Tsankho la misinkhu likukhalabe limodzi la mitundu yofala kwambiri ya tsankho lofala kwambiri m'ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti olemba ntchito ambiri amasamala kupeŵa chilankhulo chauve, malongosoledwe a ntchito ndi zofunika za malo angapangitse okalamba kukhala osagwirizana. Mwamwaŵi, bungwe la malamulo amphamvu — kuchokera ku Age Discrimination in Brought Act (ADEA) ku United States kugwirizanitsa malamulo a kumaiko akunja — mwachiwonekere amaletsa njira zogwirira ntchito za misinkhu yoikidwa mopambanitsa ndi kupereka zitsogozo zowonekera bwino za ntchito zolembedwa bwino. Kumvetsetsa mmene malamulo ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito kuliri kofunika kaamba ka kumanga malamulo osiyanasiyana, antchito alamulo.

Malamulo: Mmene Malamulo a Ukalamba Wosankhana Amatetezera Ogwira Ntchito Okalamba

Mu United States, lamulo lalikulu la chilolezo cha amisinkhu yofanana ndi ntchito ndilo Agenation in Obster Act of 1967 (ADEA) . ADEA imateteza anthu a zaka 40 kapena achikulire kuchokera ku tsankho lozikidwa pa zaka za ntchito zilizonse, kuphatikizapo ntchito, kulipira, ndi ntchito. CRUC, ADEA amagwira ntchito kwa antchito aumwini ndi antchito 20 kapena kuposa, limodzinso ndi boma, mabungwe a ntchito, ndi mabungwe a antchito.

ADEA amatetezera ntchito. Pansi pa Chilamulo, sikuli kololedwa kwa wolemba ntchito kulephera kapena kukana kulemba ntchito munthu chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti malongosoledwe a ntchito ndi zofunika zoikidwa sizingagwiritsiridwe ntchito monga pologalamu yochotsera anthu msinkhu. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] Aqual Obrountion Commission (EOC) [ELT:1] yapereka malangizo aakulu pa zimene zimapanga ntchito yotumiza wailesi, kugogomezera kuti abwana ayenera kuyang'anira ntchito [[FLT:] yokhudza ntchito zapadera ya ntchito za ntchito zapadera m’malo mwa makhalidwe ogwirizana ndi msinkhu.

Kupyola ADEA, maiko ambiri ali ndi malamulo a msinkhu wawo a tsankho amene angagwire ntchito kwa olemba ntchito aang'ono kapena kupereka chitetezo chachikulu. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la ufulu wa anthu a boma la New York [FLT: 1] limaletsa tsankho la msinkhu pa munthu aliyense 18 kapena kuposa, kuchotsa madekha 40 ndi magawo ena a ADEA. Mofananamo, California Fair Work ndi Hollas Act (FALA) [1] Kuteteza anthu onse 40 ndi achikulire koma akugwiranso ntchito kwa antchito ochepa monga antchito asanu. Olemba ntchito ambiri ogwirira ntchito ayenera kutsimikizira ntchito yawo ndi mbali zambiri za mndandanda.

M’maiko ambiri, tsankho la msinkhu limaletsa kukondera kwa msinkhu. M'mayiko a United Kingdom, [[FLT: 0] Act ya Kusalingana kwa Malamulo (2]) imachititsa kusasankhana msinkhu kukakhala wa zaka, kaya akhale wamng'ono kapena wamkulu, pantchito. Ku Canada [FLT:] Zoyenera za anthu ku United Kingdom, [[FLT:] ndi ku Australia [FLT:] Act [FLT:] Act: [2004]

Mmene Ntchito Yosalamulirira Imalongosolera Kuswa Chilamulo

Mafotokozedwe a ntchito yopanda lamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amalankhulirana, kaya molunjika kapena mosabisa, ndi zimene antchito achichepere amakonda. Muyezo walamulo pansi pa ADEA ngwakuti bwana sangakhoze “kuchepetsa, kugawana, kapena kusanthula". Ofunsira ntchito mwanjira iriyonse imene ingamanitse munthu wachikulire mwaŵi wa ntchito chifukwa cha msinkhu wake. Lamulo limeneli limawonjezera ku chinenero chimene chimafuna gulu la msinkhu winawake.

Zitsanzo Zofala za Chinenero Chopulupudza

  • Mawu otchulira mwachindunji: Mawu onga “achichepere,” “otsopano,”“ omaliza maphunziro,” “obadwa,” kapena“ a junior” angasonyeze chokonda kwa ofunsira achichepere. Ngakhale ngati bwanayo analibe cholinga cha wailesi, chinenero chotero chingapange chiyambukiro cha antchito achikulire.
  • Chaka ndi madeti omaliza maphunziro: Kusonyeza “zaka 0-2 za chidziŵitso” za ntchito imene ikanachitidwa ndi katswiri wapakati, kapena kufunsira kaamba ka “giredi ya", ikhoza kuchotsapo achikulire obatizidwa. EEOC wachita kachitidwe kosungitsa lamulo kwa olemba ntchito amene amafuna“ omaliza maphunziro a pa koleji a zaka zosachepera zisanu za kuzoloŵera .
  • Mawu oyenerera: Malongosoledwe amene amagogomezera “unyamata, chikhalidwe champhamvu” kapena“ maluwa apamwamba opanga ” angakhale malamulo a kukondera msinkhu. Makhoti azindikira kuti chinenero choterocho, pamene sichigwirizana ndi zofunika zenizeni za ntchito, chingachirikize chinenero cha umisinkhu yosankhana.
  • [[ML:0] Zofunika zakuthupi zosafunikira: Kufuna mphamvu yopambanitsa yakuthupi, kunyamula zolemera, kapena kuima kwa maola ambiri popanda kulingalira za malo abwino ogona zingapangitse antchito okalamba kukhala ofunika kwambiri.

Chitsogozo cha Malo a Malo Okhala (SHRM) chimalangiza kuti malongosoledwe a ntchito ayenera kupendedwa kutsimikizira zofunika zonse zondandalikidwa ndizo job-yogwirizana ndi kufunikira kwa bizinesi . Madictiona kapena stadition sati kokha kuitanira statigation komanso kuchepetsa dziŵe lofunsiralo mwa kuletsa achikulire oyenerera kufunsira ntchito.

Kusankhana Mosaonekera

Pamene kuli kwakuti chinenero china chaukali chiri chowonekera — “anakonda 25-35” — kuswa malamulo kwamakono kochuluka kuli kosadziŵika. Mwachitsanzo, kufuna “kuchuluka kwa zaka 10 za chidziŵitso” kungatetezedwe monga njira yolamulira malipiro, komanso kungatumikire kuchotsa antchito okalamba ozoloŵera. EEOC wanena kuti kugwiritsira ntchito maluso kapena mabriketi monga njira yoperekera malipo athangato kukhoza kukhala kutsendereza pokhapo ngati ukulu wa ntchito ulidi wofunika. Mofananamo, kufuna mapepala a luso la zopanga zinthu zimene siziri zofunika kwenikweni kaamba ka mbali yake, kapena kuwonjezera kuulutsa chifuwa, chingakhale chophimba cha ausinkhu la anthu.

Olemba ntchito ayeneranso kusamala ponena za kugwiritsira ntchito njira zosankhira zithunzi, zonga ngati kufuna chithunzi chaposachedwapa ndi kufunsira. Ngakhale kuti si nthaŵi zonse zoletsedwa, kachitidwe kameneka kangatsogolere ku malingaliro aukalamba ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kamaletsedwa ndi maloya a ntchito.

Zofunika pa Ntchito . Chizoloŵezi cha Zaka Chozikidwa

Lamulo silimaletsa olemba ntchito kukhazikitsa zofunika za ntchito zovomerezeka. Pansi pa ADEA, chofunika chimene chili ndi chiyambukiro chokulirapo kwa antchito chingaloledwebe ngati bwana angasonyeze kuti chiyeneretsocho ndi bhana faide commone (BFQ) yoyenerera ku ntchito yanthaŵi zonse ya bizinesi. Komabe, kutetezera BFOQ kwa msinkhu kumafotokozedwa mochepera. Mwachitsanzo, nyengo zofunikira za kupuma pantchito kwa oyendetsa ndege zimaloledwa ndi malamulo a boma otetezera ndege, koma zotero nzosachitikachitikachitika.

Polemba mafotokozedwe a ntchito, abwana ayenera kusiyanitsa pakati pa ziyeneretso zotsika ndi ziyeneretso zoikidwa [. Ziyeneretso zochepera ziyenera kukhala zofunika kwenikweni kuchita ntchitoyo ndi popanda malo okhala. Ziyeneretso zosankhidwa ziyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mochepera ndi nthaŵi zonse kupendedwa kaamba ka tsankhu lothekera. Mwachitsanzo:

  • Validi : “Ayenera kusunga laisensi yovomerezeka ya dalaivala ya malonda (CDL) ndi chivomerezo cha wokwera.” (Imagwirizana ndi ntchito.)
  • Motsimikizirika vuto: “Ayenera kukhala ndi kukhoza kukweza makilogalamu 50 mobwerezabwereza popanda chithandizo.” (Ingafunikire malo okhala aukalamba kapena awo olumala.)
  • Discrimination: “Ayenera kukhala ndi thanzi ndi wokhoza kuyendera limodzi ndi timu yachichepere.” (Tereodiction, osati ntchito yolunjika.)

UK Sect ya 2010 yotsogolera ya kulephera imanena mofanana kuti olemba ntchito sayenera kugwiritsira ntchito “mapulogalamu, muyeso kapena machitachita” (PCP) kuti amaika antchito okalamba pavuto linalake pokhapo ngati PCP ili njira yoyenerera yopezera cholinga chovomerezeka. Imeneyi ndi “bizinesi yodzitetezera mu U.S.

Zimene Zingachite Kuti Agwire Ntchito Movutikira

Kupanga malongosoledwe a umisinkhu wosaloŵerera kumafuna kuyesayesa kwadala ndi kupenda nthaŵi zonse. Pansipa pali machitachita abwino kwambiri otengedwa ku zitsogozo za EEOC ndi zitsanzo zalamulo:

  1. Focus pa ntchito zofunika: Ndandandalika kokha ntchito zazikulu za ntchitoyo. Pewani “kupeza zinthu ” zimene sizikufunika kwenikweni. Gwiritsirani ntchito, chinenero chosavuta (m’b., “Mana gwiritsani ntchito timu ya asanu” mmalo mwa“ kutsogolera timu yapamwamba yosagwirizana ”).
  2. Tsalani mawu a misinkhu yogwirizana ndi ena: Kuchotsa mawu monga achichepere, achikulire, amphamvu, okhwima, aposachedwapa, ozoloŵereka, kapena atsopano. Gwiritsirani macheya osaloŵerera monga “osadziŵa kanthu,” kapena“ osadziŵa kanthu.
  3. Onani zofunika zofunikira mosamalitsa: Musatchule chiŵerengero cha zaka zochulukirapo popanda kufunikira kwenikweni. Ngati mugwiritsira ntchito magulu a ozoloŵera, tsimikizirani kuti izo zazikidwa pa kusanthula ntchito kotsimikizirika ndi osati kuchepetsa kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu. Lingalirani kufotokoza zofunika mogwirizana ndi zotsatirapo (“ Zokwanira pafupifupi zitatu zopangidwa ndi zokhala ndi moyo zopangidwa ndi nultracleage [1]) mmalo mwa nthaŵi.
  4. Opanda nthaŵi ya maphunziro: Musafunse kaamba ka “omaliza maphunziro anthaŵi yachiŵiri” kapena kuika malire a nthaŵi kuchokera ku kumaliza kwa digiri pokhapo ngati ntchitoyo imafunikiradi chidziŵitso cha luso la zopangapanga chimene chimatha mwamsanga (m’ lekuatiso, zina zimene zimalembedwa).
  5. Mumaphatikizapo ndemanga yoyenerera ya malo okhala: Azimveketseni kuti bwana adzalingalira malo ogona oyenerera kwa anthu oyenerera okhala ndi zopunduka, ndiponso kulingalira malo okhala ogwirizana ndi kusintha kwaukalamba (m’jereng, maso, kumva, nyonga yakuthupi).
  6. Gwiritsirani ntchito zinenero zachimuna ndi zaukali mobwerezabwereza: Izi zimathandizanso kupeŵa mitundu ina ya tsankho. Zida zonga Tritio kapena Ongig zingathandize kudziŵikitsa mawu olakwika.
  7. Phunzitsani olemba ntchito: Kuphunzitsa pachaka malamulo aukalamba, tsankho, ndi kulemba ntchito zoikidwa modzifunira. Khulupirirani maphunziro a zifuno zotsatira.
  8. Kupenda kwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi: Kupenda malongosoledwe a ntchito amene alipo pafupifupi pachaka. Pamene malo atseguka, bwererani kulongosoledwa kwake kutsimikizira kuti adakalipo ndi osamasulira.

Mabwana ambiri amanena kuti kuchotsa chilankhulo chokhudzana ndi msinkhu kumathandiza kuti anthu ambiri adziwe bwino ntchito yawo.

Ntchito ya EEOC ndi Kukakamiza

Bungwe la United States Aumedial Opportunity Commission (EOC) limakakamiza ADEA ndi kufufuza mokangalika madandaulo okhudza ntchito yopatula mlandu. Pakati pa 2019 ndi 2023, EEOC anaimba milandu yambiri kwa olemba ntchito amene anagwiritsira ntchito chinenero monga “womaliza maphunziro a pa koleji apamwamba” kapena“ wachinyamata ndi wachangu” potsatsa malonda a ntchito, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale malo ambiri ndi zochita zowongolera.

Modabwitsa, EEOC Strategic Entorce Plan (SEP) yaikidwa “kusankhana, kuphatikizapo kusankhana misinkhu polemba ntchito. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale ntchito imodzi yoikidwa ndi chinenero cholakwika ingachititse kufufuza ngati ili mbali ya kuchuluka. Olemba ntchito ayeneranso kudziŵa kuti ofunsira amene amaona kuti tsankho la msinkhu angaike mlandu ndi EEOC, ndipo zinenezo zachipambano zingatulutse malipiro, malipiro a kutsogolo, chiwombolo, ndi malipiro a mayalugwe.

Kuwonjezera pa kusungitsa lamulo, milandu yaumwini njofala. Kasuti ya kukondera amisinkhu yapakati pa ophunzira kaŵirikaŵiri inayamba ndi umboni wa malongosoledwe a ntchito ndi chidziŵitso cha ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, mu EOC ndi M.C. Dean, Inc. [2021], ntchito ya wolemba ntchito ya “womaliza maphunziro apamwamba" inali pakati pa mlandu wa EEOC. Kampaniyo inakhazikika ndi $1.5 miliyoni ndipo inavomereza kuwonjezera ntchito yake yolandira.

M’nyengo imene anthu amafufuza mosamala chikhalidwe cha makampani ndi kusiyana kwa anthu, mbiri ya tsankho la anthu okalamba ingaletse munthu kukhala ndi luso lapamwamba — la achikulire ndi lachinyamata — pogwiritsira ntchito.

Malingaliro a Mitundu Yonse pa Ntchito Zaukalamba Zosaloŵerera

Ngakhale kuti ADEA ndi lamulo lodziwika bwino lonena za tsankho la zaka za anthu, mabwana amene ali ndi mphamvu zogwira ntchito padziko lonse ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo osiyanasiyana.

Ulaya Union

EU Directive 2000/78/EC imaletsa tsankho la msinkhu m'mayiko onse a m'bungwelo, ngakhale kuti ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana. M'mayiko onga ngati Germany ndi France, kusatsa malonda a ntchito amene amafotokoza zaka za anthu ambiri amaonedwa kukhala osaloledwa ndi lamulo pokhapokha ngati chilungamo cha Yuropu cha Chilungamo (ECJ) chanena kuti ngakhale chinenero chosiyanitsa mwa njira inayake (“achinyamata ndi amphamvu” chingaswe lamulolo ngati chikhudza kwambiri gulu la msinkhu winawake.

United Kingdom

Chikalata cha Eunity Act cha 2010 chimapereka ufulu wosakondera anthu pa msinkhu wawo pantchito. Bungwe la UK’S Advisory, Concaliation ndi Arbitration Service (ACAS) limapereka malangizo omveka bwino: ntchito zotembenuza siziyenera kutchula kapena kutchula kuti asankha gulu la msinkhu winawake, ndipo mawu onga akuti “unyamata” kapena“ wofikapo" ayenera kupewedwa. Olemba ntchito amaletsedwanso kupempha tsiku lakubadwa pofunsira ntchito pokhapokhapokha ngati akufunika kwenikweni kuti aonetse zolinga zawo.

Canada

Kalata ya Zaufulu wa Anthu ya ku Canada imaletsa tsankho la amisinkhu, ndipo zigawo zambiri zili ndi lamulo lawo. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la ufulu wa anthu la Ontario limaletsa mwachindunji tsankho la msinkhu potsatsa malonda a ntchito. Olemba ntchito akulangizidwa kugwiritsira ntchito chinenero cha amisinkhu yosalankhula ndi kupeŵa chilichonse chokhudza “ana omaliza maphunziro a zaka zapambuyo pokhapo ngati malowo ali apamwamba poloŵa ntchito.

Australia

Bungwe la Australian Human Rights Commission lapereka malangizo osonyeza kuti kusatsa malonda a ntchito sikuyenera kutchula malire a msinkhu kapena kulankhula mawu amene angafune gulu lina la msinkhu. Mawu onga “achichepere ndi amphamvu” apezedwa kuti ndi bungwe la Commission.

Olemba ntchito padziko lonse ayenera kutengera njira zofanana za ntchito ya misinkhu yosayendera ndale zimene zimakwaniritsa zofunika kwambiri pa madera onse amene amagwira ntchito.

Kumaliza: Kumanga Njira Yabwino ndi Yosalimba

Malamulo a tsankho la amisinkhu singofunikira kuswedwa; ndizo zida zomangira malo antchito oyenera. Mwa kuthetsa tsankho la ukalamba kuchokera ku malongosoledwe a ntchito ndi zofunika, olemba ntchito sagwirizana kokha ndi malamulo alamulo komanso amagwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso chachikulu, nzeru, ndi kudalirika zimene antchito achikulire amabweretsa. Kukwera mtengo kwa ndalama za kusagwirizana ndi malamulo — ponse paŵiri m’maudindo alamulo ndi luso lotayika — kumaposa kwambiri kuyesayesa kofunikira kupanga ntchito, ntchito yolembedwa payokha.

Olemba ntchito ayenera kuona ntchito kukhala zolembedwa zosonyeza kufunika kwenikweni kwa ntchitoyo, osati malingaliro achikale onena za amene ali oyenerera kuichita. Kuphunzitsa kwanthaŵi zonse, kupenda bwino, ndi kudzipereka kukwaniritsa ntchito za ntchito ndizo maziko a ntchito za misinkhu yolembedwa. M'makampani opikisana kwambiri, mabungwe amene amagwirizana ndi misinkhu yosiyanasiyana adzakhala amene akupita patsogolo.