Malamulo Ogwirizana: Kumvetsetsa Kusankha Koyenera

Bill of Rights, inavomerezedwa mu 1791, yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito pokha pa boma la boma. Maboma anali omasuka kukhazikitsa malamulo awo pankhani ya ufulu wofunika kwambiri . Zina za ufulu zimene boma la boma silinathe kukhudza, pamene lina silinachite. Izi zinapanga ntchito yoteteza m'dziko lonselo. Mpando wa 149th, wovomerezedwa mu 1868, unasintha malo mwa kukhazikitsa kapena kukhazikitsa lamulo lililonse limene lidzatsekereza kapena kukhazikitsa lamulo limene lidzatsekereza mwaŵi kapena kuteteza nzika za United States; ndiponso boma lililonse silidzalanda munthu aliyense moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda lamulo.

Koma Khoti Lapamwamba silinatulukitse mwamsanga Chisinthiko cha 14 ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Bill of Rights ku maboma. M’malo mwake, m'zaka za zana la 20, Bwalo Lamilandu linayambitsa chiphunzitso cha yosankha kuphatikiza . Pansi pa chiphunzitso chimenechi, khoti limafufuza ufulu uliwonse mu Bill of Rights kusankha ngati lili “kulamulira ufulu" ndipo chotero liyenera kukakamiza maboma kudzera mwa Claus. Njira imeneyi imasiyana ndi kuphatikizapo chiwonkhetso chonse, chimene chikatsatira makonzedwe onse.

Kusankha kuphatikizapo kwalola Khotilo kugwirizanitsa chitetezo cha malamulo ndi kugwirizanitsa miyezo ya kakhalidwe ndi kuchirikiza university. Milandu ya zamwambo yonga McDonald v. Chicago (2010]) itumikira monga zitsanzo zamphamvu za mmene chiphunzitsocho chimagwirira ntchito ndi chifukwa chake chimakhala chiŵiya chofunika kwambiri chotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Mbiri yakale Kayendetsedwe ka McDonald v. Chicago

Zosankha Zoyambirira za Malamulo

Ulendowo unayamba ndi [[FLT: 0] Chavago, Burlington & Quincy Railtraup Co. v. Chicago (1897), kumene Khoti linaphatikizapo Commonymente ya Fir 5 - Demendment yokha yogwirizana ndi kuwonjezera. Posinthira kwenikweni kunachitika [[FLT:]] Geodow v. Pangle [FL:] [12] [12] [12] [194], pamene Khoti loyamba linapereka lingaliro lakuti Commotion offiedment’s "First Reformation" ndi kutetezera kwaufulu kochitidwa kupyola pa maulamuliro a Classious Claus, ngakhale kuti Khoti inachirikiza kutsimikiza mtima kwa Gitlow. Zochitika zinawonjezera pang'onopang'onopang'onopang'ono: [F3]

Kuvomereza Ufulu wa Apandu

M'pake kuti chigawo cha Warren Court chinakula mofulumira kwambiri pophatikizapo maupandu. Mapp v. Ohio [1] (1961) anagwiritsira ntchito lamulo lopatula; Gedeon v. Wainwright [1963]) adaphatikiza kuyenera kwa uphungu; Manda v. Arizona (1966] zinakhazikitsa chitetezo cha mafunso ophera mlandu. Pofika kumapeto kwa 1960, makonzedwe ambiri a Bill of Rights adaphatikizidwa mwapadera mu: Khiripydmment ndi malingana ndi aŵiri otchuka.

Malo Okongola Aapita Pambuyo pa Kupanga Maufumu: Kusintha kwachiŵiri Kusatsimikizirika

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, tanthauzo lachiŵiri la Amereka ndi kukula kwake zinatsutsidwa. Khoti Lalikulu silinafotokoze nkhaniyo mwachindunji kuyambira United States v. Miller (1939], yomwe inaphatikizapo lamulo la boma ndi kupereka chitsogozo chongodabwitsa. Makhoti ang'onoang'ono ambiri analingalira kuti Kusintha kwachiŵiri kutetezera ufulu wogwirizana ndi utumiki wa asilikali, osati ufulu wa munthu aliyense wokhala ndi mfuti kaamba ka iye mwini. Monga chotulukapo, maboma ndi madera anakhazikitsa malamulo ambiri oletsa mfuti popanda kuwopa chitokosokoso ku lamulo.

Chimene chinasintha mu Diformation of Columbia v. Helter (2008), kumene Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti [1] 5-4 . .kuti Kukonzanso kwachiŵiri kumateteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense wa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida zankhondo pa zifuno zamwambo, monga ngati kuti iye mwini adadzifera yekha panyumba. Komabe, Heller [ inali mlandu wa bungwe la boma (Janington, D.C.), choncho kumanga kwake sikunagwirizanitse mwachindunji boma ndi maboma akuno. Funso: Kodi, lamulo lachiŵiri linatsatira mawu operekedwa kudzera pa depment?

McDonald v. Chicago: Nkhani ndi Chosankha

Mfundo Zoona ndi Mbiri Yakale

Chicago anali ndi limodzi la malamulo a dzikolo okhwima kwambiri a mfuti. Pambuyo pa Heller , mzindawo unasunga chiletso chake cha mfuti yam’manja, ukumanena kuti Kusintha kwachiŵiri sikunagwire ntchito m’mayiko. Otis McDonald ndi nzika zina za Chicago zinasudzulidwa, kutsutsa kuti chiletsocho chinaswa ufulu wawo kusunga mfuti m’nyumba ya munthu mwini. Khoti lachigawo ndi Khoti Lachisanu ndi chiŵiri la Apilo la Apilo linachirikiza lamulo la Chicago, kudalira pa chitsanzo chakuti Court Reformation sinagwirizanitsidwe. Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti Cetiari kuyankha funso.

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu

Pa chigamulo 5-4 cholembedwa ndi Woweruza Samuel Alito, khoti linasintha makhoti ang'onoang'ono ndi kunena kuti Kusintha kwachiŵiri n’kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira ndi maboma kudzera mu Lamulo la 144 la Kusintha kwa Malamulo a M’dziko. Khotilo linagwiritsira ntchito mayeso osankha ogwiritsidwa ntchito mu Duncan v. Louisiana (1968]): kaya kuyenera kuli “kulingalira kwa ufulu wathu wolamulidwa ndi kulakwa kwa lamulo” ndi“ kukhazikika kwakukulu m'mbiri ya dziko lino ndi mwambo. Ambiri anagamula kuti kuyenera kusunga ndi kunyamula zida za iwo eni, osati kuti kuli “kulamulira ufulu waufulu ndi kudziŵika kukhala woyenerera, kuyambira kupezedwa pa nthaŵi yeniyeniyo.

Khotili linadalira mbiri, kuphatikizapo umboni wakuti Mafremers a Geneth Amendment cholinga chake chinali kuteteza ufulu wachiŵiri wa kulamulidwa ndi boma. Jasitisi Alito analemba kuti “Mpando Wachiŵiri wa Amereka uyenera kuteteza ufulu umene uli wofunika kwambiri pa kakonzedwe kathu kolamulira ufulu” ndipo motero uyenera kuphatikizidwa. Chigamulocho chinatchulanso za Century Proce Claus osati Maloucs kapena Malamulo a Immunion Clause, ngakhale kuti oweruza angapo analongosola chifundo ndi njira yomalizirayo m’pangano.

Malingaliro Ogwirizana ndi Osemphana Maganizo

Woweruza Clarence Thomas anavomerezana mosiyana, akumanena kuti Malo Oyenera kapena ma Immunituti Claus [1] osati A Claus Process . Iye anatsutsa chiphunzitso chosankha cha Khotilo kukhala chosoŵa maziko a malemba okhazikika ndi kulimbikitsa kubwerera ku tanthauzo loyambirira la Geneth Amendment.

Okana anayiwo . Justices Stevens, Breyer, Ginsburg, ndi Sotomayor .argue adanena kuti ambiri anapitirira mwa kukhazikitsa Lamulo Lachiŵiri. Woweruza Breyer analemba kutsutsa kwakukulu kuti kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida sikuli kofunika mofanana ndi kulankhula kapena chipembedzo, ndi kuti Bwalo Lamilandu liyenera kufulumira ku boma ndi maboma a kumaloko pa malamulo a mfuti. Woweruza Stevens ananena kuti CID Procession Clause inali njira yolakwika ndi kuti umboni wa mbiri yakale uli wosamveka bwino.

Chiyambukiro Chamwamsanga ndi Chachitali cha McDonald v. Chicago

Boma ndi Malamulo a Mfuti Akupendedwa

Mwa kuphatikizapo Lamulo Lachiŵiri, Donald anakhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi akwawo kuti apendenso mwalamulo. Makhoti m'dziko lonselo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira ziŵiri zopangira Heller [ ndi [FLT] [[FLT]] [] [Donald [[[FLT]] [Donald []: choyamba, kugamula ngati khalidwe loyendetsedwa likugwera m'malemba ofeŵeretsedwa a Seconda; yachiŵiri, ngati, ngati, tsatira mtundu wina wa kupendedwa kowonjezereka. Zimenezi zinatsogolera ku kutsutsa malamulo oletsa mphamvu za magazini, kuukira zida, kunyamula zodzisunga, ndi kulembetsa.

Chiyambukiro pa Ufulu Wodziimira Wekha

Chigamulocho chinalimbitsa lingaliro lakuti kuyenera kwa kudziimira m’nyumba kuli ufulu waukulu umene umalamulira kuti mwina sungatsutse mopambanitsa. Makhoti ang'onoang'ono kaŵirikaŵiri anasunga malamulo oyenera monga mayeso akumbuyo ndi nyengo zoyembekezera . Koma anagonjetsa pafupifupi zonse zoletsedwa kapena zolemetsa. Chigamulocho chinatsegulanso njira ya milandu yapatsogolo monga ngati United States v. Rahimi [1] [2024], imene inafotokoza zoyenera zachiŵiri za kukonzanso zinthu zachiwawa m'banja, zimene zimaletsa malamulo.

Kulimbikitsidwa kwa Chiphunzitso Chosankha

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Makhotiwo anasonyeza kupitiriza kwa milandu yoyambirira. Zimenezi zinatanthauza kuti m’tsogolomu kuyesa kuphatikiza ufulu wina wophatikizapo (monga ngati kuletsa kwachitatu Komboleshoni kapena kupitirira mu 88 Commergated [chinsives ) kutsatira njira yofananayo. Inde, [FLT:] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kusankha: Chiphunzitso cha Chisinthiko

Ntchito ya Claus

Komiti ya Auth Process Claus yatsimikizira kukhala chiŵiya chofeŵa chogwiritsira ntchito. Khotilo lakhala likugamula mosalekeza kuti mawuwo amatetezera kokha ufuluwo umene uli “m’lingaliro la ufulu wolamulidwa,” muyezo wofotokozedwa bwino mu Palko v. Connecticut[[FL:1] (1937]. Muyezo umenewu umafuna kuti kuyenera kukhale kofunika kwambiri kwakuti ufulu kapena chilungamo chisakhalepo ngati chinaperekedwa. M'kupita kwa nthaŵi, Khoti laphatikiza pafupifupi chitetezo chonse cha Bill of Rights, kuchokera ku kulankhula kwa Firform Reconsolement ndi kusindikiza mawu a ku kuopsa koŵiri kwa Malamulo ndi kudzitetezera kwa modzi.

Ufulu Wosaloŵetsedwamo ndi Zosatheka Mtsogolo

M’chaka cha 2025, ndi zopereka zochepa zokha zimene sizinaloŵetsedwe: Gawo lachitatu (loimira asilikali), lamulo lalikulu la ajuli la Fitempite, ndi kuzenga mlandu kwa bungwe la Seventh Amendment. Khotilo nthaŵi zina lasonyeza kufunitsitsa kupendanso nkhani ya Seventhern Amendment, koma palibe chitokoso chenicheni chimene chafikiridwa posachedwapa. Ofesi Yokhazikitsa Malamulo ya Third Amendment sanaperekedwepo mlandu waukulu; ikumaperekedwa kukhala ndi ufulu wake wamakono wochepa, sikungakhaleko konse.

Kuyerekezera Ufulu Wosankha ndi Wochita Zinthu Pangano la Ufulu wa Malamulo

Kupukuta Mapeto Woyamba: Muyezo wa Magoli

Chitetezero cha First Amendment kaamba ka kulankhula, kusindikiza, msonkhano, kupempha, ndi kulimbitsa thupi kwaufulu zinali zina za zoyamba kuphatikizidwa. Gitlow v. New York (1925)) anatsegula chitseko, ndipo pofika 1940 ufulu woyambirira wa kukonza zinthu unali womangika ku maboma kudzera ku projekiti ya AUTCLE Claus . Zimenezi zinatsimikizira kuti maboma sangagwirizane ndi ndale chifukwa chakuti adachirikizanso mfundo zosakondweretsa Brandenburg v. (1969]).

Chigaŵenga: Chikhalidwe Chofala

Chachinayi, Chachisanu, , Chisanu ndi chimodzi, ndi Chisinthiko chachisanu ndi chimodzi chakhala pafupifupi chophatikizidwa kotheratu. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) anagwiritsira ntchito lamulo la kuchotsa; Gedeon v. Wainwr[[FL:] (1963]) adafunikira machenjezo a kuyenera kupereka uphungu wa mabwinyozero m'nkhani zapansi; [[FLT:] Maranda v. [FLT] mu njira yoyenerera kuweruza kwa kulakwa. [FL:]

Mpumulo Wachiŵiri: Wochedwa Koma Wofunika

McDonald imaimira nkhani yofunika kwambiri ya m'zaka za zana la 21. Kusunga kwake kuti ufulu wachiŵiri wa Amereka ndi wofunika kwambiri kutanthauza kuti boma liyenera kupereka chitetezo chochuluka monga boma. Chigamulocho chayambitsa mkangano waukulu wokhudza kuti ukulu wa kuyenera ukufika pati, monga chitsanzo, kaya kumatetezera kunyamula mfuti m'gulu la anthu [1] Koma chinatsimikizira kuti Kukonzanso kwachiŵiri sikulinso kogwirizana ndi boma.

Kusuliza ndi Zotetezera za Kusankha

Kusuliza

Akatswiri ena ndi oweruza amanena kuti kusankha ndi kuweruza kwalamulo. Woweruza Thomas, monga momwe tanenera, watsutsa za kuikidwa kwa gulu la Active Process Claus monga “kulephera kulembedwa” ndi“ chiphunzitso cha mpukutu”. Ena amatsutsa kuti Khoti linali lankhanza kwambiri, lachiŵiri logamulapo malamulo a boma ponena za mikhalidwe yakwawo. Otsutsa amanenanso za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosayenera: zoyenera zina (monga kuyenera kunyamula zida) zinaikidwa mochedwa, pamene ena (monga kuyenera kwa uphungu) analoŵetsedwa mwamsanga. Kusinthaku, iwo akutsutsa lamulo.

Zotetezera

Otetezera amanena kuti kusankha ndiko njira yokha yotetezera ufulu waukulu ku kuchitiridwa nkhanza ndi boma popanda kukakamiza tsatanetsatane aliyense wa Boma la Ufulu wa Maboma. Chiphunzitsochi chimapereka ufulu wa boma mwa kulola maboma kumasulira, malinga ngati saphwanya ufulu wachibadwa. Ndiponso, chimapereka njira yodziŵira ufulu wa boma monga mmene anthu amadziŵira “ufulu wolinganizidwa". Kusintha. Kutsatira kochedwa, kotsatira mfundo za boma kumachititsanso khotilo kukhala ndi njira yochitira zinthu mwanzeru.

Zotsatirapo Zothandiza za Malamulo a Boma

Pambuyo pa [[FLT: 0] , maboma ndi magawo ayenera kutsimikizira malamulo awo a mfuti kugwirizana ndi Lamulo Lachiŵiri monga momwe linalongosoledwera ndi makhoti a boma. Izi zachititsa funde la ligalamu. Ambiri “angasunge ndi maulamuliro . Okhala ndi malamulo anatsutsidwa monga osachitidwa. Khoti Lapamwamba linayamba kunyamula nkhani imeneyo mu [FLT:] New York Rifle & Lamp; Pristol Association v. Bruten[FF:] [2] [20] [20]), limene linakhulupirira kuti malamulo achiŵiriwo amatetezera kumanja kunyamula dzanja lapoyera m'poyera. [FLT] [F] [F]

Boma ndi maboma akumeneko amayang’anizananso ndi chenicheni chakuti iwo sangazembe Lamulo Lachiŵiri la Kusintha zinthu mwa kulongosola zinthu kapena katundu wolemera. Makhoti aswa malamulo ofuna “chifuno chabwino” kupeza chilolezo, malamulo oletsa anthu wamba mfuti, ndi malamulo opereka ndalama zokwera mtengo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, makhoti asunga malamulo onga kukhala ndi mfuti zokhala ndi mafera, zofunikira zoyendera, ndi ziletso pa malo ovuta (m’masukulu ndi nyumba za boma).

Tsogolo la Kusankha

Khoti Lapamwamba likupitiriza kudalira pa kugawa kosankha kwa zaka 48 m'nkhani zamakono. M'nkhani zamakono Ramos . Louisiana . (2020), Khoti linaphatikizapo chiyeneretso cha Sikisi Copment ya chigamulo cha ajuli onse, kutsegulira lamulo la zaka 48 zaposachedwapa. Chigamulocho chinagwiritsa ntchito kupenda koyenera komweko kumene kunagwiritsidwa ntchito poyamba. Ndipo Timbs v. Indiana . [FLT:] (20:9), Khotilo linagwiritsira ntchito malamulo apamwamba a Refh Demedment (20:9).

Kusankha kukhozanso kuchita mbali m'nkhani za lamulo lomwe likubuka, monga ngati kuyenera kwa kutsekereza, kudzilamulira kwa anthu obereka, ndi makompyuta. Ngakhale kuti ufulu umenewu supezeka mu Bill of Rights, ena amatengedwa ku “penumbras. Bwalo lamilandu likhoza kuphatikiza ufulu umenewu kudzera ku dongosolo la Aust Birst ngati ali ofunika kwambiri. Komabe, maganizo a khoti lamakonoli angachepetse kukula, monga momwe amaonera m'makalata a . Akazi a m'bungwe la Zaumoyo la Jackson. [FLT:] [202], limene linalamulira v. WDAP. ndi kuti kuchotsa mimba sikuli kumbuyo kwa Claultssssneyne-ssss Resocial.

Kumaliza

. Khoti Lalikulu linalimbikitsa njira yomasulira imene yaumba lamulo lalamulo la America kwa pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi. Chigamulocho chimapangitsa kuti khoti lakumanja likhale lofunika kwambiri mwa kugwiritsira ntchito Second Confective ku maboma kudzera m'Cend Clausle . Chinasonyezanso kuti kukonza malamulo alamulo ku America kwa pafupifupi zaka 100. Chigamulocho chinkatsimikizira kuti khoti lakumanja lagamula maziko m' Heller ] sungasiye njira yomasulira malamulo a boma. Chinasonyezanso kuti kuphatikiza malamulo oyenera kumakhalabe, chida chofeŵala, chokhoza kutetezera kwa malamulo atsopano pamene kuli koyenera kulinganiza ulamuliro watsopano.

Njira yochokera ku Getlow [[FLT :1] mpaka ku [FT:2] McDonald imasonyeza mmene Bill of Rights yayambira ku ulamuliro wa boma wokha kukhala chitsimikizo cha ufulu wofunika kwa munthu aliyense wa ku America, ngakhale kuti amakhala kuti ali ku malo anji. Monga Khoti likupitirizira kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto a mabukhu. Kuchokera ku chinsinsi cha mlingo kufikira ku mlingo wa munthu mwini [1] Malamulo adzakhalabe mbali yaikulu ya ntchito yotetezera ufulu pansi pa malamulo.