndi chiŵalo cha gulu la anthu ambiri, amayang'anira ntchito ya komiti. Mpandomo umasankha kuti pakhale pamalipo pakumva ndi padongosolo la komitiyi. Komiti ya za Uphunzitsi imamasulira ndalama ndi maluso ambiri pankhaniyi. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la mankhwala ophera mankhwala likayang'anizidwa ku Komiti ya za Agriculity, osati Komiti ya Maphunziro.

Milandu ya Anthu Onse ndi Umboni

Imodzi ya mfundo zopezeka kwambiri za kachitidwe ka malamulo ndiyo kumvetsera kwa anthu. Uwu ndi mwayi waukulu kwa nzika, akatswiri, olandira alendo, ndi akuluakulu a boma kuti apereke mfundo zachindunji. Mboni zingapereke umboni pamaso pa anthu, m’kulemba, kapena mowonjezereka. Angalankhule mochirikiza lamulo, lotsutsana nalo, kapena kupereka malingaliro a kukonza. Kumva kwa anthu kumagwira ntchito ya democracy, kulola anthu kukhala ndi phande ndi kuwapatsa opanga malamulo enieni a malingaliro enieni a moyo wawo, omwe sangamve. [National Conference of Legistures (NCSL))) (BBHPS / www.w.org/leslaves-stard / proces) imapereka chuma chachikulu pa mmene makomiti, kuphatikizapo mapulogalamu ndi kuyang'anira.

Njira Yosonyezera Chizindikiro ndi Kukonzanso Zinthu

Pambuyo pa kumvetsera kwapoyera, komitiyo imaloŵa mu dawuniloti ya "markup". Popereka chilolezo, mamembala a komiti akufunsa, kukambirana, ndi kuvota pokonza vutolo. "Kusintha kwa ubwenzi" kungafotokoze bwino chilankhulo kapena kutseka chitseko cha luso. "kusintha chikalata" kungasinthe kwambiri cholinga cha lamulo, nthaŵi zina monga njira yochitira mavoti okwanira kuti chipite, kapena kuvumbula zofooka zake. Njira yoperekera ndalama ingatulukire mofulumira kaamba ka zikalata zosatsatirika kapena zoperekedwa ndi malamulo a zandale zadziko. Kusintha kulikonse kumatsutsana ndi kusankhidwa ndi ziŵalo za komiti. Kumeneku kuli kumene kuli, mzere watsatanetsatane, ndi linzani wa ntchito.

Ganizirani za Gawo ndi Chiboo

Pambuyo pa kuyamikira, komitiyo imavota kuti kaya ikhale ndi lamulo loletsa ku chipinda chonse. Voti yabwino imatchedwa "Kutsata. Nthaŵi zina, makomiti amatchula "Kudutsa Monga Amended" chivomerezo, kusonyeza kuti lamulolo liyenera kupita patsogolo koma ndi kusintha kokha kwa kachitidwe ka m'nthaŵi ya kunyamulidwa. Ngati komiti imalephera kuchitapo kanthu pa lamulo, kapena kuvota kuti lamulolo lafadi pa chigawocho. Imeneyi kaŵirikaŵiri imatchulidwa kuti "pigeonling" kapena "tabling" pepala. Komiti, chotero, imatumikira monga chotetezera champhamvu, kutsimikizira kuti kokha, lamulo lopindulitsa likufikira pansi pa nyumba yonse. Chiwonjezero chachikulu cha zikalata zoikidwa m'bungwe chofera m'komiti, ikuchita ntchito yotsutsa m'mabungwe.

Kutsutsana ndi Kulankhulana m’Nyumba ya Chiyambi

Pamene lamulo lachilolezo laperekedwa kuchokera ku komiti, limaikidwa pa kalendala kuti lilingaliridwe. Komiti ya Malamulo m'chipinda chilichonse imalamulira kutsatizana kwa malamulo pansi, kugamula dongosolo la mafaindi amene akukambitsiridwa. Ili ndi ntchito yamphamvu yolinganiza zinthu, monga momwe kuikidwa mochedwa pa kalendala kungachepetsere kwambiri mwaŵi wa kudutsa chigawo chisanathe.

Malamulo Oŵerenga ndi Otsutsana

Malamulo a m’chipinda chonse atsutsana. Malamulo a mkangano amasiyana, koma kaŵirikaŵiri, wochirikizayo amatsegula mwa kufotokoza chifuno cha lamulo ndi cholinga. Ziŵalo zimasinthana kulankhula kapena kutsutsa lamulo. Mapempho angaperekedwe kuchokera pansi mkati mwa mkanganowu, ngakhale kuti maboma ena amafuna kuti ziwonjezedwe zolembedwa pasadakhale. "Kuŵerenga kwachiŵiri" kaŵirikaŵiri kumaloŵetsamo kupenda lamulo ndi kupenda kukonzanso, pamene kuli kwakuti "kuŵerenga kwa chitatu" ndiko kuŵerengedwa komaliza pamaso pa voti. Maiko ena amafuna chikalata kuti chiŵerengedwe mokwanira pamasiku atatu olekana, ngakhale kuti lamulo limeneli lingapangidwe ndi voti yotchuka. Zimenezi zimalola kukambirana kotheratu kwapotomerana kwa onse ndi kutsutsana kwa lamulo loperekedwa.

Njira Zopangira Zinthu

Malamulo a boma amagwiritsira ntchito njira zingapo kujambula mavoti. Voti (lomwe limanenedwa "ye" kapena "nay") limagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhani zosagwirizana ndi zimene zakhala zikuonekera bwino. Voti ya gulu ndi kuŵerengera kumene kuli mamembala awo kuti aŵerengedwe. Chikalatacho chimaitana mapepala a voti ya chivoti aliyense wa chiŵalo chilichonse, ndipo ndilo kufunika kwake kapena ndalama zimene anthu amapanga. Ngati lamulolo lilandira voti yaikulu pa kuwerenga kwachitatu, limalola kuti mavoti aone mmene oimira awo amalowera. Oŵerengedwa ambiri a mamembala amene alipo ndi osankhidwa, kuyerekezera kuti chivoti chachi (kaŵiri cha ziŵalo zonse) akufunika kupitirira chikalata. Ngati chikalatacho chimalandira chikalata chachikulu, chikulembedwa ".

Komiti Yachiŵiri: Kudutsa M’chipangizo Chopingasa

Muyalo ukadutsa chipinda chimodzi, umatumizidwa kuchipinda china kuti uyambenso. Uthenga umatumizidwa ku thupi lina, limodzi ndi pepala lotengeka kwambiri lomwe limakhala ndi zitsulo zonse zopangidwa m’chipinda chochokeramo. Chipinda chachiwiri chiyenera kudutsa mpangidwe wofanana kuti chipite kwa kazembe.

Kachitidwe ka m'chipinda chachiŵiri si chidindo cha mphira. Iko kumadutsanso ku makina onse a malamulo: choyamba kuŵerenga, komiti yoyang'anira, kuulutsa, kuvomereza, kutsutsana kwa pansipa, ndi voti yomaliza. Chipinda chachiŵiri chili ndi mphamvu zonse zokana lamulolo, kuipereka popanda kusintha, kapena kuitumiza ndi zotsekereza. Ngati chipinda chachiŵiricho chiposa pepalalo popanda kusintha kulikonse, chimatchedwa "concurrence," ndipo chikalatacho chimatumizidwa mwachindunji kwa kazembene. Komabe, zimenezi n’zosoŵa kwambiri kuti zikhale malamulo apadera. Kaŵirikaŵiri, zipinda zachiŵiri zimavomereza kukonza, kutumiza chikalata chakumbuyo ku nyumba ya chiyambi.

Kuthetsa Mikangano: Makomiti a Msonkhano

Ngati zipinda ziŵirizo sizingagwirizane pa chinenero chomaliza cha lamulo, komiti ya msonkhano imapangidwa. Imeneyi ndi komiti ya kanthaŵi, yopanga mamembala ochepa kuchokera m'chipinda chilichonse, kaŵirikaŵiri makomiti akuluakulu a kulimba amene anaphatikizidwa m'masitepe oyambirira a lamulo. Mamembala ameneŵa amaikidwa ndi Wolankhula wa Nyumba ndi Khoti la Majority (kapena Pulezidenti wa Malamulo).

Komiti ya msonkhano imachita misonkhano kuti igwirizane. Cholinga n’chopanga lamulo limodzi limene machipinda onse aŵiri angavomereze. Chotulukapo cha ntchito yawo ndi "lauviko lachiyanjo," limene ndilo kulembedwa kwathunthu, kulembedwanso kwa lamulo. Lipotili limaperekedwa ku zipinda zonse ziŵirizo kuti zikhale zovota. Palibenso zikalata zotsala zimene zimaloledwa pa siteji ino. Opanga malamulo ayenera kulandira lipoti lonse la msonkhanowo kapena kuukana. Zimenezi "kuutenga kapena kuusiya" zimasumika mphamvu zazikulu m’manja mwa makomiti a msonkhanowo. Ngati mabungwe onse aŵiriwo avomereza lipoti, lamulolo amalembetsedwa ndi kutumizidwa kwa kazembe. Ngati chikalatacho kapena zipinda zonse ziŵirizo zikana kufa, chikalatacho chingafe, kapena kukonza komiti yatsopano.

Kuchitapo Kanthu: Chotsatira Chomaliza

Khotili, litapulumuka pa launibilu ya malamulo, likugona pa desiki la bwanamkubwa. Zosankha za kazembeyo zimasiyana ndi malamulo a boma koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo zochita zotsatirazi:

  • Chizindikiro m'Chilamulo: [[FLT :1] Bwanamkubwa avomerezana ndi lamulo ndi zizindikiro zake, kupangitsa lamulo la boma. Izi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsagana ndi phwando lapoyera.
  • [[FLT :0] : [[FLT :1] Bwana wakana lamulo ndi kulitumiza ku chipinda chochokera ndi uthenga wa chivomezi wofotokoza zitsutso. Chivomezi ndi chenje lamphamvu pa nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo.
  • Lolani Kukhala Lamulo Lopanda Chikalata: M'maiko ambiri, bwanamkubwa sangachite kanthu kalikonse. Pambuyo pa masiku oŵerengeka (kaŵirika 10, kusiyapo masiku 10, kapena 30 ngati kalamulo kalo alengezedwa), lamulolo limakhala lamulo popanda kusainidwa ndi bwanamkubwa. Izi zingakhale chosankha chabwino ngati bwanamkubwa sakufuna kuvomereza kotheratu lamulolo koma safuna kulivomereza.
  • M'mawilo-kupitira: Nzosiyana ndi ndalama zofufuzira (majereti), mzera-chombo vhato kulola kazembe kuphulitsa zinthu zakutizakuti kapena ndalama zokwana povomereza ndalama zonse. Zimenezi zimapatsa mphamvu yaikulu pa bajeti ya boma ndi kuwonongera zinthu zofunika.

Veto Agonjetsa Njira Yoyendera

A gubernonatorial vento sindiwo kwenikweni mapeto a lamulo. Malamulo a boma angachotse lamulolo mwa kupitiriranso lamulolo ndi voti yamphamvu. Kutchuka kofunikira kaŵirikaŵiri kuli mamembala aŵiri chitatu a mamembala osankhidwa m'chipinda chilichonse. Imeneyi ndi chiletso cha dala chakuchotsa, ndipo maveto ngosapezeka. Amachitidwa mwachitukuko kapena mwapadera pamene malamulo apadera a boma aona kuti ali oyenerera kusonkhanitsa mavoti. [National Councial Association (NGO)] (ttps.w.w.ng.org/) imapereka chidziŵitso chochuluka pa maulamuliro a dziko la kuto ndi maulamuliro, kuwonjezera madongosolo a dzikolo, kuwonjezera mapangano apadera.

Madeti Ogwira Mtima ndi Kugwirizana

Pamene lamulo lalamulo lasainwa ndi bwanamkubwa (kapena kukhala lamulo kupyolera mwa njira ina yalamulo), limadziŵika bwino monga "lamulo lopeka " lamulolo silimagwira ntchito nthaŵi zonse. Malamulo ambiri a boma amaphatikizapo "deti logwira ntchito" la chigawo. Malamulo ambiri amagwira ntchito pa deti lenileni, monga January 1 wa chaka chotsatira, kapena masiku 90 pambuyo pa kutha kwa programu ya malamulo. Kuchedwa kumeneku kumalola mabungwe a boma kukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito lamulolo ndi kupatsa nzika nthaŵi ya kuzindikira zofunika zatsopano. Malamulo amwamsanga, monga ngati malamulo ofunika mwamsanga kuti asungire boma kapena malamulo otetezera anthu mwamsanga, angagwire ntchito mwamsanga pa kusainidwa kwa kaundula.

Pambuyo pa deti logwira mtimalo, lamulo latsopano limaikidwa m'malamulo a boma olembedwa movomerezeka, otchedwa "malamulo a boma," "malamulo osinthidwa," kapena "malamulo alamulo apadera". Kugwirizana kumeneku kumalinganiza lamulo mwa nkhani. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo latsopano lonena za kulembedwa kwa mapepala a aphunzitsi lidzaikidwa m'mutu wa malamulo a boma. Gulu limeneli ladongosolo ndilo mmene malamulo amapangidwira ku anthu onse, maloya, oweruza, ndi ziungwe za boma. Mautumiki onga [Opensts] (maumboni.org /) amapereka ziwiya zabwino kwambiri zothandizira kuyang'anira malamulo ndi kupeza malamulo a boma.

Kumvetsa Ulendo wa Kupereka Malamulo ku Boma

Kupereka lamulo la boma nkovuta ndi kopeka mosiyanasiyana. Kumaphatikizapo zipata zambiri, mwaŵi woloŵetsapo anthu onse, ndi mphamvu zopatukana zolinganizidwa kuletsa lamulo lofulumira kapena losalingaliridwa bwino. Kuyambira pa kujambula ndi komiti kufikira pa makambitsirano a pansi ndi chigawo, sitepe lililonse limawonjezera kuŵerengera ndi kutsimikizira kuti mawu ambiri ali ndi mwaŵi wa kumvedwa. Dongosolo ili la machekesi ndi zoyendera, pamene nthaŵi zina likuchedwa ndi kusokonezeka, lili maziko a kukhazikika, kutsogolera.

Kuzindikira njira imeneyi kumapatsa nzika mphamvu kuti zikhale ndi moyo wopambana ndi boma lawo. Kaya ikhale yopereka umboni pa mlandu wa anthu, kufunsa wopanga malamulo kuti apereke lingaliro, kutsatira kupita patsogolo kwa lamulo kudzera mwa komiti, kapena kungosankha ndi kaonedwe kabwino ka malamulo, kutenga nawo mbali m'dongosolo lino n’kofunika kwambiri kuti zikhale ndi thanzi. Boma kaŵirikaŵiri limakhala likulu la boma lapafupi ndi anthu, ndipo malamulo ake amapangidwa kuti apezedwe. Mwakumvetsa masitepeto osonyezedwa pano, munthu aliyense kapena gulu lingayende bwino ndi kuchita ntchito yowongolera malamulo amene akulamulira anthu awo.