Chiyambi: Chilamulo Monga Lupanga Lokhomedwa Kaŵiri

Unansi pakati pa malamulo ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe uli ponse paŵiri maziko ndi kupsinjika. Lamulo lingakhale chiŵiya cha ufulu . Kugonjetsa kugaŵanika, kufutukula ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi. Komabe m'mbiri yonse ya Amereka, malamulo agwiritsiridwanso ntchito kugwirizanitsa kutsendereza, kuchirikiza ukapolo, kukakamiza, ndi kukana ulemu waukulu wa munthu kwa anthu onse. Kuzindikira kuti kuŵirikiza kumeneku nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kupititsa patsogolo chilungamo cha anthu. Malamulo samagwira ntchito popanda kusokonezeka; amasonyeza maganizo a anthu, zikondwerero, ndi mphamvu zandale. Pamene nyumbazo zitsutsozo zikhala nkhondo kumene kupita patsogolo m’malo ambiri. Nkhaniyi imapendanso mbali yaikulu ya mbiri yakale, zigamu za mbiri yakale, zigamu zapamwamba, ndi zigamu za malamulo otsutsa, ndi zopititsa za anthu onse a m’malamulo.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Chilamulo cha Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Lamulo la Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Malamulo a Ufulu Wawo

United States Constitution, yomwe inavomerezedwa mu 1788, inakhazikitsa malamulo a boma koma inasokonezedwa kwambiri ndi kukhazikitsa ukapolo. Zikole za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe (zoyamba khumi zosintha) zinatsimikizira chitetezo chenicheni monga ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, ndi msonkhano, limodzi ndi chitetezo cha kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa. Komabe, ufulu umenewu unali wopezeka poyamba ku yera, anthu osunga katundu. Anthu a ukapolo anaŵerengedwa kukhala atatu mwa anthu a zifuno za kuimira, ndipo anthu anachotsedwa kwakukulukulukulu ku lamulo. Kukatenga zaka mazana ambiri kuti apereke chitetezo cha malamulo ku America kwa anthu onse.

Kusintha kwa chigawo cha Nazi , kovomerezedwa mu 1868], kunali nthaŵi yotha. Kuteteza Claus kwake kofanana kunatha kunena kuti palibe boma limene “lingachitire munthu aliyense m’ulamuliro wake chitetezo chofanana cha malamulo.] Kusintha kumeneku kunakhala chikole cha ufulu wa anthu onse chachikulu chimene chinatsatira, kuyambira sukulu yochepetsa kulingana kwa ukwati. Komabe lonjezo la Kusintha kwa Zachikhalidwe kwa 1449datsutsidwa mwamsanga ndi Khoti Lapamwamba m'nkhani zonga [[FLT:]. [18]

Kumanganso ndi Kukwera kwa Jim Crow

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, chivomerezo cha kukonzanso nyengo (165-187) chinaona kudutsa kwa Lamulo la Kum’mwera la Malamulo a Black Councils ndipo pambuyo pake Jim Crow anakhazikitsa malamulo a fuko ndi ufulu wa anthu a fuko, amene cholinga chake chinali kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu akale ogwidwa ukapolo. Koma kuchotsa kwa asilikali a boma ku South ndipo kunachititsa kuti malamulo a Black Code ndipo pambuyo pake Jim Crowney adakhala ndi ulamuliro walamulo wa fuko ndi kuchotsako kwa anthu a fuko lina. Lynings, misonkho, kupenda kulemba kulemba kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, ndi kuweruza kwa agogo kunachirikiridwa ndi makhoti onse ndi mabwalo amilandu ndipo, m'nkhani zambiri, ndi lamulo la U. Khoti lalikulu la U. Supt. Khoti la milandu la U.

Zigamulo za Bwalo Lalikulu lamilandu lalikulu zonga ngati Plessy v. Ferguson[FLT :1] ndi Williams v. Mississippi (1898]) anapereka lamulo lalamulo ku machitachita a kutembenuza anthu. Kunalibe kufikira chapakati pa zaka za zana la 20 pamene funde la lamulo linayamba kutembenuka, kusonkhezeredwa ndi kukhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu ndi kulimba mtima kwa anthu wamba amene analolera kutsutsa malamulo osalungama.

Zipambano za Malamulo Zimene Zinasinthanso Chitaganya

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Motsimikizirika mlandu wotchuka koposa wa Bwalo Lamilandu Lapamwamba m'mbiri ya America, [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Bungwe la Maphunziro la Topeka [1] linalengeza kuti tsankho la fuko linaikidwa mwachibadwa ndi [[FLT:] kugwetsa pepala la “kusiyana ndi kulingana] chiphunzitso cha [[FLT:] P [FLT] P]. Ferguson [[FLT]] ['] [machenjera]. [ACP] Chigamulo chalamulo [[FLT] Supt , [ka] Chikalata] [ka] chotsogolera kuweruza kwa m'TCH'mbuyokukomera kwa Chilungamo chabwino. Pamene kukumana ndi kutsutsa kwakukulu kwa zipoloko ndi chiwawa [Browrow] chinakhazikitsa njira ya boma yovomerezeka ndi ufulu wa ufulu walamulo m'nkhani ya kuyang'nkhani ya chigawa. Chigawa chalamulo chikhoti chikhoti chikhoti chikhoti champhamvu.

Long v. Virginia (1967)

M' yochokera ku Virginia . Virginia , Bwalo Lapamwamba likugwirizana kuswa malamulo a boma oletsa kusiyanitsa mafuko. Mlanduwu unabweretsedwa ndi Richard ndi Mildred Lovening, mwamuna ndi mkazi wa mafuko osiyanasiyana amene adaweruzidwa chaka chimodzi m’ndende pa Chikalata cha Virginia cha Upiti wa Upidiriro wa Mafuko. Khotilo linakhulupirira kuti ukwati unali ufulu waukulu ndi kuti malamulo a mafuko a ukwati anaswa zonse ziŵiri Chitetezo ndi Chigwirizano cha Indaniksiti. Chigamuchi sichinathetsere chabe malamulo oletsa kugaŵa ukwati m'malemba 16 koma chinayala maziko a chigamulo cha pambuyo pake. Malamulowo [FL:] onsewo alipo kupyolera mwa Oy [FLT]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Zaka 50 pambuyo pa [[FLT: 0] Kuchoka, Khoti Lalikulu linafutukulanso ufulu wa ukwati . Inoyi kwa okwatirana a external . Obergefell v. Hodges [1], Khoti linagamula kuti ufulu waukulu wa kukwatira ndi wotsimikiziridwa kwa mabanja amodzi pansi pa zonse ziŵiri Komiti Yaikulu ndi Chitetezo cha Classive. [[FLTQ] 5-4] chigamulo chinali chilakiko cha mbiri ya LBTQQ ndi chilungamo cha anthu, kugwetsa m'mayiko oposa khumi ndi limodzi. Mlandu wa zaka makumi khumi ndi limodzi. Nkhaniyo inali yosatsutsidwa ndi magulu a chipembedzo otsutsa kupambana.

Bostock v. Clayton County (2020)

Posachedwapa, Khoti Lalikulu linagamula Bostock v. Clayton County kuti Direct VII ya Chikalata cha Chifuniro cha Chiŵeruzo cha 1964 imateteza antchito ku tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana kapena mkhalidwe wa munthu wopatsirana. Chigamulocho chinamasulira chiletso cha kusankhana kugonana kuti chisonyeze kuti munthu ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi, kuwerenga kumene kwakhala kukutsutsana kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Chigamulocho chinaimira kuwonjezereka kwa chitetezo chachikulu cha ntchito ya LBGTQ + America ndipo chinasonyeza kuti kumasulira kwa lamulo kukhoza kukhala chiŵindo cha chilungamo cha anthu.

Mavuto Opitirizabe M’malamulo

Kusankhana Mafuko ndi Kutha kwa Makhalidwe

Ngakhale kuti pali zipambano zimenezi, dongosolo la malamulo likupitirizabe kulimbikitsa kusalingana kwakukulu. United States ili ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba kwambiri cha kumangidwa padziko lonse, ndipo Black America amaikidwa m’ndende kuwirikiza kasanu chiŵerengero cha Aamereka oyera, malinga ndi malamulo atatu a m'midzi ya mitundu. Malamulo oletsa mitundu, kuyambira kuletsa ndi kuweruza, achitidwa ndi makhoti m’mayiko ena koma amapezeka m’madera ena. Malamulo amene amalamulira, kuweruza, kuweruza, ndi kuweruza milandu, kaŵirikaŵiri, amene amalephera kuyang'anizana ndi zigamulo.

Kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri sikumangokhudza anthu okha; kumasokoneza anthu onse, kumachotsa ufulu wosankha kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kudzera m’malamulo osokoneza milandu, ndipo kumayambitsa kupenda kwachikhalire kumene kwaikidwa m’mbali zololeka. Zoyesayesa za kusintha zinthu, monga ngati Lamulo Loyamba la 2018, lapanga kupita patsogolo, koma kusintha kwa dongosolo la zinthu kumafuna zambiri kuposa kuchepetsa mphamvu za lamulo /I kulamula kupendedwanso kwakukulu kwa mmene dongosolo lachilungamo laupandu limalinganizidwira ndi amene limagwirira ntchito.

Kutsenderezedwa kwa Maute m’Zaka za Zana la 21

Kuyenera kwa kuvota, kolingaliridwa kukhala kotetezeredwa ndi Communition Act ya 15 ndi Voting Rights ya 1965, imakhalabe kuukiridwa. Mu 2013, chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLT: 0] Shelby County v. Haker adagonjetsa Chigawo 5 cha Couragetion Rights Act, chimene chinafunikira maulamuliro ndi mbiri ya kukondera kuti apeze chilolezo cha boma asanasinthe malamulo osankha. Kutsatira chigamulocho, chikunena kuti kudutsa dziko lonselo, kupitirira malamulo oletsa kuvota oletsa, kuchepetsa maola oyambirira ovota, kuvota, kujambula malo ofufuzira, ndi kutsera malo a anthu ochepa kwambiri. Nthaŵi zambiri njira zimenezi zimalungamitsa ndi “kunamiyansi, popanda umboni wachinyengo. Kulimbana ndi malamulo oletsedwa kwa lamulo la lamulo la kumbuyo kochitidwa ndi kutsutsa kochitidwa kwa lamulo. [Foctive]

Zopinga Zachuma ku Chilungamo

Kufikira ku kuimira kwalamulo kuli mbali yaikulu ya chiweruzo, komabe mamiliyoni a Aamereka satha kugula loya. M'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni . Monga ngati kuchotsedwa, kusunga ana, kusonkhetsa ngongole, ndi kusamukira kudziko . Palibe kuyenera kwa kuikidwa. Chotulukapo nchakuti anthu ocheperapo amayang'anizana ndi mapangano ovuta kaŵirikaŵiri, kaŵirikaŵiri oimira eni malo, okongola, kapena mabungwe a boma. Mabungwe alamulo, ochilikiza ntchito ya boma ya kupereka ndalama ndi zopereka zapansi pawekha, amatumikira kokha mbali ya osoŵa. [[FLT.0] Malo a Malo a zalamulo oyenerera [malamulo:] [malamulo] akuthandiza ndi kuthandizira kwa mapangano apamwamba] salandira chithandizo chalamulo cha milandu yawo. Chiweruzo chimenechi chimapangitsa ntchito yaumphaŵi ndi kusabweza ndalama zalamulo, monga kusoŵa kwa lamulo, kuyendetsa ntchito, ndi kusoŵa kwa mabanja, kusoŵa kwa mapangano aungwe, monga ngati kuthandizira kwa lamulo, zothandizira ndi kuthandizira kwa ogwirizana, zomanga, zothandizira anthu, zogwirizana za lamulo,

Ntchito ya Kuzenga ndi Kupanga Chilango m’Kusintha Makonzedwe a Malamulo

Magulu Ochititsa Masewera ndi Kukakamiza Anthu

Kusintha kwa lamulo sikumachitika kaŵirikaŵiri; kaŵirikaŵiri kumayambitsidwa ndi zipatala zokhala ndi udzu. Chigwirizano cha ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu cha ma 1950 ndi 1960 chogwiritsiridwa ntchito, kukwera, kugwedeza, ndi maulendo aunyinji kukopa dziko lonse kukakhala ndi kugawa ndi nkhanza. Maguluwo adayambitsa malamulo andale a malamulo a malamulo a zandale monga Chilamulo cha Chilemberero cha ufulu wa anthu mu 1964 ndi Zoikitika za ufulu wa Voting Rights Act ya 1965. Mofananamo, gulu lamakono la moyo wa Black labweretsa chisamaliro chatsopano ku chiwawa ndi kutumiza anthu kunkhondo, kutsogolera ku masinthidwe monga mabungwe a boma ndi mapangano a boma, zifunsinsipo za kamera, ndi ziletso za bungwe la NaCP. Ma Grasroots akukhala pamalo otsogolera zoyesayesa zimenezi m'zaka zoposa 1965, ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwa anthu, ndi kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu.

Kuthandiza Mwalamulo ndi Ntchito ya Pro Bono

Mabungwe othandizira anthu a boma amapereka chitetezo chachikulu mwa kupereka mautumiki alamulo aulere kapena a ndalama zochepa kwa anthu amene sangathe kugula maloya. Magulu onga Maloya Service Komiti ya Ufulu wa Anthu, Southern Poverty Law Center , ndi Makampani a Innocence Project apambana kwambiri, kuchokera ku kusungira othaŵa kwawo omangidwa mlandu molakwika. Ntchito ya bono yochitidwa ndi maloya ya achinsinsi imathandizanso kutsegulira khola lachra lachiweruzo, ngakhale kuti limafika pang'ono. Makampani ambiri a malamulo tsopano ali ndi zofunika za proono, ndi masukulu a maphunziro ophunzitsa maphunziro amene amalola ophunzira kuimira ogula zinthu pansi pa oyang’anira. Kuyesayesaku kungopereka kachitidwe kawoneka; iwonso amaphatikizapo malamulo achinyengo pa malamulo achinyengo ndi malamulo a boma.

Kufunika Kopitirizabe kwa Kusintha Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito

Malamulo okha sangathetse kusalingana kwa malamulo. Opanga malamulo ayenera kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amasamalira zochititsa zoipa, udani, kusaphunzira, ndi kusasamala zaumoyo. Masinthidwe onga kuchotsa ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama, kuchotsa umphaŵi, kuwonjezera ufulu wosankha, kuwonjezera kukonzanso ufulu wosankha, ndi kuika ndalama m'malo ena ogwirizana ndi anthu oyenera kuchititsa kukhazikitsa boma kumafuna ntchito za boma kumaloko, boma, ndi milingo ya boma. Mabungwe onga Project yothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama, kuchotsapo umphaŵi, kuwonjezera ufulu wosankha, ndi kuika ndalama m'malo ena oyenera kukonzanso ntchito yofufuza, ndi kuika ndalama m'malo ambiri atengedwa ndi mizinda ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana. Koma kupita patsogolo kwa , ndi kumbuyo kwa nkhondo yachikhalidwe.

Malingaliro a Mayiko pa Makonzedwe a Malamulo ndi Chilungamo cha Mayanjano

Chikalata Chovomereza Ufulu wa Anthu Onse

Ngakhale kuti nkhani ino yasumika maganizo kwambiri pa United States, malamulo amene amateteza ufulu wachibadwidwe alipo m’mayiko ambiri ndiponso padziko lonse. Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), chovomerezedwa ndi bungwe la United Nations mu 1948, chimapereka ufulu wofunika kwambiri umene maboma onse ayenera kuchirikiza, kuphatikizapo ufulu wa moyo, ufulu, ndi chitetezo; ufulu wosazunza ndi ukapolo; kulingana ndi lamulo; ndi ufulu wopeza njira yothetsera ufulu wa anthu. Ngakhale kuti UDHR siikugwira ntchito, yasonkhezera mapangano a mitundu yambiri ndi kusonkhezera malamulo a mitundu yambiri. Komabe, malamulo apadziko lonse akhalabe ofooka. Makhoti apadziko lonse, monga ngati International Criminal Court (IC) ndi European Court of Human Rights, angamvere nkhani za ufulu wa anthu koma nthaŵi zambiri.

Malamulo Oyerekezera

Mayiko osiyanasiyana agwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa anthu kudzera m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zalamulo. M'dziko la United Kingdom, bungwe la Human Rights Act (Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe) la mu 1998, linaphatikiza pangano la ufulu wachibadwidwe pa ufulu wa anthu pa malamulo a m'dzikolo. Malamulo a ku Canada athandiza anthu kutsutsa ufulu wa anthu wophwanya malamulo a m’makhoti a UK. Malamulo a boma aletsa ufulu wa anthu, kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ndiponso wa zachuma, monga ufulu wa nyumba, zaumoyo, ndi maphunziro. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti malamulo atha kutetezera magulu opatulidwa, komanso amasonyezanso kuti ufulu wa munthu wodzichotsera mimba suyenera: Amafuna kuyang’anira milandu ya anthu odziimira okha, ndiponso kumanga milandu yachimwira ufulu wa anthu.

Kumaliza: Chilamulo chinali Chosasintha

Chiyambukiro cha malamulo pa ufulu wa anthu ndi chilungamo cha anthu sichikukwaniritsidwa. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti ngakhale kuti zosankha zapadera ndi malamulo zingatsegulenso zitseguke, zingatsekedwenso ndi malamulo otsatira, kusintha kwa ndale zadziko, kapena zoyesayesa zadala za kupeputsa izo. Choloŵa cha Brown v. Gulu la Maphunziro [[FLT: 1] nlovuta ndi maphunziro okhazikika; Kuchirikiza ufulu wa Vong Rights Act ya 1965 wachotsedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba; ndi chitetezo cha Jenear Reformation chimatsutsidwa nthaŵi zonse. Komabe lamulo limakhalabe chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu zopezeka kaamba ka kuyendera chilungamo chachiweruzo cha . Chilungamo chalamulo chimaperekedwa ndi ochirikiza kulephera kwake ndi kulephera kwake. Savomereza ku chitsenderezo, ndi kuntchito, ndi kugawa ntchito ya anthu onse.

Malamulo akusonyeza mmene anthu amaonera. Ngati tikufuna dongosolo la malamulo limene limatetezadi ufulu wa anthu ndi kupititsa patsogolo chilungamo cha anthu, tiyenera kulimbikira kuti tione masomphenyawo. Zipambano zakale zimapereka mapulani, koma mavuto a kufunitsitsa kwamakono, kulimbikira, ndi kugwirizana. Malinga ndi zimene loya wa ufulu wa anthu Constance Baker Motley ananena, “Malamulo angatsegule zitseko, ndipo nthaŵi zina ngakhale atsopano omwe anali asanapezekepo.