Chiyambi

Maboma akupanga mautumiki ofunika kwambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri osagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino, akugwira ntchito m'mabungwe a boma ndi kuyang'anira zinthu zoyendetsera mphamvu zamagetsi. Makampaniwa . Makampaniwa ndi magetsi, makampani achilengedwe otulutsa mpweya, madzi ndi madzi otayika, ndi mautumiki owonjezera a makampani a makampani a zamalonda . Kupereka mautumiki ofunika kwambiri amene amakhudza moyo wa tsiku ndi ntchito zachuma. Madongosolo a boma opanga malamulo a boma amayambukira mwachindunji ndalama zolipirira, kudalirika, kusungitsa, kusungitsa, ndi kuyendera kwa kusintha kwa mphamvu zamagetsi. Uyang'anira woyendetsa zinthu wamakono amatsimikizira kuti zigwirizanitse kapena pafupi ndi malo othandizira ntchito zachuma a zachuma a anthu, kulinganiza zachuma ndi ndalama, kusungitsana kwa malo a zachitetezo, ndi uyang'aniro. Nkhaniyi imapenda mmene malamulo a geni akupanga malamulo opanga malamulo a boma, malamulo okhazikitsa malamulo a malonda a malonda ndi a malonda a malonda a malonda a malonda a malonda a malonda, a zamalonda a za m'dziko.

Malamulo a Boma Olamulira Umbeta

Mosiyana ndi maboma ambiri a boma, malamulo a zamagetsi a boma ku United States ndi udindo wa boma. Bungwe la Federal Energy Reguliation Commission (FERC) limayang'anira misika ya magetsi ndi mapaipi amagetsi achilengedwe, koma ntchito yogulitsa zinthu zamalonda. Mphamvu imene imaunikira nyumba ndi mabizinesi . Mabungwe a boma ndi amene amapanga malamulo a boma omwe amagwira ntchito.

Malamulo a boma amachita ntchito zina zofunika kwambiri m’boma limeneli:

  • Malamulo a kulephera: Opanga malamulo amalemba amene amalongosola mautumiki amene amapanga “kuthandiza kwa anthu,” amakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa mabungwe, ndi kupatsa maofesala ziŵiya zalamulo zofunikira kukhazikitsa milingo, kuvomereza ziŵiya, ndi kukakamiza miyezo.
  • Kukhazikitsa: Malamulo amagwirizanitsa zofunika za utumiki, kudalirika, chitetezo cha ogula, ndi kutsatira malo okhala. Miyezo imeneyi imakhala maziko a zinthu zofunikira kuti zigwirizane.
  • Zosankha za kapangidwe ka zinthu za Marcret: Maboma ena amasunga mode pansi malo amene kampani imodzi imapanga, kutumiza, ndi kugaŵira mphamvu. Ena akonzanso misika kuti alole mabizinesi kusankha masitolo. Malamulo ofunika ameneŵa amapangidwa mwa kuchita malamulo.
  • Kuyang'anira ndi kuŵerengera: Pamene malamulo a tsiku ndi tsiku akuikidwa ku madailekitala, makhoma alamulo amasunga ulamuliro mwa kumva, zilolezo za bajeti, ndi mphamvu ya kukhazikitsanso kapena kubwezera malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu.
  • Malamulo amasankha mmene mabungwe a boma amaperekera ndalama mwa kupenda ndalama zoyendetsera magetsi kapena ndalama za boma.

Malo a boma si ogwirizana. Pamene luso la zopangapanga ndi zoyembekezeredwa ndi ogula zikusintha, opanga malamulo a boma ayenera kukonzanso malamulo atsopano kuti athetse mavuto monga kugawidwa kwa dzuŵa, galimoto zoyendetsera magetsi zofuna kuwonongeka, ndi kusokonezeka kwa pa Intaneti. Kuphatikizana kwa malamulo ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo kumasintha moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa makasitomala awo.

Mabungwe: Kutsatira Lamulo Lotsatira Lamulo

Maboma akhazikitsa ulamuliro wauyang'anira woperekedwa kwa mabungwe ambiri, omwe amadziwika kuti Public Utality Commissions (PSCs), kapena bungwe la Public Service Commissions . Mabungwe ameneŵa ndi mabungwe a quasi-judial, quasi-legisislactive amene amamasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo operekedwa ndi bungwe logamula malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti akuluakulu a boma amaikidwa ndi kazembe (ndiponso ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo), bungwe la malamulo ofunika kwambiri kumasulira ulamuliro wa bungwelo, ndi malamulo a procédature, ndi malamulo apamwamba a bungwe la boma.

Kulinganiza ndi Kulinganiza

Ntchito yowoneka kwambiri ya mabungwe a boma ndiyo kukhazikitsa mlingo. Chifukwa chakuti maatomu ambiri ali ndi malamulo amodzi m’magawo awo autumiki, iwo samayang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo cha kuchepetsa mitengo. Mmalomwake, oyendetsa makampani ayenera kugamula chimene chikupanga mlingo “wolungama ndi woyenerera". Kukhoza kukwaniritsa mtengo wanzeru wa magetsiwo ndi kubweretsa phindu loyenera pa kugula ndalama, koma osati kudyerera makasitomala ogwidwa.

Malamulo a boma apereka dongosolo la kulinganiza kwa chiŵerengero ichi. Angafotokoze izi:

  • Mmene mitengo imagaŵidwira (m’njira yakuti, kupanga, kufalitsa, kugaŵira)
  • Kodi ndi ndalama zotani zimene amaloledwa kulipira (zopenda za m’dziko)
  • Njira yoŵerengera kuchuluka kwa kubwerera kololedwa pa equity
  • Malonda a milandu ya pa liŵiro, kuphatikizapo malo owerengera nthaŵi, milandu ya anthu, ndi ndalama zothandizira anthu kuukira boma
  • Kaya njira zina zopangira mayeso (zonga kuchotsa nyukiliya kapena malamulo ogwirizana ndi kagwiridwe ka ntchito) n’zololedwa

Malamulo amaloŵereranso nthaŵi zina, kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amawonjezera mphamvu, kubwezera, kapena kufuna mphamvu zothandizira kuti atenge ndalama zina. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa mikuntho yaikulu, makhoma nyumba za malamulo achitapo kanthu kuletsa maatomu kuti asapereke ndalama zonse zopindulira mphepo ya mkuntho popanda kupenda mosamalitsa.

Kuteteza Anthu ndi Kuwasamalira ndi Kuwatumikira

Kuwonjezera pa mlingo, makhomagemu a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo otetezera anthu amene ayenera kutsatira.

  • Zitetezero zogwirizanitsidwa: Amaika malire pamene ndi mmene ziŵiya zingatseke ntchito, makamaka mkati mwa nyengo yoipa kapena kwa anthu ovutika.
  • Kuonetsa: Zofunika zimene zimasonyeza bwino mafailo, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi ma surbospect.
  • Chigamulo chachisinthiko: njira zomveka zosamalira mikangano ya makasitomala, ndi kutumiza ku komiti ya kayendetsedwe ngati kuli kofunika.
  • Miyezo yodalirika: Yopitira kupyola, nthaŵi zobwezeretsa, ndi mphamvu, ndi chilango cha kusatsatira.

Malamulo amavomerezanso maprogramu a chithandizo cha ndalama zopezedwa zochepera, kupereka magetsi, ndi njira zoyendetsera nyengo, zochirikizidwa kaŵirikaŵiri mwa kulipira ndalama zochepa pa ndalama zonse za opereka ndalama. Maprogramu ameneŵa amathandiza kuchepetsa mtengo wa magetsi pamene kuli kwakuti kupititsa patsogolo malamulo monga kukhoza kwa mphamvu ndi kusungika kwa malo okhala.

Kulinganiza ndi Kuvomerezedwa

Makina amagetsi atsopano , mizere youlutsira, mapaipi a mpweya wachilengedwe, malo operekera mankhwala a madzi amafunikira chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa. Nyumba ya malamulo imakhazikitsa malamulo a kuvomereza zinthu zimenezi, kuphatikizapo zofunika kuti apange maatomu a zinthu, kuti apange zigamulo za malo okhala, ndi kuti anthu azichita nawo zinthu. M'mayiko ena, mabungwe akhazikitsa malamulo ovomereza kuti ntchito zamagetsi zibwezeretsedwe kapena kukonzedwa kwamakono kuwonjezeredwa, kuonetsa mfundo zofunika.

Malamulo angapangenso njira zina zovomerezera zinthu zina zapamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena akhazikitsa “madoko amakono operekera zipangizo zamakono zoyendetsera zinthu zamakono kapena kugaŵira zinthu zoyendera popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zonse zamwambo, malinga ngati apeza ndalama zoyendetsera malamulo ndi zikalata za ntchito.

Mabungwe Olamulira: Mmene Chilamulo cha Boma Chimauzira Khalidwe la Kupanda Ulemu

Malamulo a boma sangokhazikitsa njira yokhayokha, koma amakonza njira za malamulo zimene zimasankha mmene zinthu zoyendera zimagwirira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kusintha kwa Chikhalidwe

Pansi pa mtengo wa kubwezera kapena kulinganiza kwa kubwerera, chiŵiya chimaloledwa kupezanso mwanzeru zowonongedwa ndi kupezanso chiwongolake chake (mtengo wa makoka a likulu lake loikizidwa). Nyumba ya malamulo imalongosola chimene chimapanga “mapepala a"" ndi kuika njira yoŵerengera kutalika kwa . Maboma ena asamukira ku mafashoni ena opanga mapulogalamu, koma mapangidwe aakulu a [1] legislative reversitive a kubwerera ku equity .

Kusintha kwa Ntchito

Poyankha nkhaŵa zakuti malamulo a mwambo alibe zisonkhezero zochitira bwino ndi kupanga zinthu zatsopano, makhomagedo angapo a boma akhazikitsa malamulo ogwirizana ndi ntchito (PBR). Unduna wa PBR umathandiza kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito monga zodalirika, kukhutitsidwa ndi makasitomala, kukonzanso mphamvu. Nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo iyenera kulongosola matelegilamu ameneŵa, kuika zogwirira ntchito, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo operekera chilango. PBR ikupeza ndalama monga majereti a kuyesa kugwirizanitsa zisonkhezero za ndalama ndi zolinga za boma.

Kulinganiza Maiko Kogwirizana

Malamulo ambiri a boma amafuna madongosolo othandizira kuyambitsa ndi kutumiza mapulani a ziŵiya zogwirizana (IRP) amene akuneneratu za kufunidwa ndi kudziŵikitsa kusakaniza kokwera mtengo kopambana kwa mbadwo, kuulutsidwa, ndi chuma chambali . Nyumba ya malamulo ingapereke kulinganiza, zowonerapo zofunika kulingaliridwa (kuphatikizapo carbon exectivity), ndi mlingo wa zothandizira kusungitsa katundu. IRP ndi zida zamphamvu kwambiri zotsimikizira kuti ndalama zoyendetsera ndalamazo za boma zagwirizana ndi njira yamagetsi yanthaŵi yaitali.

Magetsi Oyera ndi Opatsa Mphamvu

Malamulo a boma akhala patsogolo pa malamulo a mphamvu zoyera kupyolera m'malamulo okonzanso mphamvu (RPS) kapena miyezo yamagetsi yoyera (CES). Malamulo ameneŵa amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi owonjezereka kuchokera ku zinthu zoyenerera kuyambitsidwa pa deti loikidwiratu. Nyumba ya malamulo imalongosola luso loyenerera, imakhazikitsa njira zovomerezeka (kuphatikizapo kukonzanso pepala la mphamvu ya magetsi), ndi kukhazikitsa chilango kwa anthu osagwirizana. Pa 2025, maboma oposa 30 akhazikitsa zifuno zotero, ndipo ambiri akonzanso kuti aphatikizepo zida za ze zero-carbon magetsi monga mphamvu ya nyukliya.

Kulinganiza ndi Kugaŵa Mbadwo

Kukula kwa mwamsanga kwa denga la dzuŵa ndi zipangizo zina zogaŵira mphamvu kwasonkhezera kachitidwe ka lamulo pa mita imodzi [1] njira imene ogula dzuŵa amatengera ku mbadwo wowonjezereka. Malamulo a boma amasankha kuchuluka kwa malonda amene amabwezeredwa, zingwe zilizonse pa ukulu wa programu, ndi ngati ndalama zowonjezereka (m., ndalama zoikizidwiratu zopimira kulowa) nzololedwa. Malamulo ameneŵa amayambukira mwachindunji chuma cha anthu otsala ndi thanzi la za ndalama za magetsi.

Mikhalidwe Yaposachedwapa ndi Mavuto Omakula m’Malamulo a Kubala a Boma

Malo a magetsi akusintha mofulumira kuposa nthaŵi iliyonse chiyambire mikangano yaikulu yokonzanso ya ma 1990. Malamulo a boma akulimbana ndi nkhani zambiri zosintha zimene zimafuna madongosolo atsopano a malamulo.

Kupenda ndi Kusintha kwa Makono

Pamene maboma akuyesetsa kuchotsapo zoyendera ndi nyumba, kukonza njira zamagetsi ndi nyumba kukuyendetsa zinthu zatsopano. Malamulo akukhazikitsa malamulo othandizira kuyendetsa galimoto yothamanga, kuwonjezera zipangizo zamagetsi, ndi kutsimikizira kuti magetsi operekera katunduyo angagwire ntchito. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, malamulo amakono akuyesetsa kupititsa patsogolo kukwera kwa mamita apamwamba, zilembo zapamwamba, ndi luso la zopangapanga zimene zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zodalirika ndi zothandiza kuti zithe kugwiritsa ntchito bwino.

Kutetezeka ndi Kutetezeka

Kuukira kwa boma pa zinthu zowopsa, kuphatikizapo chochitika cha Colonian Pipeline ndi kuukira magetsi, zachititsa kusatetezeka kwa makompyuta kukhala pamwamba pa malamulo a boma. Nyumba za malamulo za boma zakhazikitsa zofunika kuti zitetezere njira zotetezera makompyuta, zikuchititsa kupenda kokhazikika kwa ngozi, ndi kufalitsa ma a oweruza. Malamulo ena amakhazikitsa miyezo yokakamiza yozikidwa pa malamulo onga ngati bungwe la Highersecurity Frame. Chitetezero cha za chitetezo chakuthupi cha makompyuta ndi zipinda za magetsi kuti zitetezere ku kuukira kwamphamvu yathupi.

Chilungamo cha Malo Okhala ndi Malo Opanda Chilungamo

M'mbiri, si nthaŵi zonse kuti malamulo a zamagetsi akhale ndi katundu wosaŵerengeka wochititsidwa ndi anthu ndi mitundu yochepera. Nyumba za malamulo za boma zikupitirizabe kukhazikitsa malamulo a malo osungira zinthu amene amafuna kuti oyendetsa malowo azikhala ndi olinganiza aonetse ziyambukiro zowonjezera, kutsimikizira pangano latanthauzo la chitaganya, ndi kutsatsa malonda mwachindunji ku madera osungidwa. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ena tsopano amafunikira kusungidwa kwa makompyuta kuti apeze ziyambukiro zamphamvu pambali pa zochitika kapena mapulani a zopanga zinthu.

Gasi Wachilengedwe ndi Kusintha kwa Mphamvu

Gasi wachilengedwe m'dziko lowononga malamulo amatsutsana kwambiri. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kugwirizana kwa mpweya wachilengedwe m’nyumba zatsopano, pamene kuli kwakuti ena achitapo kanthu kutetezera ntchito ya gasi ya makasitomala amene alipo. Malamulo akuthetsanso funso la mmene angachiritsire kusungitsa magetsi achilengedwe amene angakhale chuma chosoŵa m’tsogolo. Nkhani zimenezi zimaphatikizapo malonda ovuta kwambiri pakati pa ndalama, kukhulupirika, ndi zolinga za malo okhala.

Makonzedwe a Malamulo m’Kusintha kwa Kusintha: Kusuta ndi Kulimba

Kuzindikira mmene malamulo a magetsi amapangidwira kumafuna kuzindikira oseŵerawo ndi zofuna zawo. Njirayo imayamba pamene wopanga malamulo, komiti, kapena gulu la anthu ena asonyeza kufunika kwa lamulo latsopano. Zolemba zoyambirira zimapangidwa ndi makutu, kumene umboni umamvedwa:

  • Makampani olephera a kampani amalimbikitsa kuti atsimikizire, awonongeke, ndi kuti achepetse
  • Achilikizi a Consumer (kaŵirikaŵiri kuchokera ku maofesi a boma a uphungu wa anthu kapena mabungwe osapanga phindu) kusonkhezera kaamba ka milingo yotsika ndi chitetezo champhamvu
  • Magulu a zachikhalidwe amasonkhezera mphamvu zoyera ndi miyezo ya kutulutsa mpweya wolimba
  • Makampani ndi makasitomala a maindasitale amada nkhaŵa ndi chiyambukiro cha ziŵerengero za mpikisano
  • Mabungwe a mphamvu ntchito zotetezera chigawo cha mphamvu ya magetsi
  • Oimira a kazembe akupereka ukatswiri ndi malingaliro a kuyenerera kwa ulamuliro

Mabuku angasinthidwe kambirimbiri pamene akudutsa m’makomiti ndi m’mavoti a pansi m’zipinda zonse ziwiri. Sigineji ya bwanamkubwa (kapena kuti voto) ndi yomaliza. Njira yonseyi ikhoza kuphatikiza malamulo angapo, makamaka pa njira zovuta kapena zotsutsana.

Malamulo asunga kuyang'anira mwa kukonzanso malingana ndi kulowa kwa dzuŵa (kumene kumafuna kuti pakhalenso kukonzanso), kuyendetsa bajeti, ndi kukhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo owongolera.

Kufufuza za Makhoti: Malamulo a Boma Achitapo Kanthu

Utsogoleri Wabwino wa Magetsi a California

Nyumba ya malamulo ya California yakhala njira yosinthira mitape ndi kukhazikitsa njira yatsopano ya kugaŵira magetsi. Nyumba ya Malamulo Bill 100 (208) imakhazikitsa magetsi oyera 100 pofika mu 2045, kumanga pa miyezo ya magetsi yoyambirapo. Msonkhano Bill 327 (2013) inavomereza California Public Utilities Commission kuti isinthe njira zatsopano zopangira zinthu zopangira chuma, zogwirizana ndi malamulo, zimafuna kuti makinawo apereke mapulani anthaŵi yaitali mogwirizana ndi zolinga zowonjezera mpweya wa mafuta. Malamulowa asintha mphamvu ya California ndi maphunziro a kukonzanso makampani ena.

Texas: Kuchepetsa Ufulu wa Madzi ndi Kubwereranso

Malonda a mphamvu zamagetsi a Texas ngosiyana: Bungwe la Genel Relicability Council of Texas (ERCOT) likuchita malonda opikisana ndi malonda oletsedwa, mokulira popanda FERC . Nyumba ya boma ya Texas inapanga kayendetsedwe kake ka malonda ka magetsi mu 1999 ndipo yaloŵerera mobwerezabwereza kukonza malamulo ake. Pambuyo pa 20211 ya mphepo ya mkuntho, nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo inakhazikitsa masinthidwe aakulu (SB 2, SB 3) ofuna kusintha nyengo ya mafakitale, kukhazikitsanso msika kuti apereke phindu, ndi kuwonjezera mphamvu ya ERCOT. Malamulowa amasonyeza mmene malamulowo angachitirepo kanthu ndi mavuto mwa kukonzanso dongosolo la za kayendetsende.

Kusintha Malo Oonera Zinthu ku New York

New York’s Prejup Prejudice Commission mu 2014, inathandizidwa ndi boma kudzera mu Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) mu 2019. CLCPA imalamula kuti kaboni ikhale yapadera pa dziko lonse pofika 2050 ndipo imakhazikitsa malamulo ochepetsa kwambiri zinthu zimene dziko likufuna. Nyumba ya malamulo inakhazikitsa malamulo ochirikiza kusungitsa zinthu zothandiza pa kukonza njira zamakono, kusungitsa mphamvu, ndi kusungitsa magetsi. Njira ya New York imasonyeza mmene malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka ka ka ka kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ndi ka kayendetsedwe kake ka zinthu kake ka dziko lonselo.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a boma ndiwo omanga madongosolo akuluakulu a malamulo ndi malamulo amene amalamulira zinthu zaumoyo. Mwa kutheketsa malamulo, kulinganiza madongosolo, kulinganiza ma bajeti, ndi kusankha maluso a malonda, amaumba kudalirika, kutha kwa mautumiki, ndi kukhazikika kwa mautumiki ofunika. Kugwirizana pakati pa malamulo ndi malamulo ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zamphamvu n’kothandiza kwambiri. Kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi kusintha kwa zinthu. Pamene kusintha kwa mphamvu kukukwera ndi mavuto atsopano, ntchito ya malamulo idzakhala yofunika kwambiri. Kumvetsa mmene malamulo a boma amayendetsera ndi kulamulira zinthu zofunika m’mphamvu, kuyang'anira, ogulitsa zinthu zachilengedwe, kapena chitetezo cha malo okhalako. Kusintha kwa mapulogalamu, madzi, ndi kudalirana kwa mphamvu zachilengedwe kudalira pa kulinganiza kwa zinthu kwa anthu kudalira pa kulinganiza kwabwino.

Kwa anthu amene akufuna kuwonjezera mphamvu, bungwe la National Association of Regural Utility Commissions (NARUC) limapereka malangizo a malamulo a boma, ndi bungwe loona za mphamvu za dziko (EIA) lopereka mfundo zokhudza malamulo a boma. Mawebusaiti a boma osiyanasiyana okhazikitsa malamulo ndiponso mapepala a bungwe la boma ndi amene amathandiza anthu kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zamakono ndiponso masinthidwe amene afotokozedwa.

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[[FLT: 0] Note: Nkhaniyi imapereka chidziŵitso chachisawawa ndipo sipanga uphungu walamulo. Malamulo a boma amasiyana kwambiri; oŵerenga ayenera kufufuza magwero oyambirira kaamba ka chitsogozo cha ulamuliro.