Makonzedwe a kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza ndi kulinganiza sikuli kopanda lamulo; ndiko maziko ogwirira ntchito a ulamuliro wa Amereka, olinganizidwa kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zosaletseka. Mwa kugawira ulamuliro pakati pa malamulo, maulamuliro, ndi nthambi za chiweruzo, kakonzedwe kameneka kamatsimikizira kuti kupanga malamulo, kusungitsa, ndi kumasulira kumakhalabe kodalirana ndi koŵerengera mlandu. Oyambitsa, kuchokera ku Montesquieus's [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT: 0], ayenera kutsutsa lamulo la malamulo [[FLT: 1] ndi kulinganiza kwake kwa . Kuyang'anira dala kwake, kumapanga mfundo imeneyi kukhazikitsa mfundo yachikhalidwe ku Konsinsi kwa malamulo kuchinjiriza ulamuliro ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Monga momwe James Malamulowo ananenera m'kambira malamulo oyenderana, ndi kuyesa kutsutsana ndi kuimbidwa kwa lamulo lachitsutso chachikulu.

Maziko a Zinthu Zakale ndi Kulinganizika

Maziko a luntha ndi kulinganizika anabwerera ku Roma wakale ndipo anayengedwa ndi olingalira za Kutseguka. Baron de Montesquieu adasintha lingaliro limeneli kuti apange boma limene nthambi iliyonse ingaletsedwe ndi ina. Chotulukapo chinali chimake cha malamulo a malamulo, II, ndi III a malamulo.

Dongosolo linalongosoledwanso mowonjezereka mu Mapepala a auchigaŵenga . Makamaka Federalst No. 47-51, kumene Madison analongosola kuti “kukhazikitsidwa kwa maulamuliro onse, malamulo, nduna, ndi majaji, m’manja amodzimodziwo ... kunganenedwe moyenerera mafotokozedwe a ulamuliro wankhanza. Dongosololi sili kungolekanitsa koma kugwirizanitsa kwadala maulamuliro: pulezidenti akhoza kuchotsa ndi kutsogolera prezidenti, ndipo makhoti angalengeze ntchito zonse ziŵiri za Congresssion ndi maactive . Dongo limeneli likhoza kuyambitsa mphamvu imene yasintha mwa njira, njira, ndi njira ya kachitidwe.

Nthambi Zitatu ndi Maulamuliro Ake a Malamulo

Tisanapende mmene macheke ndi kulinganizika kumagwira ntchito, nkofunika kumvetsetsa mphamvu za nthambi iliyonse malinga ndi malamulo:

  • Logislative Branch (Conarfor): Mfundo I imaika mphamvu zonse za malamulo m'Congress, zimene zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kugula, kubwereka ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kupanga malamulo onse “ofunika ndi oyenera" kaamba ka kuweruza mphamvu zake zotchulidwa.
  • Nthambi ya Unduna (Presidenti): Mfundo yachiŵiri imaika mphamvu yaudindo kwa pulezidenti amene ali ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malamulo, kulamulira asilikali, kuyendetsa malamulo achilendo, ndi kukhazikitsa nduna za boma (ndi uphungu wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi chivomerezo).
  • Nthambi ya judicial (Chonts): Mfundo III ikhazikitsa Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi makhoti a boma apamwamba okhala ndi ulamuliro pa milandu yobuka pansi pa lamulo la boma, mapangano, ndi malamulo a Konsichushoni. Oweruza amamasulira malamulo ndi kupenda lamulo lawo.

Maulamuliro ameneŵa amaloŵana ndi osakwanira — nthambi iliyonse imafunikira kugwirizana kwa inayo kuti igwire ntchito bwino, kukakamiza kukambitsirana ndi kulolerana.

Machesi ndi Kulinganiza: Kunyonyotsoka Kolongosoka

Pansipa tikambirana mmene nthambi iliyonse imayendera nthambiyo, kuphatikizapo zinthu zimene zimapezekadi padziko lapansi.

Kupenda Malamulo pa Waukulu

Nyumba ya Malamulo imagwira ntchito ndi zida zamphamvu zingapo zoyang’anira ndi kukakamiza pulezidenti ndi boma:

  • Kutsimikizira kwa Mapangano: Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kutsimikizira mameno a pulezidenti kaamba ka alembi a kabungwe, oweruza a boma, akazembe, ndi akuluakulu ena apamwamba. Mphamvu imeneyi ingatsekereze kapena kuchedwetsa zolinga za pulezidenti. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2016, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Republicikana kuchititsa milandu ya Khoti Lapamwamba Nomineecrack Garland, kuchotsa mokhutiritsa mphamvu ya kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti Obama kwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi.
  • Kufufuza ndi Kusintha: [[FLT :1] Nyumba ingatsutse pulezidenti, wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti, ndi maofesala ena a boma kaamba ka “kulingalira, chiphuphu, kapena maupandu ena aakulu ndi olakwa. Pamenepo Nyumba ya Malamulo imayesa mlanduwo ndipo ingachotsepo ndi kuvota aŵiri . Mabishopu Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, ndi Donald Trump onse anayang'anizana ndi kusalangiza; Johnson ndi Trump anatsutsidwa koma sanachotsedwe.
  • Mphamvu ya Ndalama: Malamulo amapereka ulamuliro wathunthu wa Congress ku ndalama zoyenerera . Palibe ndalama zimene zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito popanda kugwirizanitsa. Kupenda kumeneku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa ntchito ya bwana- . Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo yaletsa ndalama zankhondo ku Yemen ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kusamutsira Guantamoee.
  • Kuyang'ana ndi Kufufuza: Makomiti angasunge kuweruza, zikalata zaing'ono ndi mboni, ndi kufufuza ntchito za nthambi za akuluakulu. Zitsanzo zapamwamba zimaphatikizapo Komiti ya Nyumba ya Watergate (1973) ndi Nyumba Yamtuwa 6 January (201-202222).
  • M'malo Oletsa Vetoes : Congress ingapose chivoti cha pulezidenti ndi mavoti aŵiri chitatu m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri, ngakhale kuti ichi nchosoŵa. Kupambana kwa pulezidenti Trump’s vento of the National Defense Implegist Act mu 2020 kunali chimodzi cha zochitika zoterozo.

Akuluakulu Afufuza za Lamulolo

Pulezidenti angayang’ane Nyumba ya Malamulo mwachindunji ndi mwanjira zosadziŵika:

  • Aveto Power:[[FLT :1] Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo lililonse loperekedwa ndi Congress . Aveto angangotsutsidwa ndi magawo aŵiri, kupangitsa ikhale chiŵiya champhamvu cha malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt vetoed 635 , kujambula malamulo a New Deac.
  • Kutchula Maseŵero Apadera: Pulezidenti angakhazikitsa Congress kaamba ka chigawo chapadera, mphamvu yosadziŵika yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mbiri kukakamiza kachitidwe pa nkhani zowopsya, monga ngati Pulezidenti Truman akuitananso Congress kuti akambirane za kukwera kwa ndalama ndi kutseguka kwa ntchito mu 1948.
  • [[FLT: 0] Educted Orders: [1] Pamene kuli kwakuti sali kufufuza mwachindunji pa malamulo, malamulo a akuluakulu amalola pulezidenti kutsogolera nthambi yaikulu kuchitapo kanthu popanda malamulo atsopano. Zimenezi zingasonkhezere lamulo la kusamuka, malo okhala, ndi chisungiko cha dziko, ndipo nthaŵi zina kululuza kapena kugwirizana ndi cholinga cha msonkhano.
  • Pocket Veto:[[FL:1] Ngati Nyumba za Malamulo zikuloleza m'masiku khumi akutumiza chikalata kwa pulezidenti, ndipo pulezidenti sasaina, lamulolo limafa popanda kulembedwa mwalamulo.

Kufufuza Mantha Onse Aŵiri a Oweruza

Chiyeso chachikulu cha jadiary ndicho mphamvu ya kupendanso chiweruzo . "ulemu wa kulepheretsa malamulo ndi machitidwe apamwamba amene amaswa malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT: 0] Matricry v. Madison (1803) ndipo wakhala maziko a ulamuliro wa Bwalo Lapamwamba kuyambira pamenepo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Judicial Review of Federal Laws: Khoti Lalikulu lingakanthe ntchito za Congress . Zitsanzo za Landmark zimaphatikizapo Brown v. Komiti ya Maphunziro (1954]) kutha kusiyanitsa mafuko, ndi [FLT:] National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius . [FLT:] (20)] kuchirikiza lamulo la Afford Carectal Actal Act monga msonkho koma kuwonjezera Mdiction.
  • Kugamula kwa Machitidwe Olamulira: Makhoti angalamulire kuti malamulo a pulezidenti angapitirire kupyola lamulo lalamulo kapena ulamuliro wa boma. Mu Achichepere meech & Lamp; Tube Co. Sawyer (1952) Khoti linatseka kulanda pulezidenti Truman makampani achitsulo mkati mwa nkhondo ya Korea, kutsimikizira kuti pulezidentiyo sangapange lamulo popanda chilolezo cha boma.
  • Kusintha kwa Malamulo: mwa mphamvu ya kumasulira kwa lamulo, jaji imalongosola ukulu wa ufulu ndi malire pa ulamuliro wa boma. Chitetezero cha Kuletsa kufunafuna kosalingalira, mwachitsanzo, chapangidwa ndi zigamulo mazana ambiri za khoti.
  • Kugamula za Malamulo a Boma: [[FULT:1] Makhoti a Federal amafufuzanso malamulo a boma amene amatsutsana ndi lamulo la boma kapena Malamulo, pansi pa Supremacy Claus.

Macheke Pakati pa Maboma ndi Boma la Federal (Federalism)

Ngakhale kuti si kuyang'ana nthambi, boma limachita monga kuyang'anira kowonjezereka. Maboma amasunga uchifumu ndipo angatolepo mlandu wa boma mwa kuweruza milandu, kusintha kwa malamulo (m' lekuatiso, Kusintha kwa Pansi kwa Pansi kwa Teni), ndi kutenga nawo mbali ku Electoral College ndi Banki. Malamulo a boma nawonso amasintha malamulo, kuwapatsa ntchito yachindunji kuwongolera kulinganiza kwa boma.

Mmene Mayeso ndi Kulinganiza Zimayambukirira Malamulo ndi Lamulo

M’munsimu muli zitsanzo zitatu zosonyeza kuti zinthu zimene zimapanga zinthu zooneka bwino zimathekadi.

Mmene Ndalama Zimayendetsera Ntchito

Ndalama za boma zapachaka ndizo nkhani ya kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza kwa ntchito. Pulezidenti akupereka pempho la bajeti, koma Congress ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo ya chikwamacho. Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Nyumba Imapasa zogamulapo ndi ndalama zoperekera mapepala; ayenera kugwirizanitsa, kenaka kutumiza chikalata chogwirizana kwa pulezidenti kuti asaine kapena kuti asunge. Ngati Congress imalephera kuyendetsa zinthu, boma limatseka , ndipo linachita masana 35 mu 20182019 pa ndalama zoyendetsera malire a khoma. Makitale a maofesi a nthambi ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amatulukapo m'mapepala amene sagwirizana ndi mfundo zonse zimene gulu likugwirizana nazo.

Lamulo la Zaumoyo: Lamulo la Kusamalira Kosavuta

Chikalata cha Patient Protection and Affordal Care Act (ACA) cha 2010 chimasonyeza mmene nthambi iliyonse imachitira zinthu. Congress inaperekera lamulo pambuyo pa mkangano wotsutsana; Pulezidenti Obama anasaina. Otsutsa mwamsanga anatsutsa lamulo lake lalamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba, mu NFIB v. Seberius[[FL:1] [202], anachirikiza makonzedwe ambiri koma anagonjetsa kuwonjezereka kwa Medicaid, kulamulira kukakamiza. Pambuyo pake, Nyumba inayesa kubwezera ACPA kupyola pa zikalata zoyanjanitsira; Pulezidenti Omatoto adapitirizabe zoyesayesa zimenezo. Pambuyo pa chisankhoti 2016, bungwe lolamulira dziko lonse la Republica. Panthaŵiyi, Pulezidenti Trume adagwiritsa ntchito malamulo ochepetsa lamulolo., kuchepetsa ndalama zoperekedwa., kuchepetsa ndalama zoperekedwa, zinapitiriza kuwonjezeranso, kuwonjezera kukambirana milandu: [F.N.N.[2] Zotsatira zake zina zowonjezera za malamulo zowonjezera, zowonjezera, zina, zina, zina.

Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Kumasulidwa

Malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe olembedwa pa Landmark, monga ngati Civil Rights Act ya 1964 ndi Voting Rights Act ya 1965, inayamba mu Congress, inasainidwa ndi Pulezidenti Johnson ndi Nixon, ndipo inamasuliridwa ndipo nthaŵi zina inachepetsedwa ndi makhoti. Mwachitsanzo, khoti Lapamwamba mu Shelby County v. Hanger (2013]) anaswa lamulo la Voting Rights Act , kuchotsapo lamulo lake la lamulo la lamulo loletsa lamulo lalamulo. Poyankha, Congressss alingalira za kuweruza malamulo atsopano, akuonetsa mmene kumasulira kwachiweruzo kungachititsira mchitidwe wa malamulo.

Kusintha Kayendetsedwe ka Nkhondo

Malamulo amagawa nkhondo: Nyumba ya Malamulo imalengeza nkhondo, Pulezidenti amalamulira nkhondo, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo imakhazikitsa mapangano. Chigamulo cha Nkhondo cha 1973 (chotsalidwa pa Pulezidenti Nixon’s reto) chimafuna kuti pulezidenti ayambe kufunsira kukhazikitsa nkhondo ndi kuchotsa mphamvu za pulezidenti pambuyo pa masiku 60 pokha kusiyapo ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo inalola kupitiriza ntchito. Kufufuzaku kwakhala kotsutsana: Obama adatsutsa kaŵirikaŵiri chigamulo pa mphamvu zawo zazikulu, ndipo Nyumba za Malamulo sizimagwiritsira ntchito kawirikawiri kukakamiza kuti asiye. Komabe, imapanga machitidwe a pulezidenti, monga 2011 kuloŵerera kwa bungwe la pa Libya, kumene ulamuliro wa Obama sanatsutse tsiku la 60 la nkhondo.

Mavuto a M’nthaŵi Yathu Ino

Ngakhale kuti anthu akhala akuyenderana kwa zaka zoposa 230, mayikowa akulimbana kwambiri ndi ndale za masiku ano.

Kusintha Malo ndi Magetsi

Magulu aakulu kaŵirikaŵiri amasintha malamulo kukhala zida zopinga. Chipangizo chachimuna chachimuna (chipangizo chamwambo chofunikira mavoti 60 kutha) chimalola anthu ochepa kutsekereza malamulo, kuchititsa kuti athetse nkhani za kusintha kwa anthu kuti alowe m'dziko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti. Mofananamo, kutsimikizira kwa oweruza kwakhala kowonjezereka, ndi kuchedwetsa ndi kumveka kotsutsana. Boma limaletsa [1] mogwiritsidwa ntchito monga kukambirana ma apps . Ndi zotsatira za nkhondo ya malamulo pa kuukira kwa apulogalamu ya mfuti. Zimenezi zimachepetsa mphamvu za boma za kuyankha ku tsoka, monga momwe zikuonekera m'chaka cha 2013 kuima ndi mliri wa 2020.

Wolamulira Wamkulu ndi Bungwe Loyang’anira Bungwe

Mapulani a maulamuliro onse aŵiri awonjezera mphamvu, kaŵirikaŵiri akulimbikitsa malire a ulamuliro walamulo. Chiphunzitso cha bungwe la akulu chimanena kuti pulezidenti ali ndi ulamuliro wonse pa nthambi ya akuluakulu, kuphatikizapo kukhoza kutsogolera akuluakulu a boma ndi kuwachotsa pa chifuniro. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chagwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mwankhanza maulamuliro, kusaina mawu, ndi kachitidwe ka kudziimira pa nkhani zonga kusamuka (DACA), malamulo a malo okhala, ndi chitetezo cha dziko. Otsutsa kutsutsa chimachepetsa malamulo ndi mayeso a chiweruzo. Nthaŵi zina Khoti Lali lapamwamba labwezera, ilo, ilo, mu . Regets of Homes University of California [1] [FLTY1:] [20], zimene zimagwedetsa kuyang'anira kwa DC.

Kuweruza Koletsa

Ntchito ya judiary monga cheke imatsutsana. Ena amatsutsa kuti makhoti akhala okangalika kwambiri popanga malamulo, kuswa malamulo ozikidwa pa mafotokozedwe (m' lekuatiso, Citamiezs United v. FEC pa ndalama za polisi, kapena [[FLT:]] MaDobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [Akazi] pa kuchotsa mimba . Ena amatsutsa kuti kuletsa kwa chiweruzo kungalole kulakwa kwakukulu. Kupenda kwachiweruzo ndi kudzigamula kwa democracy kuli koloŵera m'dongosolo. Kugamulidwa kwa oweruza okhala ndi malingaliro amphamvu, aŵiri ndi moyo, kuchititsa kupenda kwamphamvu kwa nthaŵi zina kutsimikizira kwamphamvu.

Chiphunzitso cha Boma Loyang’anira ndi Chosapereka Udindo

Boma lamakono limadalira kwambiri mabungwe a boma amene amapanga malamulo (kupanga malamulo), maulamuliro aakulu (kukhazikitsa) ndi achiweruzo. Kuphatikiza kumeneku kumatokosa kusiyanitsa kwa mwambo kwa maulamuliro. Chiphunzitso chosapeka chakuti Congress sangapereke mphamvu zalamulo ku mabungwe . .Imene imachititsa kuti lamulo la boma likhale lopanda mphamvu kuyambira pa New Deal, koma Bwalo Lapamwamba posachedwapa lasonyezanso chidwi choyambiranso kulinganiza. [[FLT: 0] West Virginia v. EPA[FLT:] [2022], Khoti inagwiritsa ntchito “ma Phunzilo la mafunso [1] kuchotsa lamulo la EPA pa mphamvu ya mphamvu ya kutulutsa mphamvu, kusonyeza kupenda kowonjezereka kwa lamulo la za kuyendetsa nthambi. Zimenezi zingatheke kukhazikitsa malamulo a bungwe la za boma.

Kufunika Kopirira kwa Mapeketi ndi Kulinganiza Zinthu

Mosasamala kanthu za mavuto ameneŵa, kulinganiza ndi kulinganiza kumakhala kofunika ku Demokrase ya Amereka. Kumakakamiza kulinganiza, kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira, ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa ku nkhanza ya ambiri(kapena ku ulamuliro umodzi wamphamvu. Dongosolo silikhala lachikhalire; limasintha kuchokera ku kukonzanso kwa Malamulo a Malamulo (m’nga., kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi malamulo a madongosolo a pulezidenti), malamulo a malamulo a pa malamulo a boma (m'maganiziridwe a boma), kukhazikitsa malamulo a malamulo a boma (mphindu ngati, kukana kuti, kukanapanda boma. Ngati angelo akanafunikira kulamulira, nzika ndi osankhidwawo ayenera kukhalabe maso kuti asungebe olinganiza zinthu zimene olinganizidwa. Kumvetsa malamulo ndi malamulo ndi malamulo kuli njira yoyamba yokhudza kukambitsirana kwa malamulo oyendetsera mwambowo. Mavices, monga momwe zinalembedwe ndi boma, zikanakhala zoyenerera kuti anthu ayang'akali oyenerera kulamulira boma.

Kuti muŵerengenso, onani [[FLT: 0] Kugaŵikana: Kulekanitsa Maulamuliro ndi Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika , Fidrist Ayi. 51 , ndi [[FLT:] Kufufuza] mayeso ndi malingana m'demokrase yamakono. Kambiraninso mlandu wa Khoti Lalikulu [[FLT:]]. Mathboryb v.[FLT:] ndi Aungwe ofufuza za ntchito [FL:]