Mmene Malamulo Amathandizira Umoyo Wapoyera: Kugulitsa Malonda Kumaloŵetsedwamo

Umoyo wa anthu onse sutuluka m’nthaka. Chiletso chilichonse chosuta fodya, chiletso, kapena ndalama zoyendetsera zaumoyo zimaimira chosankha chadala cha opanga malamulo kusonkhezera ubwino wa anthu. Malamulo amapereka malamulo otsimikizira kuti ndi kuloŵerera kotani kwa mankhwala amene amalandira, ndi makhalidwe ati amene amalimbikitsidwa kapena kulangidwa, ndi amene dongosololi limatumikira bwino. Komabe njira zimenezi sizichitika mwachindunji. Malamulo alionse amaphatikizapo kugulitsa — pakati pa ufulu wa munthu ndi pakati pa ndalama zimene watsala, ndiponso pakati pa zikondwerero za anthu osiyanasiyana. Kumvetsa zimenezi nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kudziŵa mmene malamulo amakhalira ndi thanzi.

Unansi pakati pa malamulo ndi thanzi la anthu suli kokha nkhani ya kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kuyembekezera zotulukapo. Zowona zandale zadziko, zotsendereza zachuma, ndi makhalidwe a anthu zonse zimene malamulo akukhala ziyambukiro zalamulo ndi mmene amagwiritsidwira ntchito bwino. Nkhaniyi ikusanthula njira zimene malamulo amayambukira thanzi la anthu, kupenda zitsutso zosapeŵeka zimene zimatsagana ndi malamulo otero, ndipo ikutenga maphunziro kuchokera ku kufufuza kotsimikizirika kwa milandu. Pofika nthaŵi, oŵerenga adzakhala ndi njira yokwanira yopendera malamulo a zaumoyo kupyola pa malo osavuta a zaumoyo.

Ntchito ya Malamulo m’Umoyo Wapoyera

Malamulo amatumikira monga maziko a dongosolo la zaumoyo la anthu. Popanda ulamuliro walamulo, mabungwe a zaumoyo sangakakamize kusimba za matenda, kusungitsa miyezo ya chisungiko, kapena kupatsa ndalama za msonkho ku maprogramu otetezera. Malamulo amakhazikitsa zonse ziŵiri lamulo ndi malire a zimene akuluakulu a zaumoyo angachite. Amalongosola amene ali ndi thayo la zimene, ndipo amakhazikitsa chilango cha kusatsatira malamulo amene amapatsa mano awo.

Pamlingo wake waukulu, malamulo a zaumoyo angagwiritsiridwe ntchito zitatu zazikulu. Choyamba, imakhazikitsa makhalidwe ndi zinthu zopangidwa zimene zimapereka ngozi ku thanzi. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo ziletso za msinkhu pa kugula moŵa, kuletsa kutumiza mafuta m’zakudya, ndi miyezo ya magalimoto. Chachiwiri, malamulo [[FLT:] ndi kulinganiza mautumiki a zaumoyo , monga mwa kupangidwa kwa maprogramu a inshuwalansi, kukhazikitsa madongosolo a matenda, kapena kupereka ndalama za madrectora a za zaumoyo. [FLD:4] imakhazikitsa miyezo ya thanzi ndi malo ogwirira ntchito ndi malo ogwirira ntchito, kuphatikizapo malamulo otetezera, malamulo a za kuchipatala, ndi njira zotetezera ma chipatala.

Malamulo a zaumoyo awonjezeka kwambiri m'zaka za zana lapitali. Kuma 1900, malamulo ambiri a zaumoyo a anthu osamala zaukhondo ndi matenda opatsirana. Lerolino, malamulo amalongosola zonse kuyambira paumoyo wamaganizo kufikira kuipitsa mpweya mpaka ku mliri wa opioid. Kuwonjezeka kumeneku kukusonyeza kuzindikira kuti zotsatirapo za thanzi zakhala zogwirizana ndi kuletsa anthu &mmash; housing, maphunziro, ndalama, ndi malo okhala ndi anthu — zambiri zimene zimawonongeka ndi kachitidwe ka malamulo a boma.

Malamulo a Zaumoyo

Malamulo osiyanasiyana amalimbana ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za dongosolo la zaumoyo ndipo amakhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za anthu amene amachititsa ngozi. Kumvetsa magulu ameneŵa kumathandiza kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake malamulo ena amayambitsa mkangano waukulu kuposa ena.

Malamulo Otetezera

Malamulo otetezera amafuna kuletsa mavuto a thanzi asanayambe. Malamulo a katemera a kulowa m’sukulu ndi chitsanzo chabwino. Mwakufuna kuti katemera aloŵe. Malamulo ameneŵa amapanga chitetezo cha gulu chimene chimatetezera ngakhale awo amene sangaikidwe katemera. Njira zina zimaphatikizapo malamulo oletsa kukhala ndi malo okhala, kuchepetsa madzi a anthu onse, ndi zoika zotetezera ana paziyeneretso za mankhwala. Malamulo otetezera ndiwo akuti amaika zofunika kwa anthu kapena mabizinesi m’dzina la thanzi la mtsogolo zimene sizingawonedwe mwamsanga.

Malamulo Olamulira

Malamulo a boma amayang'anira ntchito za makampani ndi akatswiri a zaumoyo. Zimaphatikizapo kukhazikitsa malamulo a madokotala ndi manesi, malamulo a chitetezo kwa mafakitale okonza chakudya, ndi kulemba malamulo a mankhwala. Malamulo a zamankhwala kaŵirikaŵiri amapangidwa mwaluso, kufunikira kukhazikitsa malamulo apadera ndi mabungwe apadera. Food ndi Drug Administration , mwachitsanzo, imagwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo amene amachipatsa mphamvu yovomereza mankhwala, kukonza malo opangira mankhwala, ndi kuikumbukira. Malonda pano ndi pakati pa makampani ndi oteteza &mdash ; malamulo ambiri angapindulitse ntchito, pamene kulibe zochepa zimene zingatsogolere kulephera kwakupha monga mankhwala oipitsidwa.

Kupereka ndi Kupereka Malamulo a Udindo

Mwinamwake gulu loimbidwa mlandu wa ndale zadziko ndilo lamulo la zandalama, limene limasankha mmene ndalama za anthu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pathanzi. Kulengedwa kwa Medicare ndi Medicaid mu 1965 kukonzanso kwa umoyo wa Amereka mwakutsimikizira kukwaniritsa anthu achikulire ndi olandira ndalama zochepa. Posachedwapa, Affordable Care Act (ACA) ADicaid eigrective ndi kupanga ndalama za inshuwalansi yaumwini. Malamulo opereka ndalama nthaŵi zonse amaphatikizapo malonda: dola iliyonse yoperekedwa ku programu imodzi siipezeka kwa ina, ndipo ndalama zimagaŵiridwa m'njira yoperekera ndalama zingagwirizanitse kapena kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa thanzi.

Mphamvu za Umoyo Wangozi

Malamulo apadera a zaumoyo amapereka mphamvu zapadera m’nthaŵi ya kuyambika kwa maupandu. Malamulo ameneŵa amalola kukhala kwaokha, kudzipatula, kuyesa kokakamiza, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zilolezo zamwadzidzidzi za chithandizo chosatsutsidwa. Mliri wa CHOVID-19 unasonyeza kuvuta kwa malamulo ameneŵa: iwo angapulumutse miyoyo mwa kuwathandiza kuyankha mofulumira, komanso amaikanso pangozi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ngati sanapangidwe mosamala. Maboma ambiri anasintha mphamvu zawo zathanzi lawo zathanzi pambuyo pa kulinganiza ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wawo wa anthu.

Malonda Aakulu Opereka Malamulo a Zaumoyo

Malamulo onse okhudza thanzi la munthu amene apambana ndi amene amalephera, amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zopikisana ndi zofuna za anthu, ndipo nthawi zambiri amasankha zinthu zimene sizingakhudze aliyense.

Malonda a Zachuma

Nkhokwe yotsala ya kugwiritsa ntchito vs. Kusunga kwanthaŵi yaitali. Malamulo ambiri a zaumoyo amafuna kuikizidwa . Kumanga nyumba yosungiramo zaumoyo ya anthu onse, ophunzitsa anthu, kapena kupereka ndalama zothandizira fodya zotentha zonse. Kulipira ndalama zotsala kuchipatala, imfa zamwamsanga, zowonjezereka, zotulutsa — zimatenga zaka zambiri kapena zaka makumi ambiri kuti zikhalepo. Kusagwirizana kumeneku pakati pa ndalama za mwamsanga ndi mapindu a anthu kumapangitsa kuti kukhale kovuta kuletsa malamulo andale, ngakhale pamene umboni wofuna kukwaniritsa ndalama uli wamphamvu.

Malamulo ogwirizana ndi mabizinesi ndi ntchito. Malamulo amene amachepetsa kuvulala kaŵirikaŵiri amaika mtengo wa maindasitale amene amapanga zinthu zovulaza. Malamulo oletsa fodya achepetsa kwambiri kusuta koma achititsanso kutayikiridwa kwa ntchito m'malimidwe a fodya ndi kukonza. Mofananamo, ziletso za zakumwa zoledzeretsa zimayambukira makampani a zakumwa ndi zopereka. Okonza malamulo ayenera kupenda mapindu a thanzi a anthu ndi kudodometsa makampani ena. Malamulo ena amaphatikizapo chithandizo cha kusintha kapena kukonzanso maprogramu a ntchito kuti athetse zotsatira zimenezi.

Kupereka ndalama zocheperapo. Malamulo opereka ndalama mosapeŵeka amasintha ndalama kuchokera ku gulu lina kupita ku lina. Kufutukula Medicaid kungafunikire kuwonjezera msonkho pa mabanja olandira ndalama zambiri. Kuchepetsa ndalama za inshuwalansi kwa anthu olandira ndalama zochepa kumatanthauza ndalama zambiri kwa achinyamata, anthu athanzi labwino amene amalipira ndalama zambiri kuposa zimene amapeza. Ziyambukiro zopesedwa zimenezi zingayambitse chitsutso cha ndale, ngakhale pamene phindu la chigamulo cha dziko lonselo lili labwino.

Malonda a Mayanjano ndi Azachuma

Ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi . chitetezo chogwirizana. Ichi mwina ndicho chipsinjo chakale kwambiri m'lamulo la zaumoyo wa anthu. Kulamula kwa mahachi, zofunika, ndi kutsekereza anthu, zonse zimaletsa ufulu wa munthu kuti atetezere chitaganya. Kulungamitsa kwa makhalidwe ndiko pulinsipulo: kusankha kwanga kukhalabe osagamulapo kumakhala kowopsa kwa ena. Koma kugamula kumene munthu aliyense amathera ndi ulamuliro wa boma kumayambika sikuli kopepuka. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri asunga malamulo okakamiza a katemera, koma kutsutsa kwa anthu kukhoza kulepheretsa kugwira ntchito kwawo ngati lamulo n’lo lofooka.

mosayenerera ndi chiyambukiro chosayerekezereka. Malamulo a thanzi okhazikika bwino angakuitseni kuchepa kwa zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, kufuna kupereka ndalama zoyendera limodzi m’chipinda changozi kungaletse kugwiritsa ntchito kosafunikira koma kungaletse odwala olandira mochepera ndi zinthu zofunikadi. Mofananamo, malamulo oletsa malo a ma ma ma ma maarabu kapena zipatala angasiye kumidzi kapena m’midzi ndi kufupikizidwa ndi kufikiritsa. Kusanthula kwa malamulo kumafuna osati kokha ngati lamulo limawongolera thanzi pa avareji, koma kaya limakhala lopangika kapena lofutukukira pakati pa magulu.

Nthaŵi zina chiyambukiro chingachititse tsankho ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa anthu. Malamulo ena a thanzi amalimbana ndi makhalidwe amene agwiritsidwa kale ntchito — kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kunenepa, kusuta. Pamene kuli kwakuti cholinga nchakuti zichepetse kuvulaza, nthaŵi zina chiyambukirocho chingachititse tsankho. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo amene amafuna machenjezo ochenjeza pa soda kapena kuletsa zakumwa za shuga zazikulu angawonedwe kukhala zotchuka ndi kuyambitsanso kubwerera kumbuyo, makamaka pamene zimaoneka kwa anthu amodzi. Malamulo a zaumoyo abwino ayenera kulingalira osati kokha zotulukapo za kuchipatala komanso tanthauzo la kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kalamulo.

Kufufuza Malamulo a Zaumoyo

Zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zikuwunikira mmene malonda ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito. Maphunziro atatu a nkhani za kachitidwe —tobacco, Act ya Afforditable Care, ndi katemera zolamulira — maphunziro operekera maphunziro amene amagwira ntchito mokulira ku malamulo a zaumoyo.

Kupenda Mfundo 1: Kuletsa Malamulo Oletsa Fodya

Kugwiritsira ntchito fodya kudakali chochititsa chachikulu cha imfa zokhoza kupeŵedwa padziko lonse, kupha anthu oposa 8 miliyoni pachaka mogwirizana ndi World Health Organization (WHO). Pazaka makumi asanu zapitazo, mpambo wa malamulo wapamwamba wachepetsa ziŵerengero za kusuta m'maiko ambiri.

Malamulo aakulu oletsa kutsatsa fodya ndi kuchirikiza, machenjezo omveka bwino pa mapaketi a fodya, malamulo a mpweya opanda utsi m’nyumba, misonkho yowonjezereka, ndi ziletso za msinkhu wa. Pangano la pasadamatowere pa Tobacco Control (FLTCCC), pangano loyamba lapadziko lonse la zaumoyo, lopereka chikalata kuti agwiritse ntchito malamulo ameneŵa. Ku United States, ku , kuletsa kusuta kwa Banja ndi kuletsa kusuta fodya mu 2009, linapatsa mphamvu ya kuyang'anira ntchito ya fodya.

Mapindu a thanzi a anthu [[FLT: 1] akhala opindulitsa kwambiri. CDC imayerekezera kuti ziŵerengero za kusuta fodya zinatsika kuchokera pa 42% ya achikulire mu 1965 kufika pafupifupi 12% mu 2022. Mavuto a nthenda ya mtima, kansa ya m’mapapo, ndi matenda a kupuma afupi ndi kutsika kwa kusuta. [FLT:] mu Control [1] Fodya [FFFT:3] anayerekezera kuti malamulo a fodya a mu U.S.

Makampani a fodya ndi mavuto ali enieni. Misonkho ya fodya yapamwamba imabwerera mmbuyo, imagwa kwambiri ndi osuta osalandira ndalama zambiri amene angavutike kusiya. Osuta m’madera akumidzi okhala ndi zinthu zochepa zothandizira kusiya. Makampani a fodya alimbana ndi malamulo oletsa kusuta ndi kusonkhezera, ndi malonda osaloledwa a fodya akhalabe vuto. Ndiponso, kukwera kwa ma e-cigarette ndi kutulutsa mafunso atsopano: kuti zikhale zowonongeka kapena owopa ziŵiya zoyendera chikoswe?

Kufufuza Nkhani 2: Lamulo la Chithandizo Chosachedwa Kuperekedwa (ACA)

Patient Protection and Affordble Care Act, yosainidwa m’lamulo mu 2010, imaimira lamulo lapadera kwambiri la zaumoyo ku United States kuyambira pamene Medicare ndi Medicaid. Zonulirapo zake zinali kufutukula, kuwongolera mkhalidwe, ndi kulamulira mtengo wa — malamulo amene kaŵirikaŵiri amasonkhezera njira zosiyanasiyana.

Malamulo apadera a kampani ya inshuwalansi athandiza kwambiri anthu a ku America omwe ali ndi makampani a inshuwalansi; ndalama zothandizira anthu olandira motsika ndi oyenerera; kuwonjezeka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa Medicaid information , ndi chitetezo kwa anthu okhala ndi mikhalidwe imene yakhalapo. Malamulowo amaperekanso ndalama zotetezera, malo a zaumoyo a anthu, ndi kufufuzira kopindulitsa kwambiri.

[[FLT: 0] Zotsatirapo zokhoza kuulutsidwa [1] Zikusonyeza chipambano chosiyana. Chiŵerengero chosakayikitsa chinatsika kuchoka pa 16% mu 2010 kufika pafupifupi 8% mu 2016, ngakhale kuti kuyambira pamene chakhala chokwezedwa pang'ono. Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri anakopeka ndi kufutukulidwa kwa Medicaid ndi kuperekedwa kwa ndalama za malonda. Komabe, kuwonjezeka kwa zaka zoyambirira za misika yoyambirira kutsogolera ku kumbuyo kwa ndale zadziko, ndipo lamulo laumwini linachotsedwa bwino m'kusintha kwa msonkho wa 2017. KAFFF (Banja la Banja) malipo akuti pafupifupi 27 miliyoni omwe sali akulu a ku America anakhala osawonjezedwa mu 2023, ambiri mwa mawu amene anasankhidwa kuti Mica.

Olemba ntchito anayang'anizana ndi zofunika zatsopano zopereka lipoti ndipo, m'zochitika zina, kuchepetsa maola a ntchito kuti apeŵe lamulo la mtumi. Makonzedwe ovuta a lamulo anatsogolera ku dongosolo logaŵana kumene kuli kudalirana ndi mtengo wochuluka ndi boma. Kusintha kwa zandale kwa ACA kwaletsanso kusintha kowonjezereka kuti athe kufotokoza mipata yake, monga ngati kusoŵa kwa chosankha cha anthu onse kapena mtengo wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Kupendanso Mfundo 3: Kupereka Katemera

Malamulo a katemera ali pakati pa &mdash yogwira mtima kwambiri; ndi ziŵiya zambiri zaumoyo wa anthu onse. Ziyeneretso zoloŵa m'sukulu za katemera wa ana zathetsa matenda onga poliyo ndi chikuku m'maiko ambiri. Mkati mwa mliri wa COVID-19, maboma anabwerezanso funso la malamulo ndi kufulumira kwatsopano.

Mozungulira mawu apamwamba [[FLT: 1]: Khoti Lapamwamba la United States linachirikiza katemera wokakamiza mu Jacobson . Massachusetts (1905), likutsimikizira kuti zinenezo zingafune katemera mkati mwa mliri. Lerolino, maboma onse 50 amafuna akatemera ena kaamba ka opezekapo pasukulu, ngakhale kuti oletsa zamankhwala amaloledwa padziko lonse, ndipo maboma ambiri amalola kuchotsa zipembedzo kapena mafilosofi.

Katemera wa COVID-19 anaperekedwa ndi maboma, mabwana, ndi mabungwe padziko lonse lapansi. Mu United States, boma linafuna kuti akatemera a antchito a zaumoyo ndi a bungwe, ngakhale kuti panali mavuto ena a lamulo oletsa kusungitsa. Kufufuza nthaŵi zonse kumasonyeza kuti malamulo akuwonjezera katemera: kufufuza JAMA anapeza kuti ndi zipani za Covid COVID ndi zipata za chivomenti za boma zinakhala ndi chikole chokwezetsa kuchepetsa katemera kuposa amene alibe.

Tradeoffs . Malamulo amatsutsa ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndipo angayang'anizane ndi kulephera kumene kumafooketsa chidaliro mwa maulamuliro a zaumoyo a anthu. Anthu amene ali ndi zigamulo zowona mtima za zamankhwala kapena zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo zozama angachotsedwe pa ntchito kapena sukulu. Kukakamiza kungakhale kosayenera, ndi magulu opatulidwa othekera kwambiri kuyang'anizana ndi chilango. Ndiponso, malamulo sagwira ntchito pamene mbali yaikulu ya anthu imakhala kale yokayikitsa kapena yotsutsa — iwo angathetse chitsutso mmalo mochilaka. Akatswiri ena a zaumoyo amatsutsa kuti malamulo a zaumoyo ayenera kukhala oyembekezera kuyang'ana komalizira pambuyo pa njira zaufulu ndi ntchito za kulankhulana zamphamvu zatha.

Kulinganiza Malonda Kuti Azitsatira Lamulo

Popeza kuti pali mavuto aakulu, kodi anthu opanga malamulo angapange bwanji malamulo amene amathandiza kuti thanzi likhale lolimba koma osawononga zinthu?

Seŵererani umboni kutsogolera zosankha. Malamulo ayenera kuikidwa m'sayansi yabwino kwambiri, osati kuthandizira kwa ndale zadziko. Kufufuza kwa thanzi kungapereke ziyambukiro zothekera za malamulo olingaliridwa pa anthu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zotulukapo zosayembekezeredwa. Mabungwe a zauyang'aniro ayenera kukhala okhoza kukonza malamulo atsopano pamene umboni wabuka.

Kuloŵerera kwa katemera kumene amachita zabwino kwambiri. Malamulo a chilengedwe chonse si chinthu chabwino nthaŵi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, mmalo mwa chinsalu cha soda, mzinda ungapangitse kusatsa malonda a shuga pafupi ndi sukulu. Mmalo mwa lamulo lachilamu kwa achikulire onse, lamulo lingasumikidwa pa malo apamwamba monga nyumba za anamwino ndi zipatala.

Kumanga molingalira bwino kuyambira pachiyambi. [[FLT :1] Malamulo onse ayenera kupendedwa kaamba ka chiyambukiro chake chogaŵira. Kodi lamulo limeneli lidzachepetsa kapena kuwonjezera? Kodi ndi njira zogwirizana ziti zimene zingachepetsere kuvulaza kwa magulu osoŵa chitetezo? Kugwirizana kwa anthu m'zochitika za malamulo kungafutukule nkhaŵa zimene chidziŵitso chokha chingaphonye.

Kutsutsa ndi kulinganiza kaamba ka kukana. Otsutsa malamulo a zaumoyo kaŵirikaŵiri amakonzekera bwino. Opanga malamulo ayenera kuyembekezera mavuto alamulo, kusonkhezera maindasitale, ndi kukayikira kwa anthu. Programu za magalimoto, kukwaniritsa kolinganizidwa, ndi ziganizo za kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa zingalole kuwongolera zinthu mozikidwa pa chokumana nacho chenicheni cha dziko.

Malamulo otsimikizira kuyang'anira ndi kuonekera kwa zinthu. Malamulo amene amapanga mabungwe atsopano kapena maprogramu owononga ndalama ayenera kuphatikizapo milingo yomveka bwino yopezera chipambano ndi njira zoyang’anira anthu. Ngati malonda amaphatikizapo zosankha zovuta pakati pa mfundo, njira yopanga zosankha iyenera kukhala yotseguka kuyang'anitsitsa, osati yobisika kumbuyo kwa luso la zopangapanga.

Kumaliza

Malamulo ndi chimodzi cha zida zamphamvu kwambiri zimene zilipo kuti anthu akhale ndi thanzi labwino. Kukhoza kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa zinthu zovulaza, kuwonjezera njira zoyendera, ndi kupanga madongosolo amene amaletsa matenda asanayambike. Koma monga momwe kufufuza kwa kuletsa fodya, Affordcable Care Act, ndi malamulo a katemera akusonyezera, lamulo lililonse limabwera ndi malonda. Ndalama, kusagwirizana kwa makhalidwe abwino, ndi kutsutsa ndale sikuli mbali za dongosolo la demokrase kumene makhalidwe ndi zikondwerero zosiyana zimapikisana.

Chitokoso kwa ochirikiza zaumoyo wa anthu ndi opanga malamulo si kuchotsa malonda koma kuwatsogolera mosamala. Izi zimafunikira kumvetsetsa bwino umboni, kutsimikiza mtima kuti ndi woyenera, ndi kufunitsitsa kugwirizana ndi anthu amene adzakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malamulo atsopano. Mwa kuyandikira kwa malamulo a zaumoyo monga nkhani ya kulinganiza zinthu zopikisana mmalo mwa kungokulitsa mphamvu za boma, tingathe kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo aluso omwe amathandiza ndiponso odalirika.