Chiyambi

Malamulo a ku India oletsa uchigaŵenga amaimira mbali imodzi ya malamulo a boma otsutsana kwambiri. Ogwirizana kulimbana ndi ziwopsezo zosiyanasiyana za mkati ndi mphepete mwa chigawo, malamulo ameneŵa amapatsa mphamvu zolamulira za kumangidwa, kumangidwa, ndi kuyang'anira. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma limachirikiza nthaŵi zonse kukhala kofunika kuti dziko litetezedwe, osuliza amatsutsa kuti iwo amawononga ufulu wofunika kwambiri monga njira zofunikira, kulankhula mwaufulu, ndi kukhala chinsinsi. M'zaka makumi ambiri, mkanganowo wangowonjezereka pamene malamulo asinthidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi zigaŵenga, atolankhani, ndi otsutsa andale. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza chisinthiko cha malamulo otsutsa upandu, chiyambukiro chake pa ufulu wa anthu, ndi kulimbana kopitirizabe kulinganiza ufulu pakati pa ufulu wa boma.

Mbiri ya Malamulo Oletsa Uchigaŵenga ku India

Dziko la India linayamba kuchita za uchigaŵenga ku Punjab, Kashmir, ndi Kumpoto cha Kum’mawa m’ma 1980 ndi 1990. Boma linayankha ndi malamulo apadera a kanthaŵi kochepa amene pambuyo pake anakhala zigamulo za malamulo okhazikika.

Chigaŵenga ndi Zochita Zofooketsa (Kuthetsa) Act (TADA), 1987

TADA anaikidwa mu 1987 monga myeso wa kanthaŵi wochitira ndi kukwera kwa ufulu ku Punjab ndi madera ena. Inalola kumangidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali popanda belo, umboni wosadziŵika, ndi miyezo yochepetsedwa ya umboni. Podzafika nthaŵi imene inatha mu 1995, TADA inakhala ikugwiritsiridwa ntchito mofala, kaŵirikaŵiri motsutsana ndi apandu wamba ndi otsutsa andale. Lipoti la 1994 National Human Rights Commission linasonyeza kuti 90% ya TA yamakhoti adatha kuchotsedwa, kusonyeza kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa kofala kwa lamulolo. Kuloŵa kwa dzuŵalo kunasonyeza ngozi ya mphamvu ya ulamuliro wapamwamba wosaletsedwa.

Kuteteza Uchigaŵenga (POTA), 2002

TADA itagwa, panamveka kusiyana kwa ziŵiya zalamulo pambuyo pa kuukira kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo mu 2001. Boma linakhazikitsa POTA mu 2002, linakhazikitsa tada koma ndi zida zapamwamba. POTA inapatsa akuluakulu mphamvu zosankha mabungwe monga zigaŵenga, imakayikira kwa masiku 90 popanda kulipira, ndipo imaika umboni wotsimikizira anthu oimbidwa mlandu. Mabodza aakulu ochitira nkhanza anthu ochepa ndi andale anatsogolera ku kulowa m'dziko lake mu 2004. Komabe, malamulo a POTA adaikidwa mwamsanga m'Chikalata cha Universaties (Pretion) Act (UA) kudzera m'A)

Ntchito Zosayenera (Kudzilamulira), Act (UAPA), 1967 – The Current Backbone

Chikalatachi chinathandiza kwambiri kuti bungweli likhale ndi mphamvu zoletsa anthu kulowa m'mabungwe a boma.

Kuchita Zosayenera (Kudzionetsera)

UAPA ndi wosiyana ndi lamulo wamba laupandu chifukwa chakuti limasintha kwambiri malamulo a boma kuti lizindikire mmene limadzisungira.

Mikhalidwe Yokoma

Chigawo 43D (5) cha UAPA chikunena kuti belo silidzaperekedwa ngati khoti, pa dayale ya mlandu kapena lipoti la bungwe lofufuzalo, liri lokhutiritsidwa kuti pali zifukwa zomveka zokhulupirira kuti chinenezo chotsutsana ndi munthuyo nchachindunji. Zimenezi zimasintha lingaliro lanthaŵi zonse la kukhala wopanda liŵongo; wonenezedwayo ayenera kutsimikizira kuti ali wopanda liwongo. Mwa njira imeneyi, ngakhale zinenezo zosalimba zingatsogolere ku kumangidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali. Khoti Lali lalikulu m'milandu yonga Union of Indias v. K.A. Naeb . [FLFF.1] [201]

Kulephera Koposa Popanda Kuwalamulira

Pansi pa Gawo 43D(2), munthu wogwidwa pansi pa UAPA angasungidwe kwa masiku 30 asanaperekedwe umboni, ndipo nthaŵi yonse ya kumangidwa asanaiikidwe ingafutukulidwe kufika pa 90 mpaka 180 masiku. Ichi nchachitali kwambiri kuposa maola 24 pansi pa malamulo a Criminal Procedure. Bungwe lofufuzalo limafuna kokha kuti lipereke umboni wochuluka. Mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu akusimba kuti ogwidwa ambiri akhalabe m’ndende kwa miyezi ingapo asanaikidwe mlandu, kaŵirikaŵiri kutsekedwa kwaokha pansi pa chitseko cha kuletsa kulankhulana ndi kugwidwa ndi chikole.

Kupanga Anthu Kukhala Zigaŵenga

Chisinthiko cha 2019 chowonjezeredwa Chigawo 35A, kulola boma lalikulu kutchula anthu monga zigaŵenga kupyolera m'chidziŵitso cha Offalisa Gazette . Chizindikiritso chimenechi nchozikidwa pa zigamulo za luntha ndipo nchofunika kupenda pang'ono. Atasankhidwa, chuma cha munthu chingakhale chachile, ndipo amayang'anizana ndi ziletso zowopsa ndi kulankhulana. Otsutsa amatsutsa njirayo kukhala yosaonekera bwino; boma lingachite mwanzeru yachinsinsi popanda kupatsa munthu mpata woti amvedwe. Monga 2024, anthu oposa 50 andandalikidwa, kuphatikizapo ambiri amene sanaikidwe mlandu wauchigawenga uliwonse.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Zikhululukiro ndi Ndemanga Zongonena

UAPA imalola ndemanga zolembedwa ndi wapolisi wa udindo wa Suintenstender of Police kapena pamwambapo kuvomerezedwa monga umboni, ngakhale ngati siikuchitidwa modzifunira. Makonzedwe ameneŵa asulizidwa kwambiri chifukwa chakuti udindo wa apolisi ku India kaŵirikaŵiri umaphatikizapo kukakamiza, monga momwe zalembedwera ndi malipoti ambiri kuchokera ku Amnesty International ndi Commonwealth Human Rights Itiction. Mtolowo kenaka umasintha kwa woimbidwa mlanduwo kuti atsimikizire kuti sanaperekedwe modzifunira, ntchito yoyenerera pamene ali m’ndende.

Chiyambukiro pa Kumasulidwa kwa Chiŵeniŵeni

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa UAPA ndi malamulo ena ofanana nawo kwadzutsa nkhaŵa yaikulu m’mbali zambiri za ufulu wa anthu.

Kuyenera Koyenera Kuzenga ndi Kupeza Njira Yopezera Chilango

Kusintha kwa ndalama zothandizira anthu kulipira ndalama kumachititsa kulephera kuyembekezera kuti anthu azichita zinthu zopanda liwongo. Nkhani zambiri zapamwamba zikusonyeza zimenezi. [Bhima Koregaon membala , pulogalamu ya zachuma ndi maphunziro anamangidwa mu 2018 mu UAPA kuti agwirizane ndi magulu a anthu a Maodist. Kuchokera kumayambiriro kwa 2025, angapo atha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi asanaikidwe m'ndende popanda chigamulo chomaliza. Makhoti nthaŵi zonse akanabelo ngakhale pamene umboni wa mlanduwo unaonekera kukhala wofooka. Zitsogozo za Supreme Courtss mu [FLD:2]. Naeb . Naf /FLT: 3] Sanatsogolera kusintha kwakukulu. Kufufuza kwa zaka 2023 ndi Centreal Regial Regial Relity kupezeka kuti pa zaka 18 kapena 18 za kutsutsa mlandu wokwanira.

Ufulu wa Kulankhula ndi Kukana

Mafotokozedwe aakulu a “ntchito yosaloleka” pansi pa Chigawo 15 cha UAPA amaphatikizapo kachitidwe kalikonse kamene kakufuna kapena kakuchirikiza kugaŵidwa, kukayikira uchifumu wa India, kapena kuchirikiza udani pakati pa magulu. Chinenerochi chagwiritsiridwa ntchito kuukira atolankhani, ophunzira, ndi otetezera ufulu wa anthu. Zitsanzo zosadziŵika zimaphatikizapo kumangidwa kwa Rayorna Riyamub [[FLT:] [pambuyo pake] (malamulo a Katmak]), [FLT:] kuukira [FT] kuchirikiza Devanya Kala ndi Nasha Nar Nardal kuchirikiza chiwonjezeko cha 2020 Deult, ndi [FUT] kuchirikiza chiwombo cha chiwonetso cha chiwonetso cha chiwonetso cha chiwonetso cha chiwonetso cha chiwopsezo cha ku nyuzi cha ku nyuzikulu cha ku nyustrust.

Kupeza Zinthu Zofunika pa Moyo Wanu

UPAFU A amatheketsa kuyang'anira kupyolera m'makonzedwe onga kutsekereza kwa njira za kulankhulana (NT) ndi kufufuza popanda zilolezo. National Intelligence Intelligence GRID (NATGRID) ndi Central Moniting System (CMS) yosonkhanitsa ndi kusanthula masamu a telecom ndi Internet. Popanda lamulo la chidziŵitso cha chidziŵitso cha zinthu zotetezera kufikira Digic Personal Tecle Tec Act, 2023, malamulo a kuyang'anirako. Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FL:]. . Putwamymys v. Union ya India [FLT3:] (207]) inalengeza zachinsinsi chakumanja, koma inalephera kulengeza kulengeza kwa anthu. Mabungwe ankhondo a anthu. [FFFF: FF:]

Chiyambukiro pa Uchichepere wa Chipembedzo

Mabungwe a ufulu alemba kwa nthaŵi yaitali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo oletsa maupandu kwa Asilamu. Kufufuza 2020 kochitidwa ndi Commonwealth Rights Human Rights Initive kunapeza kuti 60% ya UAPAP Onestees anali Asilamu, ngakhale kuti Asilamu anapanga 14% ya anthu a ku India. Zochitika zochitidwa pa nthaŵi ya TDA ndi POTA zimaoneka kukhala zobwerezabwereza. Kutsenderezedwa pansi pa UAPA nthaŵi zambiri kumatsatira chiwawa cha onse kapena kukayikira kumene anthu oyambirira amachokera ku zigawo za anthu ochepa, kudzutsa mafunso onena za kujambula ndi kukondera. Mlandu, umboni woperekedwa — monga mabuku kapena ma pepala — sungakhale upandu wochitidwa pansi pa lamulo wamba, koma umachitidwa pansi pa UAtai.

Chisungiko Chimathetsa Malingaliro: Lingaliro la Boma

Boma la India linatsutsa kuti malamulo amphamvu oletsa ziwawa ndi ofunika kwambiri. India wayang'anizana ndi zochitika zoopsa zoposa 1200 zokhudzana ndi zochitika pakati pa 2010 ndi 2023, malinga ndi Ministry of Home Affairs . Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuukira kwa Mumbai kwa 2008, 2016 Patankanot , ndi zochitika zambiri zazing'ono ku Jammu ndi Kashmir, komanso chiwawa cha Maoist kudutsa pakati pa India. Boma likutsutsa kuti UA akupereka minofu kuti isokoneze zigawe zisanawononge zinthu, makamaka zija zogwirizana ndi zigaŵenga zochokera ku magulu a Pakistan-Tair-ebaish-Memad.

Akuluakulu a boma amanenanso kuti atsamunda a boma akakhala otetezeka. Khoti Lalikulu lingaphetse matchai a ufulu ndi kupereka belo m'milandu yosiyana. Amaona kuti kuchuluka kwa zigamulo za UAPA n’kochepa poyerekezera ndi kumangidwa, koma kutero kumachititsa kuti chiwembu chikhale choopsa m’malo mogwiritsa ntchito molakwa.

Komabe, chigomeko chimenechi chikutsutsidwa ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo amene amawona kuti maiko ambiri okhala ndi uchigaŵenga wocheperapo (m’chingamiri, Canada, Australia) amasamalira ndi malamulo amene amapereka chitetezo champhamvu kwambiri. Zolembedwa za boma kuchokera ku National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) zimasonyeza kuti chiŵerengero cha milandu ya UAPA chinawonjezeka kuchokera pa 900 mu 2016 kufika pa 3,000 mu 20222, pamene ziŵerengero za chigamulo zinatsala pafupifupi 2-5% m’nyengo imeneyo.

Kuyang’anira Oweruza ndi Kusintha Kwaposachedwapa

Makhoti a India nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi akhazikitsa malamulo ena owopsa oletsa maupandu, koma dongosolo lonselo limakhalabe osawonongeka. Mu Union of India vs. K.A. Najeeb, Khoti Lapamwamba linasunga kuti kumangidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali popanda kuzengedwa kukhale malo a bearbolo ngakhale pansi pa UAA, kuika bearch cenc ya kumapeto kwa mlandu. Mu [FLT.Vnon Gonves v. State of Mahrashtra [1] , Boat , Bombay Court Blat ikhoza kukhala malo oimbidwa mlandu wa ku Paris. Chigamu chachikulu chalepherabe cha kulephera kuweruza, “Inquisime , chiwo chowona chigamuke cha Malamulo a ku Gawo.

Mu 2022, boma linayambitsa Mistings (Prevention) Refective Bill, 2022 kuwonjezera makonzedwe owonjezereka, koma kusuliza kofala kunakakamiza kutuluka kwake. Mmalomwake, boma linakhazikitsa komiti yoima yosaimirira kupenda UAPA , imene inavomereza mu 2024 kuti lamulo lisungidwe koma ndi chitetezo chabwino, monga kupenda kwa lamulo lalamulo ndi malire a kuikidwa pa kutsegulidwa kwapa kotsekera. Zikalata zimenezi sizinagwiritsidwebe.

Kugwirizanitsa 1: PRS India-UAPA santhula (mzukwa: imatanthauza PRS Legislative Research []

[[FLT: 0] Kugwirizanitsa 2: Chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba mu K.A. Najeeb [1] (Chitsanzo choima: Khoti la India [1]

Kuyerekezera: Mmene Malamulo a India Anathera

Padziko lonse, mayiko ambiri a demokalase akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuopsa kwa malamulo amene amachepetsa chitetezo ndi ufulu wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Patriot Act ya ku United States ya 2001, inayambitsa kuyang’anira kowonjezereka koma inaphatikizapo ziganizo za kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa ndi kuyang’anira kokakamiza. Chikalata cha UK’s Terrorism chikufuna zikalata zachiweruzo za kumangidwa kwa masiku 14 (kuyambira masiku 28 pambuyo pa kusulizidwa). UPAA ya ku India ilibe zogaŵira zonse zakuloŵa kwa dzuŵa ndi njira yoyang'anira nyumba ya malamulo yalephera, ndi kulengeza kwa Zambia kokha ku Utumiki wa Pabanja.

Ku Australia, malamulo oletsa maupandu amalola malamulo koma woimbidwa mlandu ali ndi ufulu wa loya ndi kupenda kwa apa ndi apo. UAPA wa India suli wopereka kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu mkati mwa kufufuza koyamba, ndipo woimbidwa mlanduyo kaŵirikaŵiri amasungidwa ndi [2023] lipoti la International Commission of JURY . adagamula kuti kuletsa kwa India kuyendetsa zinthu zosokoneza ufulu wa anthu kumaiko onse, kuphatikizapo pangano la International Pangano pa Chivomezi ndi zandale (ICPR) pa ufulu wodziimira pa kumangidwa ndi kuweruza koyenera kwachilungamo.

Kugwirizana 3: International Commission of Jurists ikusimba za India [1] (Chitsanzo: ICJ )

Kugwirizanitsa 4: Amnesty International India 2023 lipoti la UAPA (Chitsanzo choima: Amnesty International []

Kuvomereza ndi Kuchirikiza Kusintha kwa Chikhalidwe

Mabungwe angapo a ufulu wa anthu a ku India, monga ngati Aunion’s Union for Civil Liberty (PUCL) ndi Human Rights Rights Law Network [HRLN], achita mkupiti wa nthaŵi zonse wa kukonza UAP. Iwo amatsutsa kuti abwezeretsenso ufulu wa anthu olakwa, kuchepetsa malire a kutsekeredwa, kufunitsa kupatsidwa kwa lamulo la milandu, ndi kukhazikitsa bungwe lodziimira. ‘ UAAPUA Reformations of controlections , gulu la malo oyavera oyanika ndi ochirikiza, apereka malamulo ku Lamulo ku Bungwe la India. Komabe, mkhalidwe wandale umene waperekedwa kukhazikitsa malamulo, kukonzanso kopeto.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a India oletsa uchigaŵenga, makamaka UAPA, amaimira kusagwirizana kosalekeza pakati pa malamulo a chisungiko ndi kusungidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiwopsezo cha uchigaŵenga chiri chenicheni, dongosolo lalamulo lamakono likuwononga njira zoyenerera: kutsekedwa kosalekeza popanda kulipira, kukana ndalama zopanda pake, ndipo kuphwanya malamulo kwa upandu kwakhala kofala. Kulimbana kochepa kwa anthu apamwamba ndi ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu kumapereka lingaliro lakuti lamulolo limagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chida cha ndale mmalo mwa chipangizo chenicheni cha chitetezo. Masinthidwe amene amayambitsa kuyang'anira kolamulira kwachiweruzo, kulowa kwa dzuŵa, ndi ufulu weniweni wa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi ufulu wa anthu. Popanda kusinthako, malamulo olinganizidwa kuteteza dziko kuti likhale ndi mphamvu ya democracy.

Kugwirizanitsa 5: NCRB yolembedwa pa UAPA milandu (mverest: UCRB mu Zitabo za India )