Cholinga cha Malamulo a Pamsewu

Malamulo a pamsewu amathandiza kuti pakhale dongosolo lothandiza kwambiri pa chilichonse chimene chikuyenda m’misewu. Malamulo amenewa amathandiza kuti anthu aziyenda bwino komanso kuti aziyenda bwino.

  • Chepetsani kuchuluka ndi kuwopsa kwa kuwombana mwa kukhazikitsa ziyembekezo za makhalidwe abwino.
  • Muziteteza anthu amene akuyenda panjira, oyenda panjinga, oyenda panjinga, oyenda panjinga, ndi ana.
  • Musamachite zinthu mopupuluma, koma muzingoyenda mothamanga.
  • Alimbikitseni kukhala ndi zizoloŵezi zoyendetsa galimoto mwaulemu mwa kuŵerengera mlandu mokakamiza.
  • Pangani maziko alamulo odziŵira mlandu ndi kuimbidwa mlandu pambuyo pa chochitika.

Popanda malamulo olinganizidwa ameneŵa, misewu ikanabwerera ku malo apamwamba kumene chiweruzo cha munthu ndi nthaŵi yokha imapereka lingaliro la chisungiko — chochitika chimene mbiri yasonyeza chimachititsa kuvulala kwakukulu ndi kupha anthu.

Mbiri ya Malamulo a Pamsewu: Kuyambira pa Mahatchi 88 Ojambula Mahatchi Kukafika Panjira Zanzeru

Kulamulira kayendedwe sikunayambike. Malamulo akale kwambiri odziŵika a galimoto akhalapo ku Roma wakale, kumene Julius Caesar analetsa magaleta pakati pa mzinda kuti achepetse kuchuluka ndi phokoso. Mu United Kingdom, Comotive Act a m'zaka za zana la 19 (mwachidziŵikire “Chilamulo cha Flagi ) anafuna kuti munthu ayende patsogolo pa galimoto yodziyendera yekha yonyamula mbendera yofiira kuchenjeza oyenda pansi ndi okwera pa akavalo – liŵi la 4 ph.

Kuphulika kwa kukhala ndi galimoto m'zaka za zana la 20 kunafuna malamulo oyenerera, osungidwa. United States adagwiritsira ntchito [FLT :0] Kulemba pa FINF Control Traffic Admittee (MUTCD) kuyambira 1935, kukhazikitsa zikwangwani zosasintha, zizindikiro, ndi zizindikiro za msewu. Malamulo a pamsewu akupitirizabe kuyankha m'maluso atsopano, zipangizo, ndi makhalidwe.

Malamulo a M’misewu ndi Zovuta Zawo za Kutetezeka

Malire a Kuthamanga

Malire a liŵiro ali pakati pa malamulo a kayendedwe ofufuzidwa kwambiri ndi okhudza kwambiri. Unansi pakati pa liŵiro ndi ngozi ya ngozi ndi pulojekiti: kuwonjezereka pang'ono kwa liŵiro kumawonjezera kuthekera kwa kuwombana ndi kuvulala. Malinga ndi Inturence Institute for Highway Safety [IIHS] [kuthamanga kwamphamvu ndi ngozi ya ngozi], munthu wapansi woyenda pa 40 mph ali ndi mwayi wakufa, poyerekezera ndi 10 okha pa 20 mph. Malo ake amaikidwa ndi mapulani a msewu, volume la galimoto, kuzungulira dziko lapansi, ndi mbiri ya ngozi. Mfungulo yamwambo umaphatikizapo:

  • Kupatsa oyendetsa galimoto nthaŵi yokwanira ya kuzindikira, kuchitapo kanthu, ndi kupeŵa ngozi.
  • Kuchepetsa mitunda yoima, imene imaima ndi liŵiro la metal.
  • Kupanga liwiro limodzi lothandiza kuti musamayende komanso kuti musamayende mothamanga kwambiri.
  • Kuchepetsa mphamvu yotuluka m’ngozi, kumachepetsa mwachindunji imfa.

Malire a liŵiro, amene tsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’makoriji ambiri ochenjera, amasintha nthaŵi yeniyeni ya nyengo, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, kapena kumanga — kuwonjezera kutetezereka popanda kuchepetsa kotheratu kupopera kwa makina.

Zizindikiro ndi Zizindikiro za Magalimoto

Zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro zimapanga chinenero chooneka cha msewu. Ntchito yawo yaikulu ndi kulankhulana ndi chidziŵitso chosuliza ndi momvekera bwino. MUTCD imatchula magulu ambiri a zikwangwani – regatoriation (kuimika), kuchenjeza (kutsogolo, kudutsa wapansi), ndi kutsogolera (manombala, mitunda). Zizindikiro za kutsogolo za kumanja ndi nthaŵi, kuchepetsa kwambiri kukangana kwa mabwalo. Kupita patsogolo kwamakono kumaphatikizapo osunga nthaŵi zoyendera anthu apansi pa ulendo ndi kuwongolera mphamvu ya zizindikiro zimene zimasintha kutalika kwa nthaŵi yochokera pa kufunidwa kwenikweni kwa nthaŵi ya kukwera ndi kutsika ndi 40% FLD: FD [FLD:] Faeday Ad Ad Administration (FWW).

Malamulo a kumanja a masangoway

Malamulo a kumanja amachotsapo kusadziŵika bwino pa mpando ndi kugwirizanitsa. Iwo amasankha amene ayenera kugonjera ndi amene angapitirize, kuletsa khalidwe lamphamvu limene limayambitsa kuombana. Masitepe 4 goloway akuima, zungulira, ndi lamanzere osatetezeka amasintha onse amadalira pa malamulo oonekeratu. Zilembo zimene zimaloŵa mmalo mwa zizindikiro zamwambo ndi kuthamanga kwa kachizembe, zasonyezedwa kuchepetsa ngozi zoopsa ndi pafupifupi 90% poyerekezera ndi makwalala osonyeza zizindikiro, monga momwe kwalembedwera ndi [FLT: 0] National Higray Trangey Sucture Safety Administration (NTS) [FLT].

Kuyendetsa Galimoto Mosonkhezeredwa (DUI)

Moŵa ndi mankhwala zimawononga nthaŵi ya kuchitapo kanthu, kachitidwe, kagwiridwe ntchito, ndi kapesedwe ka zinthu kofunikira kwambiri kuti munthu ayendetse bwino. Boma lililonse lili ndi malire a mowa wa magazi (BAC) 0.08% kwa madalaivala osayendetsa galimoto, ndi 0.04% kwa oyendetsa galimoto. Olakwa kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi zipangizo zoyendera limodzi, kupatsidwa chithandizo cha lamulo, ndi laisensi. Ngakhale kuti malamulo a boma a kuyendetsa galimoto adakali oyenera, zoledzetsera zoletsera, zoledzetsera zoletsera, zoledzetsera zokhala ndi mayeso 28% a ngozi onse a pamsewu mu 2022 (NHITA). Canabis amatsutsa kuwonjezereka kwa malamulo alamulo, kutsogolera ku njira zatsopano.

Chiletso cha Ana ndi Malamulo Oletsa

Malamba a m’matenti ndiwo mbali imodzi yothandiza kwambiri ya chitetezo cha galimoto, kuchepetsa ngozi ya kuvulala kwa imfa ndi 45% ya anthu okhala m’malo a kutsogolo . Maboma osungitsa amalola maofesala kuimitsa galimoto kokha kaamba ka kuswa lamba lapampando, pamene kuli kwakuti m'kaundula wachiŵiri amatulutsa kuwonjezera kukhoza kokha pambuyo pa kulephera kwina. Malamulo a chisungiko cha ana a pagalimoto amafuna madongosolo oletsa oyenera (kutsendereza, kuwonjezera, kuwonjezera) ozikidwa pa msinkhu, ndi msinkhu. Ngakhale kuti pali mapindu otsimikizika, kugwiritsa ntchito kwa apampando mu U.S. Malo a pa 90% 2023, kutanthauza pafupifupi mamiliyoni 27 a Amereka oyenda osayenda.

Malamulo Ovuta Kuwatsatira

Kuyendetsa foni ya m’manja pamene mukuyendetsa kuli limodzi la makhalidwe ofala kwambiri ndi oopsa. Ziletso zolemba pa Intaneti zilipo m'mayiko 48, ndi magawo ambiri oletsa chipangizo chilichonse chamanja . Zosokoneza zamaganizo zimatha ngakhale pambuyo poti foni yakhazikitsidwa — chinthu chotchedwa “kulephera kuona kwa khungu. . Madongosolo a Handg àrefrective koma osathetsa ngozi; njira yotetezeka kwambiri ndiyo kukoka. Maphunziro ochokera ku National Safety Council [[ amasonyeza kuti kuyendetsa galimoto kosokonezeka kumathandizira 25 apolisi onse amene anagunda.

Ntchito ya Kukakamiza ndi Kupereka Ntchito

Malamulo opanda lamulo ndi malingaliro okha. Kusungitsa kayendedwe ka galimoto kumatumikira ponse paŵiri monga kuletsa ndi kuwongolera. Oyendera akuwoneka, makamera opangidwa ndi ovala (oyera, liŵiro), ndi malo ofufuzira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa maupandu olingaliridwa kukhala a tikiti, zimene kufufuza kumasonyeza kukhala kopindulitsa kwambiri kuposa ndalama yoyenerera. Manda apadera amasiyana kuchokera ku faindi yoikidwa ndi malo otetezera oikidwa ndi oletsa kusuntha, kuletsa galimoto, ndipo ngakhale ndende ya kubwereza kapena kuswa lamulo. Mikupiti yapamwamba ya kusungitsa lamulo, monga “Ilo kapena kachipangizo kamodzi ” ndi“ Sober Beret kapena Gemetaice Ofed Ofere, "a. atulutsa kutsika kwa galimoto, ndi kulephera kuwonjezera kwa [1]

Kuonetsetsa kuti anthu akuvutika kumachititsa kuti anthu asamavutike ndi ufulu wa anthu, koma umboni nthawi zonse umasonyeza kuti kusamala anthu n’kothandiza. Mwachitsanzo, makamera ofiira amachepetsa ngozi zoopsa zapamsewu pofika 21% (IHS).

Kukhudza Malamulo a M’misewu pa Chitetezo cha Msewu

Umboni wosonyeza kuti malamulo a m’misewu akuthandiza kwambiri. Mayiko amene amatsatira malamulo otsimikiziridwa monga 0. 08% BAC, kusungitsa lamba, ndi malamulo a zisoti zonse kwa oyendetsa galimoto , ndi kuona kutsika kwakukulu kwa imfa ndi kuvulala kwakukulu. Maboma a United States aona kutsika kosalekeza kwa imfa za galimoto pagalimoto pa zaka makumi asanu zapitazo, kuyambira 5.5 pa 100 miliyoni VMT mu 1966 mpaka 2022. Kuwongolera kumeneku kumakhala koyenera ku malamulo amphamvu, kuwongolera, kusungitsa, ndi maphunziro a anthu onse.

Komabe, mlingo wa imfa umakhala wokulirapo kuposa m'maiko ena otukuka. Malinga ndi World Health Organization , kuvulala kwapamsewu kuli chochititsa chachikulu cha imfa ya ana ndi achichepere a zaka 5-29 padziko lonse. Kulekanitsa kwa maiko kumasonyeza kusiyana kwa malamulo, kuchuluka, ndi kuikizira chuma. Zochita za maso, zovomerezedwa m'mizinda monga New York ndi Seattle, cholinga cha kuchotsa ngozi zonse zapamsewu mwa kukonzanso makwalala ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo pa makhalidwe owopsa koposa.

Mavuto a Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zochita ndi Kukakamiza

Mosasamala kanthu za mapindu owonekera bwino, kufikira kugonjera kwa chilengedwe chonse kudakali chitokoso chosalekeza.

  • Kuyendetsa galimoto kochititsa chidwi: Nkosatheka kuletsa kuyang'ana kwa telefoni kwa kanthaŵi [1] Kuyang'ana kwa telefoni kumachititsa kusintha khalidwe kukhala kovuta popanda kusintha kwa chikhalidwe.
  • Kuyendetsa mopingasa: Anthu ambiri amapeputsa ukulu wawo wa kulephera kapena kulungamitsa upandu, makamaka m'miyambo kumene kumwa kuli kwabwino.
  • Kuzindikira: malamulo atsopano (m., manja amamasuka okha, Kuchoka pa Malamulo a galimoto zamwadzidzidzi) kaŵirikaŵiri zimatenga zaka zambiri kuti anthu oyendetsa galimoto aloŵe m’nyumba.
  • Kukondera: Kutsendereza malamulo oletsa anthu ochepa kukhoza kuchititsa anthu kusakhulupirirana ndi kufunitsitsa kugonjera.
  • Nkhokwe: [ Madipatimenti ambiri a apolisi alibe antchito opereka mwachindunji kwa osungitsa malamulo a pamsewu, kusintha chisamaliro ku upandu wachiwawa.

Zipangizo zamakono zimapereka njira zochepa zothetsera vutoli, monga makamera ongopanga okha, makompyuta opanga mafoni, ndi kuphatikizana moŵa kokakamiza, koma zimenezi zimabwera ndi nkhaŵa zachinsinsi ndi zosalakwika zimene ziyenera kuperekedwa mwa njira yosonyeza zinthu.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse pa Lamulo la Pamsewu

Malamulo a pamsewu amasiyanasiyana kwambiri padziko lonse, kusonyeza chikhalidwe, madongosolo a zinthu, ndi andale. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko a ku Ulaya, ali ndi liŵiro lochepa kwambiri pa misewu ya m’mizinda (30 km/h kapena pafupifupi 19 mphindi n’zofala), malamulo a BaC okhwima kwambiri (0.05% kapena kutsika), ndi maprogramu ophunzitsa oyendetsa galimoto kwambiri. Netherlands ndi Sweden, onse aŵiri apainiya a Filosofe ya Zero, misewu imene imayendetsa bwino kwambiri m’misewu yopangika, kukweza mipata, ndi kuzungulira mzera wa mzerano, m’malo mwa kudalira kwambiri pa kutumiza ndi kusungitsa.

M'maiko ambiri otsika ndi otsika opezedwa, malamulo a pamsewu alipo papepala koma amavutika ndi kusungitsidwa kochepa kwa malamulo a misewu, ndi kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsira ntchito misewu osavuta. WHO ikusimba kuti oposa 90 peresenti ya imfa za pamsewu zimachitika m’maiko ameneŵa, mosasamala kanthu kuti ali ndi 60 peresenti yokha ya galimoto za dziko. Chigwirizano cha padziko lonse chonga bungwe la United Nations Road Safety Collation cholinga cha kupanga machita abwino, koma kuyendetsa malowo kumachedwa chifukwa cha chuma ndi mavuto andale.

Kugwirizana kwa Lamulo la Pamsewu Kumakhudza Chuma

Mtolo wa zachuma wa kuswa malamulo wa galimoto umaposa pa ndalama za mwamsanga. Malipiro a inshuwalansi, ndalama za lamulo, malipiro otayika kuchokera ku mabwalo amilandu, ndi ndalama zowonjezereka zowombana zimawonjezera. Pamlingo wa mlingo wa chitaganya, galimoto iliyonse yopha anthu imawononga ndalama zoyerekezeredwa za $1,4 miliyoni m'zachipatala, zamwadzidzidzi, za lamulo, ndi zowonongeka za zotulutsidwa (NHTSA). Malamulo apamsewera amachepetsa mtengo wakunja, kupangitsa misewu kukhala yotetezeka ndi yachuma kukhala yopindulitsa kwambiri.

Komabe, malamulo okhwima kapena osakonzedwa bwino angapangitse anthu kuyendetsa kwambiri chuma, mwachitsanzo, machenjera opangira ndalama popanda kuwonjezerako kudalirika kwa anthu ndipo angapangitse kuti anthu aziwadalira kwambiri. Malamulo owonongetsa ndalama zambiri ndi aja amene amawononga kwambiri (kuyendetsa galimoto mothamanga kwambiri, kuthamanga kwambiri, kulephera kugwiritsira ntchito njira zoletsa) m’malo mwa kuphwanya malamulo ang’onoang’ono.

Malamulo a M’misewu Atsogolo: Malamulo Odzilamulira ndi Ochenjera

Kukula mofulumira kwa magalimoto oyendera limodzi ndi odziimira okha. Malamulo amakono akutanthauza kuti dalaivala amene angaperekedwe chifukwa cha kusuntha. Ndi deti 4 ndi Detre 5 madongosolo oyendera a galimoto, thayo kuchokera kwa dalaivala ku kampani, wokonza maprogramu a pulogalamu ya pakompyuta, kapena woyendetsa sitima zapamadzi. Mabungwe atsopano a boma adzafunikira kuyankha mafunso onga ngati: Ndani amene ali paupandu pamene galimotoyo inali kuyendetsa? Kodi timaikhazikitsa motani liwiro la galimoto imene yalinganizidwa kuitsatira?

Maboma angapo − kuphatikizapo California, Arizona, ndi Nevada – adakhazikitsa kale lamulo lolola kupima ndi kugwiritsa ntchito galimoto kodziimira, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi makonzedwe a kujambula za makompyuta, kompyutasecurity, ndi mphamvu zozimiririka zakutali. Pamlingo wa boma, NHTTASTA yapereka zitsogozo zaufulu koma malamulo onse omwe adakali osintha. Molingana, makompyuta opangidwa ndi magalimoto otchedwa greentotófrastructure (V2I) - akhoza kutheketsa kuthamanga kwa liŵiro lamphamvu, kugwirizanitsa kayendedwe kwa nthaŵi ya zaka 220,000, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo kwa galimoto kumene kuli kolondola kwambiri kuposa makamera amakono.

Chikhoterero china chimene chikubwera ndicho kugwiritsira ntchito makampani a inshuwalansi ndi oyang'anira zombo. Kupima khalidwe la dalaivala (kuthamanga kwambiri, kuthamanga mofulumira) kumalola mapangano a inshuwalansi ogwirizana ndi kuyendetsa galimoto omwe amapatsa mphotho ya kutetezeka. Ngakhale kuti si lamulo pa njira imodzi, luso la zopangapanga zimenezi limalepheretsa kugonjera pamlingo wa munthu mmodzi. Ochirikiza achinsinsi akuchenjeza kuti chidziŵitso choterocho chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito m’njira zimene sizinalinganiziridwe, kugogomezera kufunika kwa chitetezo chalamulo.

Malamulo a m’misewu safuna kukhaulitsa chabe, koma kukhazikitsa malo amene njira yabwino kwambiri ndi yosavuta ndiponso yosavuta. Pamene luso la zopangapanga likupita patsogolo, lamulo lidzapitiriza kuyang'ana pa madongosolo a zinthu, kukakamiza kuthamanga kudutsa m’njira ya geometry m’malo mwa zizindikiro, kutseka madalaivala opunduka kupyola mu provehilyzer, ndi kutsendereza kugwiritsa ntchito foni kudzera m'zipang'akulu. Malamulo a galimoto amasintha, amalosera, ndi kugwirizana, koma nthaŵi zonse amadalira pa mfundo yofunika yokhazikitsidwa zaka 100 zapitazo: yomveka, yosakondera, ndiponso yosasintha malamulo amene amateteza ogwiritsa ntchito misewu onse.