Kumvetsetsa Mabuku Opanda Ogwirizana ndi Mbali Yawo m’Ntchito Yakampeni

Political Action Committee (PACs) ndi yofunika kwambiri pa mmene ndalama zimayendera kudzera m'masankho a ku America. Pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma PAC, ma PC ali ndi malo apadera chifukwa chakuti amagwira ntchito popanda wobatizidwa aliyense, chipani cha ndale zadziko, kapena kuchirikiza gulu longa bungwe la anthu ogwira ntchito. Makomiti ameneŵa amakweza ndalama kuchokera kwa anthu ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ndalamazo kuchirikiza kapena kutsutsa ofunsira, kapena malamulo. Federal Ecompute Campation Act (FECA) ndi mapangano otsatira amafuna kuti ma PC apangedwe osagwirizana ndi makampani a pulogalamu a bungwe la Federa EFC (FC) atsimikize kutsimikizira anthu kuti atsatire ndalama m'ndale. Nkhaniyi imapenda mmene osakhala ogwirizana ndi opereka, ndi kulinganiza kwake, ndi kuyenera kukwaniritsa ntchito kwawo, ndi kukwaniritsa chidziŵitso cha mapangano, ndi kuyenera kukwaniritsa ntchito za bungwe la bungwe la bungwe la Fretimentimentivetion Coms.

Kuwonana kwa ndalama za ndawala sikuli kokha chiyeneretso chalamulo; kuli maziko a kuŵerengera kwa demokrase. Oyang'anira ayenera kudziŵa amene akuchirikiza mauthenga andale zadziko ndi mmene ndalamazo zikuperekedwera. Ma PAC, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amaloŵa m'zowonongedwa zaumwini [1] Makampani, otumiza makalata, ndi kulankhulana kwina kumene kumachirikiza motsimikiza kaamba ka kusankhidwa kapena kugonjetsedwa kwa woloŵa. Malamulowa asintha zaka makumi ambiri, ndi kuwamvetsetsa kuli kofunika kwa aphunzitsi, atolankhani, ndi nzika iliyonse yofuna kuzindikira kulengeza kwa ndale zadziko ndi chisonkhezero.

Kodi Mabuku Opanda Ogwirizana Nchiyani?

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa amafotokozedwa ndi FEC monga makomiti a ndale zadziko omwe sagwirizana ndi wobatizidwa, chipani cha ndale zadziko, kapena gulu lapadera longa gulu la malonda. Iwo amapangidwa ndi anthu, magulu a nzika, kapena mabungwe a malingaliro kuti apeze ndalama ndi kuzigwiritsira ntchito pa masankho a boma. Chifukwa chakuti iwo alibe kholo, ayenera kudalira pa zopereka zaufulu kwa anthu ndipo ayenera kugwirizana ndi malire ndi ziyeneretso zoperekedwa zogwira ntchito kwa APAC onse amene saloledwa ndi woloŵa ntchito.

Zitsanzo za APAC zimaphatikizapo magulu a malingaliro onga ngati EMILY’s List (imene imachirikiza pro-choice Democratic akazi), Club for Growth (imene imakhala ndi oyembekezera kulowa m'dziko), ndi National Rifle Association’s Proligical Victory Fund . Mapacs ameneŵa angadziŵidwenso monga "Grothership PaCs" pamene akhazikitsidwa ndi wofunsira kapena woyang'anira kuti achirikize ena ofunsira, koma ngakhale aja amene ali osagwirizana ndi pulogalamu yalamulo. Chinsi chake ndicho: PACIso kusakhala wogwirizana ndi ogwirizanawo amene amachirikiza kapena otsutsa.

Malamulo a PALC adapangidwa kwakukulukulu ndi Federal Econstruction Campaign Act ya 1971 ndi Bipartisan Champaign Reform ya 2002, limodzinso ndi chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Citimans United v. FEC[FLD:1] (2010) imene, ngakhale kuti inali yosumikidwa pa kugula ndalama za kampani, inatsimikiziranso kuti PCs ingawonjezere ndalama zosamaliŵiritsa ndalama za kudziimira pazokha kupyolera m'maakaundula apadera. Mosasamala kanthu za kukwera kwa Super PACs (ingalandire zopereka zosamalipimira kwa anthu ndi makampani), yosadziŵika ndi yophatikizidwa idakali nkhani ya kupereka ndalama zochokera kwa munthu mmodzi kapena $5,000 pachaka chimodzi chimodzi kuchokera ku PC. PaC imeneyi imapanga ndalama zosiyana kwa PC.

Kusimba Zofunika: Mphatso ya Kuonana Moyenera

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa ayenera kujambula malipoti anthaŵi zonse ndi FEC amene amavumbula malisiti awo (malamulo), kuchotsa (kupereka), ngongole, ndi malonda ena a zachuma. FEC imapereka mafomu oyeneretsedwa ndi masiku otsatizana. Kulephera kulemba pa nthaŵi yake kapena molondola kungatulutse faindi kapena kachitidwe kalamulo. Pansipa pali malipoti aakulu alionse amene PC ayenera kulembedwa.

Kulembetsa Koyamba: Ndemanga ya Gulu

Pamene pulogalamu yosakhala yolumikizidwa ikweza kapena kuthera ndalama zoposa $1,000 m'chaka chimodzi, iyenera kulembetsa ndi FEC mwa kuika ... Commentary of Organization (FEC Form 1) . Mafomu ameneŵa amaphatikizapo dzina la komiti, adilesi, wambuye, wosunga mafashoni, ndi gulu logwirizana (ngati lililonse [1] chigawo cha ma PAC amasiyidwa mosatchulidwa kapena "nol"). Komitiyo iyeneranso kusonyeza ngati liri "ogwirizana" ndi komiti yake, monga ochirikiza kapena otsutsa. Kulembetsa kuyenera kuchitidwa m’masiku 10 akudutsa 10,000.

Malipoti a Quarterly (Form 3X)

Mapale amene sagwirizana ndi ma CD kapena kuti ndalama zimene amalandira kapena kuchotsa pachaka, ziyenera kulembedwa pasadakhale patatsala masiku 15 kuchokera pamapeto a FEC FOM 3X , Lipoti la Malindishoni ndi Madesiki. Malipoti ameneŵa amaphatikiza nyengo zitatu za mwezi kutha pa March 31, June 30, September 30, ndi December 31. Masiku oyenera kukhala masiku 15 pambuyo pa mapeto a chaka chilichonse, kusiyapo malipoti a chaka cha January 31. Maguwa ayenera kukonza malipoti onse olandiridwa kuchokera kwa anthu ndi Pa CCs omwe amapitirira $2006 m'chaka, limodzi ndi kusokonezeka kwa cholinga chilichonse. Makonzedwewo amafuna ndandanda atsatanetsatane: Pulogalamu ya ndandanda ya kulandidwa kwa mabodza, madesiki a Bb, ndi mapulogalamu ena owonjezera pa zochitika zina.

Malipoti a Pambuyo pa Chisankho ndi Pambuyo

M'zaka za chisankho, ma PAC osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa ayenera kukonza malipoti owonjezereka odzakwaniritsa malipoti a nthaŵi isanafike ndi pambuyo pa chisankho. Malipoti a chisankho a pasadakhale ali ndi masiku 12 chisankho ndi kubisa ntchito kupyola tsiku la 20 chisankho chisanachitike. Kututa kuli pa masiku 30 pambuyo pa chisankho ndi kubisa ntchito ya 20 pambuyo pa chisankho. Malipotizo ameneŵa akuwonjezera pa malipoti a kasanu ndi kaŵiri ndipo akutsimikizira kuti chivoti chaposachedwapa chikhale ndi chidziŵitso chaposachedwapa ponena za kukwera ndi zopereka. Ngati PC ipanga ndalama zodziimira paokha $100,000 kapena masiku 20 a voti, ayeneranso kuimbidwa ndi kusankhidwa kwa chisankhomaketi: [FF] kapena percentrected doto yowonjezereka ndi percent perties.[4]

Malipoti a Chaka ndi Malipoti a Kutha kwa Chaka

Lipoti la chaka chatha, lolembedwa pa January 31, likuphatikiza ntchito zonse kuyambira October 1 mpaka December 31. Limakhala chidule chomaliza cha chaka cha kalendala. Ngati PC yosalumikizidwayo ileka ntchito ndipo ilibe ngongole zapadera kapena ndalama m’manja, ingapange lipoti la Permatition Report (Fm 3X ndi bokosi la kutha lopendedwa). Lipoti lomaliza limeneli likuphatikiza ntchito yonse kuyambira pa lipoti lomaliza ndipo limatseka komiti ndi FEC.

Malo Osonyeza Kusangalala ndi 24

Pamene PALC yosagwirizanitsidwa ipanga zowonongedwa zaumwini (zopereka zimene zimachirikiza mowonekera kaamba ka chisankho kapena kugonjetsedwa kwa wosankhidwa wodziŵika bwino ndipo sizimagwirizana ndi wobatizidwa aliyense) kuti kugaŵidwa kwa $100,000 kapena kuposa m'chaka cha kalendala, ziyenera kulembedwa la maola 488] chidziŵitso cha ndalama zonse zodziimira paokha za $000 kapena kuposapo. Ngati ndalamazo zipangidwa mkati mwa masiku 20 a chisankho, chidziŵitsocho chiyenera kusungidwa mkati mwa maola 24. Zilengezo zimaperekedwa mwa wailesi ndipo zimapezeka poyera pa webusaiti ya . Chiyeneretso chimenechi chinalimbitsidwa ndi United[FFFFF:3] Chigamulo cha ufulu wa kutsimikizira kuti chiwonetso chachikulu cha nthaŵi yokwanira.

Mmene Zopereka Zimasimbidwira

Pa C iriyonse yosakhala yolumikizidwa iyenera kusimba zopereka zonse zimene imalandira. FEC imamasulira chopereka kukhala mphatso iriyonse, kulembetsa, loni, kutsogolo, kapena kuikizira ndalama kapena chinthu chirichonse cha mtengo chopangidwa kaamba ka chifuno cha kusonkhezera chisankho cha boma. Zopereka ziyenera kuikizidwa ngati chiwonkhetso cha wopereka mmodzi chiposa $200 m'chaka chimodzi. Zopereka zazing'ono zingapatutsidwe ndi kuchitiridwa monga chiwonkhetso chimodzi popanda kundandalika wopereka aliyense, koma komitiyo iyenerabe kusunga makope a zopereka zonse.

Zopereka Zoloŵetsedwamo

Kwa wopereka aliyense amene amapereka zoposa $200 pachaka, PAC iyenera kuvumbula zotsatirazi pa Pulein A of Magement 3X:

  • Dzina Lokwanira la osonkha.
  • Adiresi yotumiza (tret, tauni, boma, ndi zip code).
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kulembedwa ntchito kwa wopereka (ofunsiridwa kwa anthu opereka $200; zimenezi zimathandiza kuzindikira magwero a ndalama ndi mikangano yothekera ya chiwongola dzanja).
  • [[MPHAMVU:0] Deti ndi unyinji [[Msonkhano: 1] wa chopereka chilichonse.
  • Chaka cha Aggreate-deti kuchokera ku chopereka chimenecho.

Mafotokozedwe ameneŵa ndi oyenera. FEC imagwiritsira ntchito kutsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene amapitirira $5,000 pachaka pamlingo wa kuperekedwa kwa PC yosagwirizana, ndi kuthandiza kupeza zopereka zosakhala za lamulo kuchokera ku maiko akunja kapena makampani (amene amaletsedwa). Ntchito ndi ntchito yolemba ntchito ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti anthu aoneke, chifukwa chakuti imalola anthu kuona makampani kapena magulu achiwongo amene akuchirikiza ntchito zandale.

Zopereka Zogwirizana

Zopereka za $200 kapena zochepera kuchokera kwa munthu mmodzi chaka chimodzi sizifunikira kuikidwa. Mmalomwake, zimasimbidwa monga pepala lachidule la Fum 3X pansi pa "zopereka zoikidwa". Komabe, komiti iyenera kusunga zolembedwa za mkati za zopereka zonse, ngakhale zazing'ono, ngati atapenda kapena kudandaula. Ma PAC ambiri osalembedwa amakweza ndalama zambiri kuchokera kwa anthu opereka ndalama zochepa kudzera pa Intaneti, ndipo zopereka zimenezi zimawoneka monga ziŵerengero zonse pokhapokha ngati woperekayo atsegulira khomo la $200.

Zopereka Zochokera ku Mapacs Ena

Ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa angalandirenso zopereka kuchokera ku ma komiti ena a PC, kuphatikizapo onse aŵiri ogwirizanitsidwa ndi osagwirizana. Zopereka kuchokera ku PAC kupita ku PC ina ziyenera kuikidwa ngati apitirira $200. Kupereka kwa PAC kuyenera kuvumbula dzina ndi keyala ya zopereka PAC, deti ndi ndalama, ndi kusamutsidwa kwa chaka ndi chaka. Kusintha kwa pactive-PAC kuli kofala, makamaka pakati pa ogwirizana ndi mfundo zina, ndipo ayenera kutsatira malire a FEC (a PAC angapereke ku $5,000 pachaka ku pulogalamu ina.

Mmene Mapazi Amanenera Mmene Amawonongera Ndalama

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa ayenera kusimba kulakwa kulikonse kumene amapanga, kugwiritsira ntchito Sedynal B of From 3X. Kuwononga kumaphatikizapo zopereka kwa oyembekezera kapena makomiti ena, zowonongedwa zaumwini, zowonongedwa zogwirira ntchito, ndi kusamutsira ku ma PAC ena. Kuchotsa kulikonse kuyenera kuikidwa m'gulu la cholinga, ndipo wolandirayo ayenera kudziŵidwa pokhapo ngati kuchotsako kuli kulipira kwa ngongole kapena kulipira kumene wolipidwayo akudziŵika kuchokera ku zolembedwa za mkati.

Zopereka kwa Ochita Makomiti ndi Makomiti Ena

Pamene PC yosalumikizidwa ipereka ndalama mwachindunji ku komiti ya wosankha (yoganiziridwa kufika ku $5,000 pa chisankho), iyenera kupereka lipoti la dzina la wobatizidwayo, ofesi yofunidwa, chipani, ndi unyinji. Mofananamo, zopereka ku ma PAC, makomiti a zipani, kapena makomiti a boma / malo olembetsa amasimbidwa ndi chidziŵitso ndi chifuno cha wolandira. Zopereka zachindunji zimenezi zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kumangirira maunansi ndi kuchirikiza monga oyembekezera.

Zoyendera za M’mabwinja

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga ndalama zaumwini . "adad , otumiza makalata, mabanki a telefoni, kusatsa malonda kwa manambala, ndi njira zina zimene zimachirikiza kapena kutsutsana ndi wobatizidwa. Zowonongedwa zimenezi ziyenera kusimbidwa pa Studyum E of Form 3X . Lipotilo liyenera kuphatikizapo:

  • Dzina la wofuna kubatizidwayo linam’chirikiza kapena kumutsutsa.
  • Ofesiyo inafunafuna (Nyumba, Nyumba ya Malamulo, kapena Pulezidenti).
  • Deti ndi unyinji wa ndalama zowonongedwa.
  • Kulongosola ndalama zimene zinawonongedwa (m' lekuatiso, "ad," "posi yachindunji," kampasi ya kanyamulidwe ka ").
  • Kaya ndalama zimene anawononga zinali za "kulankhulana kwapoyera" (kulankhulana kwapoyera, kutsekeka kwa magetsi, satellite, kusindikiza, kapena intaneti), ndipo ngati nditero, dzina la oulutsa nkhani ndi deti la kulankhulanako.

Malo oyendera amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama popanda kugwirizana ndi ndawala ya wofuna kulowa m'gululo. FEC imafufuza mosamalitsa malipoti ameneŵa kutsimikizira kuti atsatira. Maola 48 kapena 24 a chilengezo cha ndalama zimene anthu awononga paokha pafupi ndi chisankho, monga tafotokozera poyamba paja.

Ndalama Zowonongedwa ndi Zogwirira Ntchito

PCs yopanda ogwirizana ilinso ndi pamwamba: lendi, malipiro, malipiro alamulo, kusonkhetsa ndalama, ndalama za kubanki, ndi zopereka za mu ofesi. Izi zikusimbidwa monga "zopereka" pa Shedynal B. Kuchotsa kulikonse kuyenera kuphatikizapo dzina la wolipira, chifuno (m., "mphini," "patula," "kukonza mautumiki", ndi ndalama. MaPAC ambiri amawononga ndalama kwambiri popereka ndalama (makalata, zochitika, pa Intaneti) ndi pa mautumiki operekera (olemba a kutumiza ndi oimira boma amene amakonza malipo a FEC).

Kunyansidwa Kumodzi

Magulu ena amaphatikizapo kusamutsira ku makomiti ena (osati a ma komiti a chipani, makomiti), ndalama zoperekedwa, ndi ngongole. Malo obwereketsedwa kuchokera kwa anthu kapena mabungwe a zachuma ayenera kuchitiridwa mbiri yonse iŵiri monga malisiti (atalandiridwa) ndi monga kuchotsedwa (pobwezeredwa). FEC imafuna kusimba mwatsatanetsatane ngongole iriyonse yochititsidwa ndi komiti.

Kupezeka Moonekera ndi Kwapoyera

Ntchito ya FEC ndi kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a ndawala a boma, ndi mbali yaikulu ya zimene zikupangitsa chidziŵitso kupezeka kwa anthu. FEC imasunga pulojekiti ya pa Intaneti pa fec.GOv /data kumene aliyense angafufuze mapepala a dzina la komiti, wofunsira, kapena wopereka. Ogwiritsira ntchito angaone makope a mapepala oyambirira kapena kuvotera madata aakulu kuti afufuze. Webusaitiyi imaphatikizapo "Makampani a Makampani a Makampani a kampani, malo, ndi mtundu wa zolipirira.

Mabungwe achitatu a gulu monga Center for Responsive Politics ([FLT: 0] Opensets. org [1] (mabungwe a FEC) awonjezeranso kutumiza kwa mabwenzi. Maguluwa amawononga ndalama zimene anthu ofuna kulowa m'mafakitale amalandira, ndi maindasitale amene ali okangalika kwambiri. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, zida zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri pophunzitsa za ndalama m’ndale, za ndawala, ndi za kukonzanso zinthu za ndalama, ndi za kuwala kwa democrase.

Nzika zingapemphenso makope a malipoti kuchokera ku FEC kapena kulembedwa foni kudandaula ngati zilingalira kuti PC yalephera kupereka lipoti lolondola. Kusungitsa kwa FEC kumaphatikizapo kuŵerengera kochitidwa ndi FEC ndipo, ngati kuloledwa, kulipiritsa ku Dipatimenti ya Chiweruzo. Dongosolo ili ndi macheke odalira pa kulondera kwa anthu.

Kumaliza

Ma PAC ndi magalimoto amphamvu a ndale zadziko opanga ziŵiya, koma chisonkhezero chawo chiri chowonekera kokha monga lipoti lawo. Mwalamulo, iwo ayenera kulemba tsatanetsatane, malipoti a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi amene amavumbula magwero a ndalama zawo ndi zifuno za kugula kwawo. Kuyambira kulembetsa kwa chaka ndi chaka ndi kulembedwa ndi kufufuzira mapepala a zamalonda a zachuma, lamulo la FEC limatsimikizira kuti anthu angatsatire ndalama. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika zoikizira, kuzindikira mmene angaŵerengere ndi kumasulira malipotiridwe ndi luso losulirira la kuŵerengera ndi kuŵerengera kwa anthu. Monga momwe ndawala imapitirizirabe ndi luso la zasayansi ndi masinthidwe alamulo, lamulo loyambirira limakhalabe: dzuŵa ndilo lokhala lothandiza kwambiri.