Kupangidwa ndi chisinthiko cha lamulo kumapanga malamulo a demokrase yogwira ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo amabadwa kuchokera ku njira ya malamulo, tanthauzo lake, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kupulumuka kwenikweni kaŵirikaŵiri kumadalira pa mafotokozedwe a nthambi ya chiweruzo, makamaka United States Supreme Court . Unansi umenewu wa malamulo umatsimikizira kuti lamulo silili malamulo apadera koma kuti ndi lamphamvu, kugwirizanitsa dongosolo la zinthu zimene zikugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa kachitidwe ka zinthu, kupita patsogolo kwa luso la zopangapanga zinthu, ndi miyezo ya makhalidwe abwino. Kuzindikira mmene malamulo amachitidwira moyenerera ndi malamulo achiweruzo apadera kugamutsira kawonedwe kabwino pamlingo wa mphamvu ya dziko la America.

Kusintha kwa Kupanga Malamulo: Kuyambira ku Bill Kufikira ku Kuswa Malamulo

Lumbiro la lamulo la kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma landandalitsidwa bwino lomwe m'Chigawo I cha Malamulo. Lamulo limayamba moyo wake pamene liyambitsidwa ndi chiŵalo cha Congress . Liyenera kudutsa zonse ziŵiri Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo m’mpangidwe ofanana asanaperekedwe kwa Pulezidenti. Ulendowu wadzaza ndi zopinga za productural, kuphatikizapo kutchula makomiti, makambitsirano a pansi, ndi kuthekera kwa nthaŵi zonse kwa mwana wabutatu mu Khoti. Pulezidenti angasaine chikalatacho kukhala lamulo, ikhale lamulo, kapena ilo, kutumiza kumbuyo ku Msonkhano kumene anthu aŵiri a chigawo m’nyumba zonse ziŵiri zikufunikira kupambana.

Njira imeneyi yooneka yosavuta imasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi mphamvu za kunja. Magulu a anthu ozembera boma, mabungwe achinyengo, ndi makampani amphamvu amawononga kwambiri kugwirizanitsa chinenero cha ngongole. Chidziŵitso cha anthu, makamaka pamene asonkhezeredwa pa nkhani inayake, chingachititse mphamvu za ndale zofunikira kukakamiza malamulo kudzera m'malamulo. Komabe, ngakhale zitakhala lamulo, ulendo wake sutha. Lamulo limagonjera malamulo a boma. Nyumba singathe kupitirira malamulo a boma kapena malamulo otsatidwa. Ndiponso, lamulo lililonse liyenera kulowa m'maudindo a Congressbor, kaŵirikaŵiri Commercial Claus kapena maulamuliro operekedwa pansi pa malamulo 14 a boma, amene akhala galimoto yaikulu yoyendera malamulo a boma. Nthaŵi zambiri pamene lamulo liyamba, khoti loona la lamulo limakhala lotsutsa bwalo lamilandu lalikulu la milandu.

Khoti Lalikulu: Mtsogoleri Wamilandu Yomalizira ndi Wokonza Lamulo

Ntchito yaikulu ya Khoti Lalikulu ndi kumasulira lamulo, koma mphamvu yake imafika patali kwambiri kuposa kumasulira kwake. Mwa chiphunzitso cha kupenda kwachiweruzo, choyamba anatsimikizira m'nkhani yotchuka [[FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison (1803) , Khoti lili ndi ulamuliro wa kulengeza machitidwe a Congress popanda kugamula. Mphamvu imeneyi imapangitsa Khoti kukhala nyumba yovomerezeka molakwa, kuswa malamulo oswa malamulo. Khoti limachitanso ndi kumasulira kwa malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a boma, kutsimikizira tanthauzo ndi malo olondola pamene mikangano ibuka pa kugwirira ntchito kwake.

Malamulo Omasulira Mabuku

Imodzi ya mikangano yosatha yokhudza ntchito ya Khoti ndiyo kusiyana pakati pa kumasulira lamulo ndi kumasulira bwino kuchokera ku ben. Ochirikiza malembo amatsutsa kuti oweruza ayenera kudalira pa tanthauzo lomveka la malemba panthaŵi imene analembedwa. Mosiyana, ochirikiza "Malamulo Okhala ndi Moyo" amatsutsa kuti mawu aakulu a Malamulo, monga "kufikira posachedwa" ndi "kutetezedwa kofanana, kuyenera kumasuliridwa molunjika ndi miyezo yachikhalidwe cha anthu. Kugawana kwa filosofi kumeneku kuli mumtima mwa zosankha zambiri 5-4, kumene zotsatira za mlanduwo zimadalira pa nzeru yachiweruzo ya chiweruzo.

Mfundo Yothandiza Kuona Nyenyezi

Chilungamo cha Khoti Lalikulu chimadalira kwambiri pa [[FLT: 0] status decis , lamulo lalamulo lomamatira ku chitsanzo. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimatsimikizira kusasintha ndi kuneneratu za lamulo. Komabe, Khoti Lalikulu lazindikira kuti [[FLT:] stares [[FLT]] decis [3] sindilo lamulo losasinthika, monga momwe limachitira ndi Khoti. Pamene chitsanzo chipezedwa kukhala chosagwira ntchito, chosamveka bwino, kapena chotsutsana kwambiri ndi miyezo ya dziko, Bwalo lidzalamulira. Chigamu cha kulamulira mlandu wapadera ndicho kachitidwe koipa, monga kusonyezedwa ndi chisinthiko kuchokera ku [FT:]. [FF] [5]

"Tikugamula kuti, m'mbali ya maphunziro a anthu, chiphunzitso cha ‘ kusiyanitsa koma kulingana ’ chilibe malo. Malo ophunzirira osiyana salingana mwachibadwa. — Chilungamo chachikulu Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education [[FLT: 1]

Zimene Tikuphunzirapo pa Nkhani Zosonyeza Ufulu Wathu: Mmene Malamulo ndi Kuyenera Kwake Zimagaŵidwira

Maphunziro aakulu kwambiri a mmene malamulo amapangidwira ndi kusintha amachokera ku kusanthula zigamulo zapadera za Khoti Lalikulu. Milandu imeneyi siili kokha zigamulo za lamulo; izo ndizo mfundo zosinthira za mbiri yakale zimene zimasonyeza kulimbana kwa mtunduwo ndi malamulo ake.

Marbury vesi: Madison (1803): The Foundation of Judicial Power

Asanakhazikitse Marbury . . . Khoti Lapamwamba linali bungwe lofooka. Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall analanda mpata woperekedwa ndi mkangano wa ndale pakati pa kuchoka kwa Adams ndi kubwera kwa Jefferson kuti akhazikitse chida champhamvu koposa: kupenda kwa khoti. William Marbury, woweruza pakati pa usiku, adakana ntchito yake. Pamene Marshall anapeza kuti Marbury anali ndi udindo ku ntchito, potsirizira pake analamulira kuti Khoti silingalamulire chifukwa chakuti lamulo lopatsa Khoti mphamvu imene (Chiyambitso cha 13 cha Chilango cha 1789) chinali chopanda lamulo lapamwamba. Chikalatachi cha ndale chachikulu cha kukhazikitsa Kotimeti ya U.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Outruling Precedent kuwongolera Cholakwa

Kwa zaka pafupifupi 60, chigamulo cha Khoti chija chinakhala ndi mlandu wotsutsa pa [Foct:1]. Ferguson analola tsankho la fuko pansi pa "kusiyana koma kulingana" chiphunzitso. NAACP, kutsogozedwa ndi Woweruza Wachiweruzo wamtsogolo, kutsutsa chigamulo chimenechi mwa kusumika maganizo pa malo akuthupi koma pa mphamvu ya maganizo ya ana a ku Africa. Kugwiritsira ntchito umboni wa sayansi wa chikhalidwe, Khoti la Chigawo pansi pa Chilungamo ndi Chilungamo cha Volve Warren linapereka lingaliro logwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti "Masukulu saali oyenera. [[FLD:2] Brown [FLD:3] sikunangosintha chabe lamulo lachiganizo; sikunasintha ufulu wa Chigawa, kutsogolera ku Chigamu cha Chigawa cha Chigawa cha 1964 ndi Chilamulo cha mu 1965. Chilamulochimo cha Chilamulo chogwirizana cha malamulo cha lamulo chokhwima chokhudza makhalidwe chachikulu.

United States v. Nixon (1974): Palibe Amene Ali Pamwamba pa Chilamulo

Pankhani yochititsa manyazi ya Watergate, Pulezidenti Richard Nixon ananena kuti ali ndi mwaŵi waukulu wa kuletsa matepi ojambulidwa ndi Leon Jaworski woweruza Wapadera. Khotilo linayang'anizana ndi mkangano wachindunji pakati pa nthambi ya akuluakulu ndi dongosolo la chiweruzo. M'chigamulo chimodzi 8-0, Bwalo linaona kuti pamene udindo wapamwamba ulipo kutetezera asilikali, mayanjano, kapena zinsinsi za dziko, si zachindunji. Mtsogoleri wa ufulu wa boma sangakhale wotsendereza zosoŵa za dongosolo lachilungamo m'chilungamo posunga umboni. Lamulo lokakamiza Nixon kutulutsa matepi, limene linavumbula kuti ali ndi udindo wake m'chikuseŵere, kutula mlandu wake mwachindunji. [FL: 0] United States v. [FFFFFF]

Chiphunzitso cha ufulu wochotsa mimba ku America chimapereka phunziro lalikulu la mmene chiphunzitso chalamulo chingakhazikitsidwire, kuyengedwa, ndi kugwetsedwa. Roe v. Wade adazindikira kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kuchotsa mimba pansi pa Sex Proced Classie ya 14 Demendment, kukhazikitsa maziko olinganiza ufulu wa mkazi wolinganiza ndi ufulu wa boma woyang'anira thanzi ndi kutetezera moyo. Kwa zaka pafupifupi 50, [[FLT:] Roe pansi pa [1] Lamulo la dziko, ngakhale kuti linasinthidwa ndi [FLT:] Platleauct. Case v. [FFLD]

Komabe, kusintha kwa kulembedwa kwa Khoti kupyolera m’kachitidwe ka kuikidwa kunatsogolera ku kusintha kwakukulu. Dobts v. Jackson Akazi a Thanzi , Bwalo lamilandu lalamulira Roe ndi [FLT] [[FLT]] [ka] Makoswe , kunyamula kuti kuchotsa mimba sikuli kotetezeredwa mwalamulo. Chigamulocho chinabweza lamulo la kuchotsa mimba ku maufumu, kutulukapo ku kusintha kofulumira ndi kodabwitsa kwa lamulo. Madobs [FFF:] nkhani yokhudza njira ya Supt Court [F] [FLT] [FLT] [F:] [ka]]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Kufutukula Ufulu Woyenerera

Nkhondo ya kulingana kwa ukwati imasonyeza mmene kumasulira kochitidwa ndi lamulo kungafutukukire kuzindikira zoyenera zatsopano. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, okwatirana amodzi a kugonana anakanidwa kuyenera kwa kukwatira. Luso lalamulo lopita ku makhoti a boma ndi makhoti ochonderera a boma, lomangirira pa kukambitsirana kwa Lawrence v. Texas [2003], lomwe linaswa malamulo a sodoma. Obergefell v. Hodges , Jasticey Kennedy analemba malingaliro ambiri akuti ufulu wakukwatira ndilo loyenera kumasuka kwa munthu, ndi kuti okwatirana amodzimodziwo ali ndi ufulu wa ku kumanja kwa onse aŵiriwo pansi pa kutetezera kwa ufulu wa kumanja ndi kutetezera kwa Classius. Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chilungamo chovomerezedwa choyenera ndi kutsimikizira chivoti cha ufulu cha ufulu cha anthu. Chilungamo chachikulu chaku

Kuchokera pa Kugamula Chilango Kufikira Pa zenizeni: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Zosankha za Chiweruzo

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu si matsenga; limafunikira kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Khotilo limadalira nthambi zina za boma ndi makhoti aang'ono kupereka moyo wake. Pamene khoti ligamula lamulo, limakhala ndi khoti logamulapo ngati likhoza kukhazikitsa lamulo latsopano logwirizana ndi lingaliro la Khoti. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa kugwetsa mbali zazikulu za ufulu wa Voting Rights Act mu Shelby County v. Khonsor , Congress sanathe kuyendetsa njira yatsopano yovomerezera, kupangitsa chilolezo chovomerezera kugawira kudutsa dziko lonselo.

Nthambi ya mkulu imachitanso mbali yaikulu. Mapulani akugwira ntchito yotsimikizira malamulo a Khoti. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti zimenezi sinthaŵi zonse zimene zaperekedwa. Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson ali wotchuka (ngakhale kuli kwakuti ali wopeka) wogwidwa mawu kukhala akunena za Chigamulo cha Mfumu Justice Marshall [[FL:0]] Warcster v. Georgia [1832]), "John Marshall wapanga chosankha chake; tsopano aloleni kuti chitsimikizidwe. Zimenezi zikugogomezera kulephera kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya chiweruzo: Khoti silina ndi gulu lankhondo. Ulamuliro wake umakhala pa kuyenera kwake ndi kufunitsitsa kwa nthambi zina kuti zigwirizane. Pamene lamuloli laswa, lamulo lenilenilo latsutsidwa.

Malamulo a M’nthaŵi Yathu Ino ndi Tsogolo Lake

Khoti Lapamwamba likupitiriza kukhala pakati pa mikangano yalamulo ya dziko. Milandu yamakono ikufufuza malire a ufulu wa mfuti pansi pa Demetrisement Yachiŵiri ( New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen], lamulo la kuvomereza m'makhole ([FLT:]] [FLT]]] madeti a Fair Adgicts v. ]), ndi mphamvu ya mabungwe auyang'aniro kuti afotokoze malamulo amene amapereka ([FLT:] Light Enter .BLERY . . [1]

Chitsimikiziro cha oweruza a Supreme Court chakhala chandale kwambiri, chikumasonyeza kuzindikira kuti kulembedwa kwa Khotilo kumayambukira mwachindunji lamulo la America. Kusintha kuchoka pa 6-3 osasintha kupita ku 6-3 zamakono zakhala zikutsogolera kale ku masinthidwe aakulu m'kuchotsa mimba, ufulu wa mfuti, ndi ufulu wachipembedzo. Phunziro lalikulu nlakuti "kupanga ndi kusintha" kwa lamulo ndi njira yopitirizabe. Sikungoikidwa m'maholo a Congress; kumaseŵera m'masankho onse, chitsimikizo chilichonse cha chiweruzo cha milandu, ndipo mlandu uliwonse umapereka chigamulo cha chivomerezo cha Certiariri.

Kumaliza: Kukambitsirana Kokhalitsa kwa Demokrase

Ntchito yopanga ndi kusintha lamulo ndi kukambitsirana kosatha pakati pa anthu, oimira awo osankhidwa, ndi oweruza. Milandu ya Landmark Supreme Court siili chabe mawu amtsinde m’mabuku a mbiri; izo ziri zosuliza mfundo zotsutsa zimene zimafotokoza zoyenera, ufulu, ndi mathayo a nzika iliyonse. Brown v, [[FLT]], [FLT]], [kamodzi] [kamodzi]] ndi kalelo kena kamene kake kali katanthauzo la moyo. Nixon , [[FLT:] [3] OFLT] [og] [7] [i] [i], ndi] Malamulo onse odalirika oyenera kupitirizabe kuchirikiza.