Chiyambi: Kusokonezeka kwa Lamulo la Nyengo ndi Lamulo Loletsa Kusankhana Maphunziro

Malamulo a tsankho la amisinkhu amapanga magwero owopsa a chitetezo cha kuletsa kusagwirizana m'makalasi. Sukulu ndi mayunivesite amatumikira anthu osiyanasiyana, kuchokera kwa ophunzira amwambo ndi aphunzitsi oyambirira kwa ophunzira achikulire obwerera ku kalasi ndi antchito ozoloŵera kufunafuna ntchito zatsopano. Malamulo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti ukalamba sukhala chopinga ku mwaŵi, kutengamo mbali, kapena kuchitiridwa zinthu mwachilungamo. Kugwirizana pakati pa boma ndi boma la kuyang'ana m'zaka ndi malamulo a kugawana ndi malamulo oletsa kugaŵikana kwa boma ndi malamulo a bungwe oletsa kugawa ndi kulinganiza kwa anthu amapanga maziko ovuta koma ofunika kwambiri a a a a a stecy. Nkhaniyi imapenda mmene malamulo a nyengo ya tsankho monga ngati Age Discial in Ob sict (AA) ndi malamulo ena ogwirizana m'mabungwe a masukulu ndi m'mayunivesite, zipani zapamwamba, ndi zintchito za ophunzira, ndi opereka chidziŵitso kwa ophunzira, ndi aphunzitsi.

Kumvetsa Malamulo a Tsankho la Nyengo: Chiletso cha Malamulo

Malamulo a tsankho la misinkhu amasiyana ndi ulamuliro koma amagawana cholinga chimodzi: kuletsa kuchitiridwa mosayenera malinga ndi msinkhu. Ku United States, lamulo lalikulu la boma ndilo Tsankho mu ntchito ya mu 1967 (ADEA). ADEA imateteza anthu a zaka 40 kapena achikulire pa kuweruzidwa pantchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti ADEA mwachindunji amayang'anira malamulo ake owonjezera a zantchito. Malamulo amathandiza kwa antchito aumwini ndi 20 kapena kuposa ena, boma, mabungwe a ntchito, ndi mabungwe a ntchito. Mabungwe a maphunziro a anthu onse ndi audindo a anthu wamba pansi pa udindo wawo.

Kwa ophunzira, kutetezeredwa ku tsankho la misinkhu m'maprogramu olandira chithandizo cha boma cha ndalama amaperekedwa ndi Age Discrimination Act ya 1975 [1]. Lamulo limeneli limagwira ntchito ku masukulu, makoleji, ndi maprogramu a ntchito zimene zimalandira ndalama za boma. Imaletsa kutengamo mbali, kukana mapindu, kapena kugonjera ku tsankhu lozikidwa pa msinkhu uliwonse kapena ntchito. Dipatimenti ya Education’s Office for Civil Rights (OCRF) imakhazikitsa lamulo limeneli, kutsimikizira kuti nyengo siigwiritsiridwa ntchito kuchepetsa mwaŵi wa ophunzira achichepere kapena achikulire.

Maboma ambiri ali ndi malamulo owonjezereka amene amawonjezera chitetezo, nthaŵi zina amaphimba tsankhu la misinkhu pa awo a pansi pa zaka 40 kapena kusamalira malo amene sanasanjidwe ndi malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo ena a boma Fair Works Practic amatetezera anthu onse mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu wa ntchito ndi maphunziro omwe. Mu European Union, [[FLT: 0]] Employment Exact Directive (2000/78/EC) imaletsa tsankho la msinkhu m'zaka za ntchito, ndipo mamembala aphatikiza mapulinsipulome ameneŵa m’malamulo awo a maphunziro.

Malo alamulo amapanga mathayo otsatizana. Makampani ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, ndi malamulo awo a mkati. Pamene malamulo ameneŵa agwirizana, amachirikiza uthenga womvekera bwino: msinkhu suyenera kukhala kuletsa mwaŵi wa maphunziro kapena ntchito. Pamene akulimbana ndi "Dzina, monga, pamene lamulo la boma limapereka chitetezo chochepa kuposa lamulo la boma.

Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri pa Maphunziro a ADEA

  • Kuletsa kusiyanitsa chithandizo: Bwana sangachitire dala wolembedwa ntchito kapena wofunsira ntchito chifukwa cha msinkhu. Izi zimagwira ntchito pa ntchito, kufukiza, kubwezera, ndi ntchito. Kwa mayunivesite, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti zosankha za kuchotsa, kukhazikitsa aphunzitsi, ndi kukweza ntchito kuyenera kukhala kwa msinkhu waumisinkhu.
  • Ziyambukiro zopatulidwa zikunena kuti: Ngakhale ngati lamulo liwonekera kukhala losatenga mbali, kungakhale kosaloleka ngati kuvulaza kwambiri antchito okalamba ndipo sikungalungamitse ndi chifukwa chomveka kuposa msinkhu. Mwachitsanzo, kufuna kuti aphunzitsi apambane mayeso a kupima kuti oyembekezera kukhala achikulire angatsutsidwe ngati mayesowo sagwirizana ndi ntchito ndi kufunikira kwa bizinesi.
  • Mawiro ndi kutulutsa: Ufulu uliwonse wa ADEA m'mapangano a nthaŵi kapena zisonkhezero za kupuma pantchito ziyenera kufikitsa zofunika zalamulo, kuphatikizapo kupatsa wantchito masiku 21 kulingalira chipanganocho ndi masiku 7 kuti auchotse pambuyo posaina.

Mmene Malamulo a Tsankho la Nyengo Amagwirizanirana ndi Kutsutsa Chiŵereŵere m’Masukulu ndi m’Magulu Opanda Chidani

Masukulu amaphunziro amatengera malamulo oletsa kusagwirizana ndi boma kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo ndi kulimbikitsa mikhalidwe yapamwamba. Malamulo ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo ukalamba wotetezeredwa pamodzi ndi fuko, mtundu, kubadwa, kugonana, kulumala, ndi chipembedzo. Kugwirizana pakati pa malamulo akunja ndi malamulo a m’kati mwa dziko kumasiyanasiyana.

Ntchito ya Ophunzira

Act ya Age Discrimination ya 1975 imagwira ntchito mwachindunji ku malo a ophunzira. Yunivesite siingakhazikitse msinkhu wokwanira kuti iloŵepo pokhapo ngati pali malire otero ofunikira kuti ntchito igwire. Mwachitsanzo, sukulu ya zamankhwala inganene kuti nyengo yokakamiza kupuma pantchito ikufunika kuti munthu athe kudwala. Koma ngati mutanena zimenezi, muziona kuti mukuonetsetsa kuti muli ndi ndalama zokwanira.

Mautumiki a ophunzira [1] Kuphatikizapo nyumba, uphungu, ndi ntchito zapambuyo pa sukulu . Malamulo amene amaletsa ophunzira anthaŵi imodzi kugwirizana ndi magulu a ophunzira angapatule ngati mkhalidwe wa nthaŵi imodzi ugwirizana ndi msinkhu (ophunzira ambiri achikulire amafika nthaŵi imodzi). Mabungwe ayenera kupenda malamulo awo kutsimikizira kuti sapanga zopinga zosafunikira kaamba ka ophunzira achikulire obwerera ku maphunziro kapena kwa ophunzira achichepere omwe angakhale ndi mphatso kapena othamanga.

Mbali imodzi ya mavuto imaphatikizapo kusiyana kwa ukalamba m'mautumiki a zaumoyo ndi maprogramu abwino. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la zaumoyo la yunivesite limene limachepetsa kugwidwa ndi chimfine kwa ophunzira azaka zosafika 30 lingakhale ndi kudandaula kwa ukalamba. Pamene kuli kwakuti pangakhale malingaliro aumoyo a anthu athanzi monga ngati magulu apamwamba a opatsirana ndi ogwirizana ndi umboni, osati ndi malingaliro olakwika.

Zochita Zomwe Zimafuna Kugwira Ntchito Moyenera Ndiponso Mogwira Anthu

ADEA amalamulira ntchito m’mabungwe a maphunziro m’mbali zingapo zovuta:

  • Kukopa ndi kulembetsa: Kusatsa malonda a ntchito sikuyenera kuphatikizapo zikondwerero za msinkhu kapena zopereŵera. Mawu onga ngati “womaliza maphunziro atsopano . kapena “PD” angaletse ofunsira akalepo ngati malowo afunadi zitsimikizo za maphunziro aposachedwapa. Zoyesayesa za kuyesayesa za kuyang'ana magulu a misinkhu yosiyanasiyana kudzera m'masiteshoni ambiri.
  • Kubwezera ndi mapindu: Kulipira kozikidwa pa zaka zautumiki kuyenera kulinganizidwira kupeŵa tsankho la msinkhu. Ngati madongosolo aakulu ayambukira antchito okalamba mosiyana, ayenera kulungamitsidwa. Zolinga (kubwezera, inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, kusiya) sizingachepetse kukwaniritsa antchito okalamba popanda zifukwa zomveka.
  • Promotion ndi presence: Zosankha za ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri zimaphatikizapo kupenda koyenera kwa kuphunzitsa, kufufuza, ndi utumiki. Pamene kusanthula kumeneku kudalira pa malingaliro ofala onena za ntchito ya kalasi kapena luso la kutengera maluso atsopano, angaswe ADEA. Mabungwe ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito cholinga, mfundo zogwirizana ndi ntchito ndi kutsimikizira makomiti ofufuza kuti aphunzitsidwa kupeŵa tsankhu la msinkhu.
  • Kusintha ndi kutha: mapulani a kuwongolera kwa Kachitidwe ndi machitidwe a chilango ayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mosasintha mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu. Ogwira ntchito achikulire sangapatsidwe chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kapena zisonkhezero zapambuyo popuma pantchito popanda zifukwa zomveka, zosakondera.

Mayunivesite a boma amayang’anizananso ndi mfundo za lamulo. Chikalata cha 14th Amendment’s Exlumence Protection Claus chimaletsa oseŵera a misinkhu ya ukalamba mwadala, koma si ukalamba wokayikiridwa. Makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito maziko oyenera opendedwa, kutanthauza kuti lamulo lidzachirikizidwa ngati ligwirizana ndi chikondwerero cha boma lovomerezeka. Komabe, ngati lamulo lachindunji la zaka, liyenera kupulumuka kupendedwa mowonjezereka pansi pa Act ya Age Dicratic.

Chitsanzo cha Nkhani: Kupuma pa Ntchito

Mpaka 1994, mayunivesite angapereke lamulo la kupuma pantchito pa msinkhu wa 70 wa zaka za ku ADEA. Nyumba ya malamulo inalola kuti zimenezi zithe, makamaka chifukwa chakuti bungwe la American Council on Education ndi magulu ena linalephera kusonyeza kuti dongosolo la zinthu zofunikira kukakamizidwa kupuma pantchito. Lerolino, kupuma pantchito kwa lamulo kwa lamulo la lamulo la olemba ntchito sikuloledwa, ngakhale kuti mabungwe ena akuyesetsabe kukakamiza anthu kuti agulitse zinthu za msinkhu wawo kapena kuti apeze mapulogalamu a kupuma pantchito amene ayenera kugwirizana ndi malamulo a ADEA.

Zitetezero za Malamulo ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Machenjera

Kuzindikira njira zosungitsira lamulo kumathandiza mabungwe kuyembekezera ngozi zogonjera.

  • [[FLT: 0] EOC (Equal Accounting Opportunity Commission :[FLT :1] EEOC imavomereza ADEA kuti apereke zikalata za ntchito. Anthu ayenera kulemba mlandu ndi EEOC asanapereke mlandu. Bungwelo limafufuza, oulutsa mawu, ndipo lingalembe mlandu. Mu 2023, EEOC analandira milandu ya kuweruzidwa kwa zaka zoposa 13,000, ndi maphunziro pakati pa makampani apamwamba.
  • OCR (Office for Civil Rights): kwa ophunzira odzinenera kukhala a misinkhu pansi pa Age Discrimination Act, OCR akufufuza ndi kufunafuna chigamulo chaufulu. Ngati chitsutso chapezedwa, OCR ingachotse ndalama za boma. Mabungwe ayenera kutchula Wotsogolera IX/A Age Act kuti ayang'atse ntchito.
  • [[FLT: 0] Milandu ya mlandu: Antchito ndi ophunzira onse aŵiri angaimbe mlandu mwachindunji pambuyo pa mankhwala otopetsa a boma. Makhoti angabweze malipiro, kubwezeredwa, zowonongedwa zobwezera, ndi ndalama za loya. M’nkhani zowopsa, chilango cha chilango chingapezeke.

M’dziko la United Kingdom, bungwe loona za ufulu wachibadwidwe ndiponso ufulu wachibadwidwe la United Kingdom, limapereka lamulo loletsa kusankhana misinkhu pa nkhani ya maphunziro ndi ntchito.

Mavuto Amene Amakumana Nawo Komanso Kusamala Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Ngakhale kuti malamulo amaletsa zinthu momveka bwino, pamakhala mavuto ambiri pamene anthu ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a msinkhu wawo pankhani ya maphunziro.

Mipata ya Zaka Zomwe Maprogramu Amakhalapo Anakonzedwa Kuti Akhale ndi Magulu a Amisinkhu Yapadera

Maprogramu ena a maphunziro ali a msinkhu woyenerera , monga ngati, programu yaluso ya ophunzira a sukulu ya pulaimale kapena shopu yokonzera achikulire opuma pantchito. A Age Discrimination Act imalola maprogramu oterowo ngati afikitsa maprogramu a “kuyenerera” kwa kalasi la anthu ndipo samasiya ena mwadala. Mabungwe ayenera kukhazikitsa kulungamitsidwa kwa maphunziro kaamba ka ziletso za misinkhu ndi kulingalira zosakhala zoletsa.

Kulinganiza Uchete wa Zaka ndi Kachitidwe Kolimbitsa ka Magulu Opimidwa

Makonzedwe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana amene amafuna kuwonjezera kuimira kwa magulu achichepere kapena achikulire angawombane ndi malamulo a tsankho la misinkhu. Mwachitsanzo, programu ya mayanjano imene mwachindunji imayang'aniridwa ndi “ofufuza oyambirira” angachitire tsankhu ofufuza ozoloŵera amene amasintha malo. Maprogramu oterowo ayenera kupangidwa monga“ mwaŵi wamaganizo wowonjezereka” mmalo mwa mapindu okha, kapena ayenera kuyang'anizana ndi kachitidwe kotsimikizirika kololedwa ndi malamulo ena.

Mikhalidwe ya Zikhalidwe za Anthu ya Mbadwo Wambiri

Mizere ya “olandira kampaniyo” kapena“ akatswiri a zaumoyo” angasonkhezere mwamachenjera kulembedwa ntchito, kukwezedwa, ndi kufunsidwa kwa ophunzira. Oyang’anira ayenera kuphunzitsa makomiti osankha kudalira pa umboni wa maluso ndi zipambano mmalo mwa malingaliro a msinkhu. Mofananamo, mayeso amene amafunsa za “enthusiasm” kapena“ makono angasonyeze kukondera kwa msinkhu ndipo ayenera kupendedwa kuti akhaledi oyenerera.

Kusiyana kwa Zinthu ndi Ziŵalo Zina Zotetezeredwa

Chiweruzo cha amisinkhu kaŵirikaŵiri chimagwirizana ndi kulumala, kugonana, ndi fuko. Akazi achikulire angayang'anizane ndi tsankho lowonjezereka m'madipatimenti a amuna olamulidwa. Ophunzitsa Akuda achikulire angawonedwe kukhala osaphula kanthu. Policies ayenera kuyang'anira tsankho lapamsewu mwa ophunzitsa kuti adziŵe mitundu yambiri ya tsankho ndi mwakusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chopatulidwa kuti aone.

Makhalidwe Abwino Kwambiri Okhalira Patsogolo Achikhalidwe Chophatikizapo Atsikana

Mabungwe angatenge njira zochitira zinthu motsimikiza kuti atsatire malamulowo ndi kulimbikitsa mkhalidwe wopanda tsankho la ukalamba.

  1. Compact ndandanda yoŵerengera: Kupenda mabuku onse, zofunika, zoloŵa m'malo, ndi maprogramu a ntchito zoikidwiratu kaamba ka mawu a msinkhu wogwirizana. Kujambula malire a msinkhu uliwonse, zokonda, kapena zoyerekezera. Kwa aliyense, funsani: Kodi zimenezi nzofunika kuti mupeze chonulirapo cha maphunziro oyenera kapena ntchito? Kodi njira yosakhala yamwambo ingapeze chotulukapo chimodzimodzicho?
  2. Aphunzitsi ndi aphunzitsi: Kuphunzitsa kwanthaŵi zonse kuyenera kuphatikiza mafotokozedwe alamulo a kusankhana msinkhu, kutengera mfundo zofala, ndi njira zoperekera lipoti. Zochitika zosonyeza zochitikazo . Zonga ngati kupenda kudandaula kwa profesa wachikulire wa maphunziro.
  3. Provice malo ogona abwino: [[FT:1] Pansi pa ADEA ndi malamulo ena ofanana, mabungwe angafunikire kusamalira zosoŵa za msinkhu, monga mandandanda a ntchito osinthasintha kwa antchito okalamba osamalira thanzi kapena zipangizo zothandizira ophunzira okalamba. Pamene kuli kwakuti ADEA samafuna malo ogona mofanana ndi ADA, chichirikizo chothandiza chingachepetse kuipitsidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa matenda.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Malamulo omveka bwino ochitira lipoti: Kusankhidwa wogwirizanitsa wa msinkhu wa tsankho. Kufalitsa njira yodandaulira. Otsimikizira amatetezeredwa ku kubwezera.
  5. Zotsatirapo: Musunge zolembedwa za chiŵerengero cha anthu kwa ofunsira, malipiro, kukwezedwa, kugonedwa, ndi kugawana kwa programu kwa gulu la amisinkhu. Kapendeni kachitidwe ka kusiyanitsa zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ophunzira oposa 40 amamanidwa nthaŵi zonse kuloledwa ku programu ya mpikisano, bungwe liyenera kufufuza zizoloŵezi za kusankha za kugawana kwa msinkhu wosadziŵika.

Kuvuta kwa Ophunzira ndi Ogwira Ntchito: Kudyerana Manja

Pamene bungwe lichita malamulo a misinkhu, mapindu amafalikira m’chitaganya chonse.

Kwa Ophunzira

  • Ophunzira akale (achikulire, ophunzira a moyo wonse): Iwo amapeza chidaliro chakuti zolinga zawo zamaphunziro sizidzaletsedwa ndi msinkhu. Izi nzofunika kwambiri monga kuchuluka kwa maphunziro apamwamba; National Center for Education Statistics ikusimba kuti pafupifupi 40% ya ocheperapo ali malamulo owonekera bwino otsutsa kudalirana kwa msinkhu ndi kumaliza maphunziro a bungweli.
  • Ophunzira achichepere (ana aamuna, ana aluso): Amatetezeredwa kuti asaonedwe kukhala osakhoza ntchito yopita patsogolo chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo. Programu za kulembetsa koyambirira kwa koleji, ndi njira zothamanga ziyenera kuzikidwa pa kuyenerera, osati pa msinkhu wa chisankho.
  • Nthaŵi yapadera ndi ophunzira osakhala amwambo: Amapindula ndi kulinganiza kusinthika ndi mautumiki ochirikiza amene salanga misinkhu. Makhalidwe amene amagwirizana ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana za moyo(makalasi ausiku, makalasi a madzulo, malo a pa Intaneti, njira , amapanga kudzipereka kwa msinkhu wolingana.

Kwa Ogwira Ntchito ndi Ooneka Bwino

  • Mipata yaitali: Kukopeka kungalondoledwe ndi akatswiri, ntchito zauyang’aniro, ndi njira zatsopano zophunzitsira popanda kuwopa kuti nyengo idzachitidwa. Izi zimakulitsa kuyambika ndi kupitirizabe.
  • Kusintha kwa kupuma pantchito kotetezeredwa: Programu zopatulidwa, ngati ziperekedwa, ziyenera kukhala zaufulu ndipo osati zogwirizana. Kuyandikira msinkhu wa kupuma pantchito kuyenera kukhoza kuchepetsa maola popanda kutayikiridwa kapena kutaikiridwa mapindu.
  • Kugwirizana kwa mbadwo: Pamene tsankho la msinkhu lichepetsedwa, timagulu tingagwiritsirire ntchito mphamvu za mibadwo yosiyanasiyana. Anyamata abweretsa malingaliro atsopano pa luso la zopangapanga pamene antchito achikulire akupereka chidziŵitso chakuya cha m'mabungwe ndi maluso auphungu.

Mapeto ake: Kumanga Malo Ophunzitsa Azaka Zosatha

Malamulo a tsankho a misinkhu samakhala audindo; amatsutsa masukulu a maphunziro kupenda ntchito zawo ndi chikhalidwe mwa njira yatsopano. Kugwirizana pakati pa malamulo ameneŵa ndi malamulo oletsa kusasankhana kwachibadwa n’kolimba. Pamene kumvetsetsa kwa chitaganya za tsankho la msinkhu kumasintha, ndipo pamene ophunzira ndi antchito akukhala a misinkhu yosiyana, sukulu ndi mayunivesite ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito. Malamulowo ndi omveka bwino: kupeŵa mfundo za msinkhu, kulungamitsa kusiyana kulikonse kwa msinkhu ndi umboni wodalirika, ndi kupatsa anthu amisinkhu yonse mphamvu kuti awonjezere. Mwa kutsatira mapulinsipulo ameneŵa, masukulu sangochepetsa kutchuka kwalamulo komanso kukulitsa maphunziro ndi ntchito kwa aliyense.

Pokonzekera za mtsogolo, atsogoleri a maphunziro ayenera kukhala odziŵitsidwa za masinthidwe a malamulo ndi malangizo. Mabuku onga ngati EOC’s Youth ku Ntchito [ ndi OCR’s Tractation FAQS [FLT :3] akupereka zida zothandiza. Cholinga si kungopeŵa tsankho koma kupanga malo kumene msinkhu uli wosayenerera kuyembekezera mwaŵi wa maphunziro.