Kumvetsetsa Lamulo Lachisanu ndi Chifuno Chake

Chikalata cha Fite Amendment ku United States chinalengeza kuti palibe munthu amene “adzagonjera pa chitsutso chimodzimodzicho kuti aikidwe kaŵiri ku ngozi ya moyo kapena chigawo china.” Lamulo limeneli la maziko, lodziŵika kukhala kuopsa kwawiri, lakonzedwa kuletsa boma kuweruza munthu mobwerezabwereza pa upandu wofananawo pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa kapena kugamulidwa. Komabe, mawu ooneka ngati omveka bwino a kukonzansoko aperekedwa ku bungwe lovuta la malamulo, ndi kusiyana kwakukulu m’kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito m’mayiko 50, Chigawo cha Columbia, ndi U.

Chiphunzitso cha Uchifumu cha Mgwirizano: Kusiyanitsa Mfumu ndi Mayesero Opatulidwa

Chimodzi cha ziwonekedwe zowopsya kwambiri m'malamulo aupandu aŵiri ndi chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro chachibadwidwe. Pansi pa lamulo limeneli, boma la boma ndi boma lililonse amaonedwa kukhala achifumu osiyana. Chifukwa chake, kachitidwe kamene kamaswa malamulo onse aŵiri a boma ndi boma kakhoza kutsutsidwa ndi ulamuliro uliwonse popanda kuswa malamulo a Jeopardy Claus. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wochotsedwa milandu ya kupha munthu angayesedwebe m’khoti la boma kaamba ka kuswa ufulu wachibadwidwe ku chochitika chimodzimodzicho. Chiphunzitsochi chinavomerezedwa ndi U. Khoti Lapamwamba m'nkhani zonga . United States . [FLT.:]

Mmene Maboma Amamasulira ndi Kusungitsa Malo Opachikidwa Kaŵiri: Ntchito ya Chitetezo

Pamene kuli kwakuti Kukonzanso kwachisanu kumakhazikitsa chipinda cha malamulo, maboma ali omasuka kupereka chitetezo chachikulu kuposa cha boma. Maiko ena aika kuyenera kwa kuwopsa koŵirikiza kaŵiri m’malamulo awo kapena malamulo, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amadalira kwambiri pa lamulo lokhudza milandu. Pansipa pali kupenda kwatsatanetsatane kwa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa maboma oimira.

California

California kaŵirikaŵiri amaletsa kuzenganso mlandu pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa kapena kuvomerezedwa. Komabe, boma lapanga kuonekera kwapadera. Pansi pa lamulo la California, ngati woimbidwa mlandu wa mlandu wochepa, angayang'anizanebe ndi mlandu waukulu ngati chitsimikiziro choyambirira chikagwedezeka. Kuwonjezera apo, California imalola kutsegulidwanso pamene kulakwa kwa mabwalo kwaperekedwa chifukwa cha kuonekera bwino. Khoti Lapamwamba la California lanenanso “mayendedwe amodzimodzi” ndi“ mayeso ake, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsa ntchito chikalata choimbidwa ndi wosulizidwayo kuposa malamulo ena. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti milandu yochokera ku kachitidwe kofananako koma yofuna zinthu zosiyanasiyana ingaletsedwebe ngati iwowo atakhala oweruza a mlandu waupandu.

Texas

Texas is known for its broad interpretation of double jeopardy protections. The Texas Constitution explicitly bars a person from being “twice put in jeopardy for the same offense.” Texas courts have applied this protection aggressively, particularly in cases where the state attempts to retry a defendant after a mistrial. Retrial is generally allowed only if the mistrial was caused by prosecutorial or judicial misconduct that was not provoked by the defense. In cases of manifest necessity—like a deadlocked jury—retrial is permitted. Texas also recognizes the “same transaction” test, meaning that multiple charges from a single criminal event may be considered the same offense unless each requires proof of a distinct element not required by the others.

New York

Zitetezero za ngozi ziŵiri za New York zimavomerezedwa kwambiri m'Chilamulo chake cha Criminal Procedere . Bomalo litsatira “zinthu zofananazo” zoyesedwa ndi . United States [1] [1] [1] . koma amawonjezera miyalo yowonjezereka. New York imalola kuyang'aniridwanso pambuyo pa kulakwa ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo wavomerezedwa kapena ngati panali kufunikira kwa lamulo. Chofunika nchakuti, New York ili ndi makonzedwe apadera amene amalola boma kuchotsa mlandu (m’mikhalidwe yochepa) popanda kuswa ngozi yoŵirikiza kaŵiri. Boma limawonjezeranso kutetezedwa ku ku ku kulakwa kwina kwa anthu ngati alingaliridwa kukhala opalamula mchitidwe wa chilengedwe. Makhoti a New York akhala akuletsa ozenga mlanduwo bwino ndi milandu yatsopano.

Florida

Lamulo la ngozi la Florida limapangidwa ndi malamulo ake aŵiri ndi lamulo lalikulu. Khoti Lalikulu la Florida laona kuti chitetezo cha ngozi ziŵiri chimagwira ntchito ku milandu yosiyana kokha ngati ibuka kuchokera ku kachitidwe ka upandu kamodzi kapena malonda. Komabe, Florida imalola chilango chochulukitsitsa cha mikhole yosiyana m'malonda. Kusiyana kwakukulu: Florida imalola kuweruza mlandu pambuyo pa kulakwa, koma makhoti amavomereza ngati kusinthidwako kwazikidwa pa umboni wosakwanira. Zimenezi zimatsagana ndi lamulo la boma, koma Florida imavomerezanso mafotokozedwe ochepera a “alovation"" chifukwa cha chitsanzo, kuchotsedwa kwa milandu pambuyo pa kuikidwa sikungalingalingalingalingalingalingalingaliridwe kukhala cholakwa chenicheni ndi kuvomerezanso.

Illinois

Illinois amapereka zitetezero za ngozi ziŵiri pansi pa malamulo ake a boma ndi Illinois Compunt Spicttes . Bomalo limagwiritsira ntchito “kuyesa kofananako”, kufunsa ngati umboni umodzimodziwo ungachirikize milandu yonse. Makhoti a Illinois aletsa kuzenga milandu yosiyanasiyana yochokera ku kuloŵerera kwa khalidwe limodzi, ngakhale ngati inaphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ndiponso, lamulo la Illinois limaletsa kutsekedwa pamene mlandu woyamba unathetsedwa chifukwa cha njira yodzitetezera yopambana yozikidwa pa kulakwa kwa oweruza mlandu (opanda woimbidwa mlanduyo wovomerezeka). Illinois alinso ndi lamulo lapadera limene limagwirizanitsa kulakwa koŵirikambidwa m'bwalo lamilandu, limene lidakali kale kwambiri kuposa malamulo ena amene amagwirizanitsa ndi oweruza onse.

Massachusetts

Massachusetts kaŵirikaŵiri amaonedwa kukhala limodzi la maiko otetezera ufulu wa kuopsa kwa kaŵiri. Chikalata cha Massachusetts cha ufulu wachibadwidwe chimapereka chitetezo chaumwini ndi chowonjezereka kuposa Demendment yachisanu. Massachusetts amakhoti akugwira ntchito [[FLT: 0]] “mayendedwe aupandu amodziwo , amene amatsekereza osati kokha mlandu umodzi wokhawo wokhudza kulakwa komanso mlandu uliwonse wobuka pa khalidwe laupandu, ngakhale ngati mbali zakezozozozozozosiyana. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngati woimbidwa mlandu wa Larceny watenga galimoto, bomalo sakhoza kuwazenga mlandu pambuyo pake chifukwa cha kulandira katundu wobedwa ngati khalidwelo nlo lifanana. Massachusethirey amaletsanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwa olakwa monga umboni wa kuteteza anthu apachiŵenga pambuyo pake, maboma ena alibe chitetezo.

Malo Okhala ndi Zitetezo Zochepa

Kumbali ina ya mapangano, maboma ena, monga Alabama ndi Mississippi, amapereka chitetezo chimene chimawunikira mosamalitsa lamulo la boma popanda kufutukuka kwenikweni. Maboma ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amalola kuimbidwanso pambuyo pa kulakwa kwa mabwalo alionse a “chofunika” ndipo amalola chilango chowonjezereka kaamba ka milandu ya malamulo yosiyana yochitidwa pa kachitidwe kamodzi. M'malamulo ameneŵa, [[FLT: 0] uchifumu wa munthu walamulo umagwiritsiridwa ntchito mokwanira, ndipo mabwalo a boma sanapangidwe kutetezera kowonjezereka ndi mafumu osiyanasiyana. Otetezera m'maboma ameneŵa amadalira kwambiri pa lamulo lalamulo la boma, limene lingasiye malo otetezera, makamaka m'nkhani zambiri.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu: Puerto Rico, Guam, ndi Zisumbu Zanamwali za ku United States

Magawo a ku United States akugwira ntchito m’malamulo ndi m’njira zawozawo, zimene zimatsogolera ku mayeso angozi kaŵiri.

Puerto Rico

Malamulo a Puerto Rico amaletsa kuopsa kwa kaŵiri, koma Malamulo a Chiŵeniŵeni a gawolo amalola kuweruzanso m’mikhalidwe ina yosaloledwa m'maiko. Mwachitsanzo, Puerto Rico imalola boma kuvomereza chiŵeruzo cha kulakwa ngati khoti laling'ono lipanga lamulo, ndipo ngati lipambana, woimbidwa mlanduyo angachotsedwe. Kumeneku ndiko kusiya kwakukulu kuchoka ku lamulo la boma, kumene chiweruzo cha kusalakwa kuli kotheratu. Ndiponso, Puerto Rico agwiritsira ntchito “chiyeso cha , koma ndi mabako kuti boma lingabwezerenso mlanduwo ngati mlandu woyambawo ukanachotsedwa popanda kulakwa kwa lamulo. Oweruza ku Puerto Rico ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa kusiyanitsa pakati pa kuchotsedwa ndi tsankho.

Guam

Lamulo la Guam la ngozi ziŵiri limaikidwa m'malamulo ake a Malamulo, kulondola mosamalitsa chitsanzo cha boma koma ndi otchuka. Guam akugwiritsira ntchito “zinthu zofanana” zokonzedwa. Komabe, makhoti a Guam adaona kuti boma la Guam silimangidwa ndi mabwalo a boma a boma kaamba ka ka kachitidwe kamodzimodziko, monga momwe magawowo amalingaliridwa kukhala odziimira okha m'dongosolo la boma. Ameneŵa amatanthauza munthu womasulidwa mu Guam Superior Court akayesedwa ndi bwalo lamilandu la boma kaamba ka chochitika chimodzimodzicho ngati kachitidweko kake ndi kalamulo ka boma. Guam samalamulanso kuti aweruze mlanduwo pambuyo pa kulakwa kochititsidwa ndi kusamvera kwa lamulo kolakwa kwa wowazenga, ngakhale ngati kusadziletsako sikunachitidwa.

Zilumba Zaukali za ku United States

Virgin Islands ya United States (USSVI) ili ndi njira yobwereka ku malamulo onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma. Revised Ornic Act of the Virgin Islands ili ndi makonzedwe oopsa kaŵiri, komanso gawolo limatsatiranso zitsanzo za boma. Mbali imodzi yapadera: USVI imalola kuweruza pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa ngati kukhululukidwako kunachitidwa mwachinyengo kapena kupereka chiphuphu, kusiyana kwakukulu koma kwenikweni komwe sikunadziŵidwe m'mayiko ambiri. Zimenezi zimayenderana ndi lingaliro la “jeopardi yosagwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti umphumphu wa mlanduwo unapotoleredwa. Makhoti a USvi agwiritsiranso ntchito “makhalidwe abwino a kuyesedwa kwa milandu yochuluka, koma akhala ofunitsitsa kwambiri kulola ziyeso za anthu opatulidwa m’chigawa.

Zinthu Zofunika Zimene Zimasinthasintha

Kusiyana kwa malamulo angozi ziŵiri m’zigawo za United States kunachokera m’malo angapo:

  • Zitetezero za Malamulo za Malamulo: Maiko ena ali ndi ziganizo zaupandu zokulirapo zowirikiza kaŵiri kuposa Lamulo lachisanu.
  • Malamulo a Boma: malamulo angafotokoze “mlandu umodzi” kapena“ kutaya mwazi kumamatidwa” m’njira zimene zimasiyana ndi lamulo la boma.
  • Kukula kwa lamulo la Chikole: Kumasulira kwa Zenizeni zofanana kumatsogolera ku mayeso osiyana, monga ngati “umboni umodzi,”“ malonda ofanana," kapena “mayendedwe ofanana.
  • Kusankha ndi kuvomereza zoyenera: Maiko ena amalola boma kufunsira kuchotsedwa kwina asanagamule chigamulo chomaliza, kulola kukonzanso, pamene ena amachepetsa kuchonderera koteroko.
  • Malamulo a za milandu: Mafotokozedwe a “chofunika kwambiri” amasiyanasiyana; maboma ena amafunikira kufunikira kwakukulu kuposa ena, kukhudza kaya woimbidwa mlandu angabwezeretsedwe pambuyo pa kulakwa kwake.

Ntchito ya Malonda ndi Kukopa

Mbali yaikulu ya kusintha ndi imene imachitika pambuyo pa kulakwa kwa milandu. M'bwalo lamilandu la boma ndi maboma ambiri, ngati mlandu waperekedwa chifukwa cha oweruza opachikidwa, oweruza angatsutse woimbidwa mlanduyo. Komabe, ngati kulakwako kunachititsidwa ndi kulakwa kwa oweruza kumene kunachitidwa kudzutsa, kuopsa koŵiriŵiri kungatseketse. Maboma amasiyana pa zimene zimapanga “maupandu a maganizo.. Massachusetts (m.) Amassachusetts amayesa kusasamala ngati zochita za woweruzayo zinali zosasamala kapena zosasamala kwenikweni, pamene ena (m., Texas) amafuna kusonyezedwa kwa cholinga chenicheni cha kuchititsa kulakwa. Mofananamo, ngati chiganizo chasintha chifukwa cha kulephera, zipilala zopinga ziŵiri. Koma ngati kulakwa kwake kulakwa kwake kunali kolakwika.

Zimene Anafufuza kwa Oteteza ndi Otchuka

Kwa oimbidwa mlandu, ntchito ya malamulo aupandu oŵirikiza kaŵiri ingakhale ndi zotsatirapo za moyo. Kusintha kumene kungapambane m'boma lina kungalephere m'dziko lina. Maloya otetezera ayenera kulangiza makasitomala osati pa milandu yomwe ali nayo okha komanso paupandu wa kugamulidwa ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana kapena kutsutsana ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana. M'mabungwe ambiri a boma kapena a boma a boma, oimbidwa mlandu angayang'anene ndi ziyeso zosiyanasiyana asanakhazikitsedwe. Uchifumu wosiyana ndi chiphunzitso ungakhale chida champhamvu kwa ozengazenga kwa ozengazenga mlandu, ndi maiko ochepa okha (., New York, California) yakhazikitsa malamulo a boma omwe achita chigamu cha boma chimodzi chalamulo cha boma, pambuyo pa kuukira ulamuliro kwawo kopambana.

Kwa ofufuza alamulo, kukhala ndi malamulo aupandu a kumaloko nkofunika kwambiri pamene kuzengedwa mlandu kwapambali, kukambitsirana, kapena kusankha kaya kuvomereza kulakwa. Mwachitsanzo, kuchotsedwa kozikidwa pa umboni wosakwanira m’malo amene amalola kuperekedwa kwa kuchotsako kungachititse kuweruzanso, pamene kuli kwakuti m’boma lamphamvu kutha kwa kuchotsedwako kungakhale komaliza. Mofananamo, kusankha pakati pa kuzengedwa mlandu pa ben ndi mlandu wa oweruza kungayambukire pamene kuwopsa kwa munthu kuphatikizapo [“mwino, ” NW] ena akunena kuti kumamamatira pamene mboni yoyamba yachilumbiro ilumbira mlandu, koma m’bwalo lapansi yapampando ikhoza kuchotsa mlanduwo popanda kuchititsa kulakwa.

Kumaliza: Kutchuka kwa Malamulo

Lamulo la kuopsa koŵirikiza, limodzi la zitetezero zakale kwambiri m'malamulo a Anglo - America, limakhalabe chitetezo chofunika kwambiri kwa boma. Komabe kukwaniritsidwa kwake ku United States kuli kosiyana. Kutetezera kokulira kwa Massachusetts ndi Puerto Rico, kulephera kumamatira ku malamulo a boma monga Alabama, kusiyana kwake n’kwakukulu. Anthu amalimbana ndi mitundu yatsopano ya upandu, ntchito zambiri zoletsedwa, ndipo makhoti ndi malamulo ophunzitsa, adzapitiriza kuyeretsa ziphunzitso zimenezi. Chifukwa chakuti aliyense woloŵetsedwa m'dongosolo la milandu, kumvetsa lamulo laupandu lapadera m'maudindowo nlo. [FF:] Malo ake ndi osafunikira. [F]