Mbiri Yakale ya Kuloŵa M’gulu la Malonda ku Japan

Malamulo amakono a malonda adapangidwa mu kumangidwanso kwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Pansi pa ntchito ya Amereka ndi ulamuliro wa pambuyo pake, Tokyo inalondola kuwonjezereka kochokera kunja, kugwirizana ndi General Account on Tariffs and Trade (GATTT) mu 1955. Kusamuka kumeneku kunali maziko a kugwirizanitsa kwa dziko lonse la Japan ndi chuma, kulola mbali yake yopanga ndi makompyuta kuwonjezereka mofulumira. M’ma 1960 ndi 1970, Japan anakhalabe ndi chitetezo pa ulimi pamene anali kupititsa patsogolo malonda a maindasitale. Kusintha ku World Trade Organization (WTO) mu 1995 kunakulitsa kudzipereka kwake ku mapangano a malonda osiyanasiyana, ngakhale kuti mikangano yomangika pa zaulimi ndi zopinga zosagwirizana za mafakitale adatsatsatsatsatsa.

Pofika m'ma 2000, Japan inayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zatsopano: kukwera kwa China, kukhazikika kwawo, ndi kulephera kwa Doha Curream . Zimenezi zinafikira Tokyo ku mabizinesi a Biladaal ndi a chigawo. Malo a ndale zadziko, olamuliridwa ndi Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) ndi maboma ogwirizana otsutsana, anayamba kutsika mofulumira kwambiri pa liŵiro ndi ukulu wa malonda. Kumvetsetsa kaimidwe kameneka nkofunika kumvetsetsa kukambitsirana kwa kampani zamalonda ya Japan.

Mapwando Aakulu a Zandale ndi Malamulo Ake a Zamalonda

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)

LDP, chipani cha Japan cholamulira cha nthaŵi zambiri pambuyo pa nkhondo, nthaŵi zonse chachirikiza malonda aufulu monga woyendetsa malonda a kuwonjezereka kwa chuma. Mapiko ake a malonda, ochirikizidwa ndi Keidan [1] (Makampani a Japan] [1] , amaona mapangano a malonda a mitundu yonse kukhala ofunika kwambiri potumiza misika ndi kukopa malonda akunja. Atsogoleri otere anali mphamvu yoyendetsa dziko la Japan kulowa Comprehensitive ndi Aprojective for Trans - Pactificial intergation (CPP) [FLP] [FFF] pambuyo pa kuchotsa dziko la United States kuchokera ku TPP. PLD zomba APFFFFFFF

Komabe, LDP siili yofanana. Ziŵalo zake za Zakudya zakumidzi, zodalira pa ma confituence aulimi, kaŵirikaŵiri zatsutsa kuchepetsedwa kwa zinthu zopweteka monga mpunga, tirigu, ndi mkaka. Gululo limayang'anira kupanikizika kumeneku mwa kugwiritsa ntchito masamu a copensatation pa 97% a malonda, kuchuluka kwa nyengo, ndi nyengo zotalikirapo. LDP imakambirananso Japan-EEESCENTIAL project , imene imachotsa mapepala a m'malonda 97% a malonda, kuyendetsa ntchito yopanga malonda, imene gulu limachita monga chitsanzo cha “mawombo omasuka ndi oyenera. Kukonza zachuma kwa Exten (FLP], monga chigwirizano cha kulongosola malamulo oyenerera ndi ku Asia, ngakhale kuli kuwonjezera kwa ntchito ya KPP.

Chipani cha Democratic Party cha Japan (CDP)

CDP, chipani chotsutsa chachikulu koposa cha Japan, chimachita mochenjera kwambiri. Chimagogomezera malonda [[FLT: 0] mmalo mwa malonda aulere. CDP imatsutsa kuti mapangano a malonda ayenera kuphatikizapo chitetezo cholimba kwa antchito, ogula, ndi malo okhala. M'mabungwe a palamente, mamembala a CDP amatsutsa LDP kuti athandize makampani aakulu pamene akusiya alimi aang'ono ndi opanga zinthu akudansidwa ku malonda otsika. Gululo limachirikiza malonda a “okhala pakati pa anthu , kaŵirikaŵiri amaitanira miyezo yogwirizana ndi yothandiza kugwira ntchito ndi kuyendetsa chivomerezo cha anthu.

Mkati mwa kukambitsirana kwa RCEP, CDP inakweza nkhaŵa za kusoŵa kwa makonzedwe achinsinsi a magetsi ndi kuthekera kwa kudalira kwambiri pa zopereka za China . Gululo linasonkhezeranso njira zamphamvu zotetezera zosungira ndalama kutetezera malo ofunikira kwambiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti CDP siiletsa kulola malonda mokulira, imapitirizabe kupenda zinthu. Kulimba kwake kumasonkhezera maukwati a antchito, ochirikiza malo okhala, ndi chuma cha m'chigawo chimene chimawopa kusokonezeka ndi kuwonjezereka kwa malonda.

Komeito

Monga momwe chigwirizano cha LDP chachiŵiri chija kuyambira 1999, Komeito (Chipani Chadziko) kaŵirikaŵiri chimatumikira monga mphamvu yosintha. Komeito amaphatikizapo Soka Gakakai , gulu lachibuda, limene limagogomezera mtendere, ubwino wa anthu, ndi kugwirizana. Kugulitsa, Komeito kumachirikiza mapangano amene amaphatikizapo malamulo amphamvu ndi malo okhala. Kwakhala chiŵiya chothandizira kupititsa katundu wa alimi okhudzidwa ndi malonda osinthasintha ndi zinthu zimene zimateteza makampani a zamwambo. Komeito imathandiza kuti mgwirizanowo ukhale wachiwawa pa kusungika kwa banja.

Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha ku Japan (JCP) ndi Reiwa Shinsengumi

JCP ndi wotsutsa kwambiri wa mapangano a malonda oyendetsedwa ndi bungwe. Imakana mapangano monga CPTP ndi RCEP, ikutsutsa kuti iwo amaika patsogolo phindu la dziko lonse pa ulamuliro wa dziko lonse . JCP imafuna njira yoyendetsera malonda imene imateteza chitetezo cha chakudya, kuletsa kusinthika kwa majini, ndi kusamala za madera akuno. Reiwa Shinsengumi, gulu la oimba mlandu wa kumanzere, imatchulanso mfundo zofananazo koma ndi kusumika maganizo pa zoyenera za anthu ogula ndi kuchirikiza chilengedwe. Pamene kulibe gulu lamphamvu, limalimbikitsa nkhani zawo zapo kwa anthu ambiri, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata omvera za nyengo ndi kusalingana kwa anthu.

Nippon Ishin no Kai (Chipani cha ku Japan cha Kusintha)

Chitazikidwa makamaka ku Osaka ndi kumadzulo kwa Japan, Chipani cha Japan chimatenga njira yosinthira zinthu, yosinthira. Chimachirikiza kulola malonda kukhala mbali ya kuchepetsa malamulo ndi kusintha kwa maulamuliro. Ishin imatsutsa kuti makampani a m'dziko la Japan ayenera kukhala opikisana padziko lonse ndi kuti kutetezerako kumachedwetsa kukonzanso kofunikira. Gululo kaŵirikaŵiri limabweza ntchito zamalonda za LDP koma limasonkhezera kusintha kwamphamvu m'makampani, monga kudula misonkho ndi kuyendetsa malonda a ntchito, kuwonjezera mapindu a misika yotsegulira malonda.

Mapangano Aakulu a Zamalonda ndi Zifuno za Gulu

Chipangano Chochititsa Chidwi ndi Chopita Patsogolo cha Trans - Pacciency (CPTP)

CPP, yosainidwa mu 2018, inaloŵa m'manja a Japan mu December 2018. Inachotsa zikalata zoposa 90% za katundu pakati pa mitundu 11 ya Pacific Rim . LDP inaiyamikira kukhala chipambano kaamba ka malonda ozikidwa pa ulamuliro, pamene CDP inafotokoza nkhaŵa za kutsendereza kothekera kwa kugwirizana kwa alimi a Japan ndi kusoŵa kwa makonzedwe a ntchito okakamiza m'maiko ena. JCP Copt kutsutsa ratificiation, kunena kuti ingachititse Japan kukhala yamtengo wotsika, yapamwamba. Komeito inathandiza kukambitsirana ndi bajeti yowonjezera kuchirikiza mkaka ndi kukhala alimi, kugamula kofala.

Chipangano cha EU cha Uchuma cha Japan

Japan-EU EPA, yogwira ntchito pa February 2019, inapanga malo a malonda aulere kwambiri padziko lonse panthaŵiyi. LDP inagogomezera ntchito ya pangano la kuika miyezo yapamwamba ya e-commerce, chuma cha anthu, ndi zisonyezero za malo kaamba ka zinthu zotchuka monga Japanese whisky. CDP inayambitsa nkhaŵa za kutsutsana kwa boma la boma (ISDS), kutsutsa kuti alole makampani a EU kusuta Japan kaamba ka malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu. JCP adalemba kuti EPA angachititse kutetezeredwa kwa chakudya. Komabe, pangano linapita ndi LDP-Kometo. CD CD PP inaletsa kugawatula, osati kuonetsa mavoti, kutsutsa magawa.

Chigawo Chogwirizana ndi Zachuma (RCEP)

RICEP, yosainidwa mu 2020 ndi kuloŵa m'manja mu 2022, ndi yogwirizana ndi Japan ndi China, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, ndi maiko a ASIA. Kwa LDP, RCEP inali kufunika kwa kusungitsa ubale wa zachuma ndi China pakati pa China pakati pa kusemphana kwa Supa. Komabe, gululo linayang'anizana ndi kutsutsana ndi malamulo osalimba kwambiri a chiyambi ndi malamulo a ntchito yochepa poyerekezera ndi CPPP. CDP inaukira boma chifukwa cha kulephera kukhazikitsa machaputala a malonda a makono ndi kulola kuti pangano la dziko la China likhazikitse makampani a boma. JCPCP, potsutsa, poitana RCEP kuchirikiza “maunda wa anthu a ku China. Kometo inachirikiza kuyang'anira ntchito yapansi kwa ntchito yapansi kwa zaka zitatu za malonda (S)

Pangano la Zamalonda la United States-Japan (209)

Mu September 2019, Japan adasaina malonda ochepa ndi United States, kuchepetsa malonda a ndalama zokwana madola 7 biliyoni a ulimi ku United States ndi zinthu za maindasitale za ku Japan . Mapangano amenewa anali kuchotsa maso a dziko la United States. LDP inawasonyeza kukhala njira yopeŵera ngakhale mabwana apamwamba kwambiri pa galimoto za ku Japan. CDP inatsutsa kuti Japan adapanga malamulo ambiri pa zaulimi popanda kukwaniritsa pangano ku Washington la kuchotsa makampani a galimoto za . JCPD inalemba ntchitoyo monga “yekha yothandizira " ndi kusonyeza kugonjera kwa Japan ku United States. Chipanganocho chinagogomezera chitokosokoso kuutsa US ndi kuyendetsa mgwirizano kwa malonda a malonda a malonda a malonda a malonda a malonda.

Mavuto a Pabanja ndi Nkhani Zotsutsana

Zaulimi ndi Zachuma za Kumidzi

Alimi ang'onoang'ono a ku Japan, okalamba ambiri ndi ogwira ntchito m'mabande otsika, amayang'anizana ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu kwambiri cha kutumiza momasuka. Magulu andale ayankha ndi malamulo oletsa malo okhala: LDP ndi Komeito achirikiza "Kupereka ndalama zapadera" kwa alimi amene amasintha kapena kutengerapobe machitachita okhazikika. CDP imafuna kuti Japan isunge manyusiti a chakudya chodzidalira pamlingo woposa 50%, kutsutsa kuti kudalira pa kuyendetsa zinthu kuvulaza dziko. Chipwirikiti nchabwino kwambiri kwa mpunga, kumene boma limasunga pulosi kupyola njira yosavuta kulowa, koma kulephera kutetezera, kutero, kupangitsa kusungidwa kolimba mtima.

Ufulu wa Ntchito ndi Zitetezo za Antchito

Mapangano a malonda akhala malo opangira ntchito. CDP ndi JCP amatsutsa kuti malonda aulere athandizira ku "kutsogolera" kwa antchito aganyu, pamene makampani atumiza madera ena. Amafuna mapangano a malonda kuphatikizapo mapangano ogwirizana ofunsira ndi malipiro ochepa. LDP yakhala chochititsa kusuliza kuti njira yabwino koposa yotetezera antchito ndiyo kudzera mwa kutukuka kwa chuma, kumene mapangano a malonda amathandiza. Komabe, ngakhale m'ma LDP, pali chisamaliro chomakula cha “kukonzanso ntchito zamalonda kuti antchito abwezeretsedwe ndi ntchito zolanditsa ntchito zothamangitsa. Magawo a LCCEP anakhala ongo ongopekanira ntchito zauzira ntchito.

Miyezo ya Zachilengedwe ndi Kudzipereka pa Mkhalidwe

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, ma SOUTS aumiriza mamembala kutsimikizira kuti mapangano a malonda sakufooketsa cholinga cha dziko la Japan cha kusaloŵerera m'zochitika za carbon pofika 2050. CDP ndi JCP amachirikiza kuphatikizapo mapangano otero a malonda, monga kuletsa ndalama zotsala za mafuta a m'tchire ndi kupititsa patsogolo luso la zopangapanga. LDP ndi mosamala kwambiri, poopa kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga zida zotetezera madera ena a dzikolo. Komabe, CPPPPPP imaphatikizapo makonzedwe a malo otetezera chilengedwe, ndi kuthandizira kwa Japan kuyendetsa nawo ntchito . . . . . . . . .

Kuyendetsa Malonda ndi Makompyuta

Japan ndi wochirikiza wamphamvu wa [[FLT: 0] imayendera mabizinesi oikiridwa kwambiri. A'anam'''''''''''''''''''a'''''''''''a''''''''''a'ntchito, kuchirikiza mfundo ya “Data Free Flft and Trust". Komabe, mamembala a kumbuyo kwa mabizinesi a kampani ndi maboma. Kutsutsanako kunakula mkati mwa RCEP, kumene malamulo a boma la China amatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma la Japan. CDP yakhala ndi pangano losiyana, la malonda apamwamba ndi mayiko ofanana ndi makampani a , pamene kuli kuyendetsa ntchito zamakono.

Zimene Anthu Amaganiza Ndiponso Kulimbikitsa Anthu Ena

Malingaliro a anthu amachita mbali yosadziŵika komanso yofunika kwambiri poumba mayanjano a anthu pa malonda. Mantha amasonyeza kuti nzika za Japan zimachirikiza malonda aulere m’zikhalidwe, koma chitsutso chimakula pamene mafakitale ena monga mpunga kapena kaphiring'ono ka proboss . Mabwalo a malonda ndi mafamu a m'madera a kumudzi agwirizana kwambiri kupyola m'madera akumidzi. Panthaŵiyi, magulu onga [FLD:0] Japan Aculturations (Group) [QUPT) [1] AFLT] ali ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu, kaŵirikaŵiri amachirikiza okondwerera kutetezedwa kwa anthu kuti apitirize kutetezedwa.

Magulu a anthu ogula ayamba kukakamiza kuonekera ndi kuika zizindikiro za chakudya chochokera kunja, nkhaŵa ya CDP ndi JCP Okulitsa . M'zaka zaposachedwapa, magulu a anthu oteteza malo ndi zida za nyukiliya agwiritsira ntchito makutu a malonda kugogomezera kutsutsana pakati pa kudalirana kwa nyengo ya Japan ndi kutsata kwake kwa mpweya wachilengedwe (LNG) ndi malasha. Zipsinjo zimenezi zagwetsa ngakhale LDP kusungitsa luso lamakono ndi kulingalira masinthidwe a carbon , ngakhale kuti gululo limasamalabe za njira zopimira zopimira dala zimene zingadzutse chiwopsezo.

Kuwona Zamtsogolo

Kusintha kwa malamulo a zamalonda ku Japan kudzapitirizabe kupangidwa ndi kuphatikizana kwa zipani zandale, kufunika kwa chuma, ndi kusintha kwa dziko. LDP, imene ingakhalebe yolamulira m’nthaŵi yapafupi, idzalondola njira ziŵiri: kukulitsa CPTP ndi kufuna kuloŵa m'malo mwa mamembala atsopano (monga China, Taiwan, kapena United Kingdom), pamene kuli kwakuti kukambitsirana za makampani a mbali imodzi (mphinini , monga, malonda a Thailand ndi Vietnam). CDP idzatsendereza kaamba ka makonzedwe amphamvu a kakhalidwe ndi malo okhalako m'mapangano ameneŵa, mwinamwake kufunafuna malo atsopano ngati anthu akusoŵana ndi kukwera kwa nyengo. Kome adzapitirizabe kutsimikizira kuti magulu a mgwirizano amasamala kuti atetezedwe.

Kukwera kwa mpikisano wa zachuma . Makamaka pakati pa United States ndi China, adzakakamiza Japan kuyendetsa mosamala. Mabungwe adzatsutsana za ukulu umene mapangano a malonda ayenera kugwiritsidwira ntchito monga zida zokonzera zinthu. Chiphunzitso cha LDP cha Free ndi Open Indo-Pacial [FLT] ] [1] Kugwirizana ndi malonda a geometics [1], pamene CDP ndi JCP imachenjeza za kusandutsa malonda kukhala chida cha mkangano. Panthaŵiyi, kusintha kwa mlingo ndi zobiriŵira kuyambitsa: tarbon, kutumiza kwa madata, ndi kubweretsa chigwirizano. Mmene magulu a Japan adzadziŵira osati kokha za chuma cha dziko mtsogolo komanso ntchito yake m'malonda apadziko lonse.

[[FLT :] Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani [[FLT: 1] Japan Ministry of Fountain Affairs [[FLT :2], [[FLT ]] Council pa Foreign Relations statical statificision [, ndi ] , WTO chithunzi cha Japan.