Maboma akhazikitsa malamulo alamulo amathandiza kwambiri posamalira mavuto a zaumoyo ku United States. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limapereka mgwirizano wa dziko kudzera m'mabungwe monga Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ulamuliro walamulo wa kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji . Monga kulamula, kutseka makampani, ndi kukonza mankhwala a katemera ndi mayiko. Pamene vuto libuka, kaya tsoka lachilengedwe, kapena kubuka kwa zigaŵenga, opanga malamulo ayenera kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amatetezera anthu, kugaŵira zinthu, ndi kulinganiza ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi chitetezo cha onse. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mmene malamulo akunenera kuti malamulowo agwirire ntchito monga chida chachikulu poyankha kuopseza anthu.

Maziko a Malamulo a Mphamvu za Umoyo wa Anthu Onse

Kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo amasamalira mavuto a zaumoyo kumafunikiritsa choyamba kuzindikira maziko a lamulo la ulamuliro wawo. Pansi pa Kusintha kwa Khumi, mphamvu zosaperekedwa ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena zoletsedwa ndi iwo ku United States, zimasungidwa ku United States, kapena kwa anthu. Malo ameneŵa amaphatikizapo mphamvu za boma za maboma .

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States linatsimikizira lamulo limeneli m'nkhani yosintha zinthu Jacoboson v. Massachusetts [1] (05). M’chigamulo chimenecho, khoti linasunga lamulo la boma lofuna kukatemera katemera wa nthomba ku Cambridge, Massachusetts, ndi kunena kuti ufulu wa munthu aliyense suli wotheratu; ungakhale woyenerera malamulo oyenera operekedwa kaamba ka ubwino wa onse. Khotilo linati:

. . Ubwino ndi thanzi la anthu a Massachusetts ndizo zofunika kwambiri kwa boma. Nyumba ya malamulo ili ndi mphamvu zokhazikitsa malamulo otetezera thanzi la anthu ndi chisungiko, ndi kufuna katemera ngati kuli kofunika. [1]

Mlandu umenewu unakhazikitsa mayeso a zaumoyo a [[FLT: 0] amene amatsogolerabe malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu: Makhoti adzachirikiza lamulo ngati lili ndi mgwirizano weniweni kapena wotsimikizirika wotetezera thanzi la anthu, si kulolera kapena kusalingalira bwino, ndipo samaphwanya zoyenera zazikulu. Malamulo a boma amakono amagwira ntchito m'kakonzedwe kameneka popanga malamulo angozi.

Kuopsa kwa Malamulo pa Nthaŵi ya Kudwala

Malamulo a boma amagwiritsa ntchito ziŵiya zosiyanasiyana za malamulo pamavuto a zaumoyo.

Malangizo a M’nthaŵi Yatsoka ndi Zofunsiridwa

M'maboma ambiri, kazembe ali ndi ulamuliro wolengeza za mkhalidwe wangozi kapena wa zamwadzidzidzi mwa lamulo la boma. Komabe, malamulo ambiri a boma amafuna kuti kuchitika zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuyambitse ntchito yapadera kapena kuti bungwe la malamulo lizikhazikitsa lamulo la kazembe m'masiku angapo. Mliri wa CHOVAD-19, malamulo ambiri amakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuperekedwa kwa zinthu zofunika kapena kupempha kuti malamulo akwaniritsidwe. Mwachitsanzo, Kicky’s akhazikitsa lamulo la pa 201 .

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kufufuza

Malamulo amatumiza ndalama zothandizira anthu kuwonjezera pa chithandizo cha mankhwala. Malamulo amatumiza ndalama zopimira ndalama kuti zipereke ndalama zoyendera, kugaŵira katemera, kuwonjezera mphamvu zachipatala, ndi ntchito zaumoyo wa anthu. Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo makonzedwe a kufulumizitsa ndalama zofunikira, kupikisana, ndi kupanga ndalama zimene sizikudalira pa malamulo a chaka chatha. [FLT:] Kupyola mliri wa CHOVAD [[FL:1], kuchuluka kwa madola a ndalama za boma ndi ndalama zothandizira ntchito za boma, ndi makampani opanga makomiti ena oyanganira zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito. [201] Lipoti la National Conference of State of Legturetures (LN) linatchula kuti pa malamulo 20 akuyendetsa mwachindunji ndalama za boma za CFOVD. Kuyang'ana za kuwonjezera ndalama za ku kampani ya boma, kuyendetsa malamulo ofufuza zinthu za boma kwa anthu otchuka, monga: [3] ndi kuthandizira kuthandizira kuchiritsa kwa anthu ena osoŵa.[3]

Kulolera

Malamulo angasinthe kwakanthaŵi kapena kwachikhalire kukhazikitsa malamulo a malamulo a anthu ogwiritsa ntchito kampani, ndi kuwonjezera malamulo a boma amene angaperekedwe. Mwachitsanzo, m’miyezi yoyambirira ya CHOVID-19, maboma ambiri anapereka malamulo olola madokotala kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kudzera m'makompyuta popanda kupeza laisensi ya boma, ndi kuwonjezera mitundu ya mautumiki amene angaperekedwe mochedwa. Mofananamo, malamulo oletsa mankhwala, kuwatheketsa kupereka mankhwala popanda dokotala kapena kupereka chithandizo cha mankhwala. Maboma ameneŵa anatsimikizira kuti akuthandiza kupeza chithandizo chamwamsanga pamene akuchepetsa kulemera ndi kuchipatala.

Kupyola mliriwo, mabwalo alamulo agwiritsira ntchito masinthidwe auyang'aniro kuthetsa mavuto ena. Mkati mwa kubuka kwa kachilombo ka Zika , akulongosola monga Florida ndi Texas, akukhazikitsa malamulo ofulumizitsa kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi kulamula akuluakulu a zaumoyo kuloŵa m'malo osungira udzudzu. Kusintha kumeneku kumapangitsa madipatimenti a boma a zaumoyo kuchita popanda kudikira madongosolo a boma kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kukonzekera

Pamene kuli kwakuti yankho lamwamsanga limafuna chisamaliro chalamulo chapadera kwambiri panthaŵi ya tsoka, nyumba zoyang'anira zimagwiranso ntchito ya kulimbikitsa zipatala za anthu mtsogolo. Gulu limeneli limaphatikizapo malamulo amene amakonza bwino madongosolo a matenda, amafuna miyulu ya zipangizo zotetezera zaumwini (PPE) kapena operekera mpweya, ndi kupanga malo ochitirapo ngozi. Maboma ena akhazikitsa ndalama zaumoyo za anthu [ zimene zimawonjezeredwa chaka chilichonse, kutsimikizira kuti bajetiyo siiwala dongosolo la za za pulogalamu ya za za zachipatala. Ena apereka malamulo ofuna kuti zipatalazo zisungire mphamvu yowonjezereka kapena kutengamo mbali m'madongosolo a za zaumoyo. Mwachitsanzo, [FLD:] Makampanilandlandland , [FFT] Active CC]

Kufufuza Nkhani za M’madeko

Kuti tichitire chitsanzo kusiyanasiyana kwa zigamulo za malamulo pa ziwopsezo zosiyanasiyana za thanzi, kuli kothandiza kupenda mavuto akutiakuti ndi malamulo a boma opangidwa kuti ayankhire izo.

COVID-19: Malamulo Ophunzitsa Anthu Opanda Chiyambi

Mliri wa Covid-19 unachititsa kuti pakhale malamulo ambiri a zaumoyo m'mbiri yamakono ya ku America. Pakati pa March 2020 ndi 2022, makhoma a boma anakhazikitsa ndalama zambirimbiri ndipo anakhazikitsa malamulo ambirimbiri okhudzana ndi mbali iliyonse ya kuyang'anira miliri. Malo apadera a ku America anali:

  • Malamulo ndi akatemera amalamula: Malamulo ofuna mask m'nyumba kapena pa zoyendera za anthu onse, ndipo pambuyo pake, mapasipoti a akatemera a ntchito zina. Malamulo ena anakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa malo kapena mabwana achinsinsi kukhazikitsa malamulo otero.
  • Zitetezero za kusungika: Maboma ambiri anakhazikitsa malamulo otetezera osamalira zaumoyo, mabizinesi, masukulu, ndi opanga akatemera a ku khoti la Covid, malinga ngati anachita ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino ndi kutsatira zitsogozo zaumoyo wa anthu.
  • Malamulo ovomerezeka: Malamulo amene analola misonkhano yakutali ya mabungwe a boma, kufutukula kuvota kwa ochotsedwa, ndi kutheketsa antchito a boma kugwira ntchito ya pa telefoni.
  • Malamulo a ntchito ndi malamulo a chipatala: amene anachotseratu kwa kanthaŵi Chikalata cha Zofunika, ololedwa kuletsa antchito osamalira zaumoyo opuma pantchito, ndi kulamula kuti zipatala zipereke lipoti la ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.

Chitsanzo chimodzi chodziŵika ndicho Michigan’s Emergency Management and Health Order Act poyamba anapatsa kazembe mphamvu zokulira, koma pambuyo pake bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo linachisintha kuti chikhale chilolezo cha lamulo kaamba ka malamulo a masiku oposa 28. Mantha ankhondo pakati pa akuluakulu a boma ndi a boma anachitidwa m’maiko ambiri, kugogomezera kulimba kwa ntchito ya mwamsanga ndi kuŵerengera kwa democracy.

Mliri wa Opioid: Kusintha kwa Malamulo kwa Miyezo Yaitali

Mosiyana ndi mliri woopsa, vuto la opioid lakula m’zaka zoposa 20, likulola mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo kuyankha mwa kutsatizana kwa malamulo osinthana koma okhudzana.

  • Kulembedwa kwa Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs): Malamulo olembedwa kuti olemba ayang'ana chigawo chonse asanapereke zinthu zolamuliridwa. Monga 2023, maboma onse 50 kusiyapo Missouri ali ndi ma PDMPs ogwiritsidwa ntchito.
  • [[NT:0] Naloxone Access Laws: Malamulo amene amalola ogulitsa mankhwala kugulitsa mankhwala ochulukitsa popanda chilolezo ndi kupereka chitetezo chabwino cha Asamariya kwa anthu amene amaitana 911 kuti amwe mankhwala opitirira.
  • Kubweza Malamulo ndi Kupereka Malo Othandiza: Malamulo amene amasunga ndalama kuchokera ku makhoti ozembetsa mankhwala (m’chitsanzo, Johnson & Johnson, Purdue Pharma) ku kuchiritsa ndi maprogramu akuchinjiriza.
  • Malire oikizira: Mayiko angapo, kuphatikizapo New York ndi [FLT ] Shashington , apereka malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala owonjezera owonjezera owonjezera kupweteka kwa masiku 7, cholinga chochepetsa upandu wa kudalirana.

Vuto la opioid limasonyeza mmene nyumba zokhazikitsa malamulo zingagwiritsirire ntchito kukonzanso malamulo, kupereka ndalama, ndi kukonzanso chiweruzo chaupandu kuti athetse chiwopsezo cha thanzi la anthu chimene chikukhudza ponse paŵiri kusungitsa thanzi ndi malamulo.

Zika ndi Vector-Borne Disease: Environmental Legislation

Pamene kachilombo ka Zika kanafika ku America mu 2015-2016, mabwalo a boma a m'mayiko a kummwera kwa dziko la Aedes analabadira ndi lamulo loikidwiratu. Folida [1] anaposa “Mosquito Control ndi Public Emergency Act, yomwe inapatsa mphamvu yolamulira udzudzu wa m'maderawo kuti uloŵe m’malo mwawo pothira udzudzu, inafuna zipatala ndi malabora ofufuza kuti anene kuti Zika milanduyo ichitike m’maola 24, ndipo inapereka ndalama zokwana madola 25 miliyoni kuti udzudzu ukhale chigwiritsiro. AS / FLT:] Active , kuphatikizapo lamulo la zaumoyo lolola kutulutsa malamulo amwadziwiritsa popanda lamulo la khoti. Malamulo ameneŵa amasonyeza mmene amaperekera malamulo othandizira kuteteza kwa anthu kuti akwane ndi ku malo oyenera kuteteza.

Mavuto ndi Kusagwirizana kwa Malamulo

Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma ali omveka bwino, mabungwe a boma amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu posamalira mavuto a zaumoyo wa anthu, ndipo mavuto amenewa sangokhala auyang’aniro chabe.

Kulimbana ndi Mayesero

Umoyo wa anthu onse ku United States uli thayo logawiridwa ndi boma, limene lingatsogolere ku mikangano. Mabungwe a Federal onga CDC ndi Food and Drug Administration (FDA) adakhazikitsa zitsogozo za dziko ndi kuvomereza akatemera kapena mankhwala, koma boma limagwiritsira ntchito malamulo amenewo. Zipsinjo zimabuka pamene makhoma malamulo amene amatsata kapena kupitirira zilolezo za boma. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma amaletsa malamulo a kubisa kutseka zovala zachinsinsi m'sukulu mosasamala kanthu za malangizo a CDC, kapena malamulo oletsa mathiriti. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amayenera kuthetsa mikangano imeneyi mwa kumasulira Suprecy Claus Claus ya Malamulo, zimene zimapangitsa lamulo la boma kutsutsa kumene amatsutsana. Komabe, m'madera osaluza, dziko lonse.

Kutsutsana kogwirizanako kukuchitika pakati pa mabwalo a boma ndi maboma akomweko. Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo ochotsera anthu mizinda ndi maulamuliro kuti akhazikitse malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu kuposa aja okhazikitsidwa ndi boma. Mkati mwa CHOVID-19, mikangano yonena za kupulupuzidwa inakhala ya ndale zadziko kwambiri, ndi makhoti ena akutsutsa kuti miyezo yofanana ndi yofunikira kwa mabizinesi ndi masukulu, pamene akuluakulu a boma akumalo anatsutsa kuti afunikira kusintha kuti athetse mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya kumaloko.

Kumasulidwa ndi Ntchito Yofunika

Malamulo a zaumoyo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amaletsa khalidwe la munthu payekha, kudzipatula, kutsekera, katemera, kapena kuvala zinyawu. Kuloŵerera kumeneku kumafuna ufulu wofunika kwambiri wonga ngati kudzilamulira kwa thupi, ufulu woyenda, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zachipembedzo. Jacobonson muyezo] umafuna kuti ziletso zoterozo zikhale zomveka ndi zosalakwika, koma zimene zili “zololera” mkati mwa vuto lofulumira la kusokonezeka maganizo amatsutsana nalo. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri achirikiza malamulo aumoyo, koma pamakhala odziŵika kumene oweruza anaswa malamulo omwe analibe kusoka kapena kuswa malamulo apadera. Mwachitsanzo, khoti la boma mu [FLP.] [FL: [FP]

Malamulo ayeneranso kuonetsetsa kuti njira zodzipatula ndi kudzipatula zimaphatikizapo njira zotetezera, monga ngati chidziŵitso, kuyenera kwa kumvetsera, ndi njira zochepetsera zinthu zothekera.

Kusintha ndale ndi Kuulutsa Zinthu Molakwika

Mwinamwake vuto lalikulu kwambiri limene limayang'anizana ndi malumbiro a boma m’zaka zaposachedwapa ndilo kutha kwa malamulo a bipartisan ogwirizana pa njira zaumoyo wa anthu. Mliri wa Covid-19, thanzi la anthu linasintha kwambiri, ndi nyumba zokhazikitsa za malamulo za Democratic zolamulira zakhala zikuchirikiza malamulo okhwima ndi malamulo oletsa malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a Republican oletsa kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa malamulo oletsa malamulowo. Kulephera kwa makipenizo, maopsezo, ndi kachilomboko kakang'ono kowonjezereka. Malamulo ena anavomereza mwa kutumiza malamulo a zaumoyo kwa ovomereza miyezo ya zamankhwala amene amavomereza, pamene ena analetsa masiteshoni a za pulogalamu otchuka oonedwa kukhala osocheretsa. Kusintha kumeneku kwachititsa kuti kuvuta kwambiri kuchita zinthu ndi kuloŵerera kwa mapuloteshoni a bungwe la mapuloteshoni.

Njira Zabwino Zochitira Malamulo Mogwira Mtima

Poona kuti malamulo a boma ndi ovuta ndiponso okhwima, anthu okhazikitsa malamulo angatsatire njira zina zabwino kwambiri zothandizira kuti athe kusamalira bwino mavuto a zaumoyo.

  • Sekezera Claus ndi Circ Triggers: Malamulo a zamwadzidzidzi ayenera kuphatikizapo masiku otha ntchito ogwirizanitsidwa ndi mametrics athanzi otsimikizirika (m., kuchuluka kwa zipatala, mphamvu ya chipatala) kuletsa kufutukuka kwachikhalire kwa ulamuliro wa boma popanda kusoŵa. Maboma ambiri anagwiritsira ntchito lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limeneli pa zilengezo zawo zamwadzidzidzi mkati mwa CHOVID-19.
  • Malamulo ayenera kukhala ndi mayeso, umboni wofuna kupempha, ndi kufalitsa chidziŵitso chimene chimadziŵitsa zosankha zawo. Zimenezi zimakulitsa chidaliro cha anthu ndi kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa nkhani zonama. Maboma ambiri adapanga makomiti oyang'anira amene anatulutsa malipoti okhazikika onena za kuchitika kwa malamulo a zaumoyo.
  • Chosankha cha DAT-Driven Making: Malamulo ayenera kuzikidwa pa zonena za mathekishoni ndi zoloza. Malamulo angagwirizanitse maphunziro kuchokera ku madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma kapena zipinda za maphunziro kuti asonyeze chiyambukiro cha zosankha zosiyanasiyana za malamulo. Kuphatikiza lamulo lokhudza malamulo kutsimikizira kuti opanga malamulo ali ndi chidziŵitso cholondola, cha nthaŵi yeniyeni.
  • Kukhoza kwa Mikhalidwe ya Malo: Pamene kuli kwakuti kufanana kuli ndi mapindu, makhomagewo ayenera kulingalira za kulola madera kutsata njira zokhwima ngati sayansi ichirikiza ndi chuma cha kumaloko. Malamulo a kupulupudza amene amaletsa zochita zonse za kumaloko angakhale osapindulitsa.
  • Kufufuza kwa Malamulo: Pambuyo pa kutha kwa tsoka, malamulo ayenera kuchititsa kupenda kwalamulo kwa yankho lawo, kuphatikizapo khutu lapoyera ndi malipoti ochokera kwa oŵerengera aumwini. Kachitidwe kameneka kamasonyeza mipata m'lamulo ndi kutsogolera ku kuwongolera. Maboma ena, monga ngati New Jersey , adapanga “Malamulo Ophunzitsidwa ''''''''ntchito zimene zimapanga zikalata zovomerezeka za malamulo a m’tsogolo.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma ndi ofunika kwambiri m'madongosolo a zaumoyo a ku America. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito maulamuliro a apolisi, amapanga malamulo amene amalola maboma kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga ndi mogwira mtima. Kuchokera ku malamulo a zamwadzidzidzi ndi ndalama zothandizira kusintha kwa nthaŵi yaitali, malamulo amasintha mbali iliyonse ya kuyang'anira mavuto . Kubweza bwino, kukonzanso, ndi kukonzekera tsogolo. Nkhani za CHOVID-19, mliri wa opioid, ndi matenda obwera ndi tizilombo monga Zika amasonyeza zonse ziŵiri kusiyanasiyana kwa zida za geoctic ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa kusoŵa kwa anthu ndi ufulu wawo waumwini.

Pamene ziwopsezo zaumoyo zikupitirizabe kusanduka [1] Kuchokera ku tizilombo tatsopano toteteza moyo wa anthu, mabakiteriya oletsa mankhwala, kapena masoka ochititsidwa ndi nyengo . Nyumba za malamulo za boma ziyenera kukhalabe zopanda mantha, zodziŵa umboni, ndi zolabadira ku madera amene atumikira. Nzika zimene zimazindikira mmene nyumba ya malamulo ya boma imagwirira ntchito panthaŵi ya mavuto zimakhala zokonzeka bwino kuchirikiza malamulo amene amatetezera thanzi la anthu pamene akuteteza ufulu wa anthu. Potsirizira pake, mphamvu ya malamulo a boma imathandiza kuyang’anizana ndi mphepo ya mkunthopo ndi mmene imachitira mofulumira kumbali ina.