Kuyamba Kupeza Zopangapanga

Voter ndilo likulu la demokrase yoimira oimira. Kusintha kumeneku sikungangosintha zinthu za boma, kuchititsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito mavoti, ndipo kwamveka mawu awo. Pa zaka khumi zapitazi, akuluakulu a boma ku United States akhazikitsa malamulo atsopano, kukhazikitsa malamulo osiyanasiyana ololera ndi oletsa. Kusintha kwa malamulo kumeneku sikungosintha chabe zinthu za boma; koma kumakhala ndi kapangidwe ka anthu amene amachita nawo masankhoti ndipo amathandiza bwanji. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi ofunsira nzika, amvetsa malamulo ndi zotsatira zake za kusintha kumeneku nkofunika poona za thanzi ndi kuweruza njira ya democrase.

Mfundo ya kuvota imaphatikiza zinthu zonse kuyambira pa kupezeka kwa mavoti ndi nyengo zovota ndi kupezeka kwa malo oonera ndiponso mitundu ya kulembedwa kumene kukufunika pa bokosi losankhira. Pamene opanga malamulo asintha zinthu zimenezi, amasintha zinthu zothandiza posankha. Nkhaniyi ikupenda masinthidwe aakulu kwambiri a malamulo okhudza kupezeka kwa wovota ndi kutenga nawo mbali, ikufotokoza zotsatira zake zosonyezedwa pa magulu a anthu, ndi kufufuza nkhani kuchokera ku mayiko amene akhala malo opangira njira zovotera. Cholinga chake ndicho kupereka umboni womveka bwino, umboni wothandiza kuzindikira mmene malamulo amasinthira kulowa m’malo a democracyism.

Kupezeka kwa Malamulo Osintha Zinthu

Malamulo ovota amakono ali m’magulu osiyanasiyana, ndipo malamulo onse a m’dziko amakhudza njira zosiyanasiyana zofikira anthu.

  • [[MLT:0] Malamulo ozindikiritsa – Kufunsa ma media enieni osankha.
  • Tsiku la pepala lovomerezeka ndi logada – Kufutukumula kapena kutsekereza mawindo olembetsa.
  • [[MLT:0] Malamulo ovota ndi osakhalapo – kulamulira mmene mapepala amapemphedwa, kubwezedwa, ndi kuŵerengedwa.
  • [[MLT:0] Malo ofikira – Kuzindikira nambala, malo, ndi maola a malo ovotera.
  • [['FULT:0] Malamulo osokoneza [[[FT:1] --Kuvomereza ufulu wosankha munthu aliyense wokhala ndi zigamulo zaupandu.
  • nyengo za kuvota zoyambirira – Kukhazikitsa utali ndi kupezeka kwa voti musanabwere Tsiku la Chisankho.

Malamulo Ofotokoza Zinthu

Malamulo a Voter ali pakati pa kusintha kwa malamulo kotsutsana kwambiri m'masankho a ku America. Pa 2024, 36 maboma ali ndi malamulo ofuna ovota kupereka mtundu wina wa kudziŵikitsa pa mavotiwo, ndi kutsata bwino kwa ziyeneretso zimenezi mosiyanasiyana. Maboma onga Georgia ndi Indiana adalamula kuti apolisi apereke tchati ya zithunzi, monga laisensi ya woyendetsa galimoto kapena pasipoti, pamene ena amalandira mapepala osafuna kujambula monga pepala la magetsi kapena pepala la banki.

Ochirikiza malamulo a ovota a chipani chokhwima amatsutsa kuti ngofunika kuletsa chinyengo cha odziyerekezera kukhala achinyengo, amasunga chidaliro cha anthu pa kudalirika kwa chisankho, ndi kutsimikizira kuti voti iliyonse ili yovomerezeka. Komabe, kufufuza kochuluka kwapeza kuti mwa wovota wachinyengo ngwachilendo, kumakhala pamiyeso yochepera pa chigawo chimodzi mwa maperesenti a mavoti amodzi. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti malamulo ameneŵa amapanga mtolo wapamwamba pa anthu ochepa osankhidwa, wopeza anthu ochepa, nzika zokhala ndi ophunzira, amene sangakhale ndi kuyenerera kwa oyenerera. Kupenda 20222 ndi Ofesi ya Boma Autholo kunapeza kuti malamulo ovota oletsedwa ndi 1.

Kulemba Mafuta Okhala ndi Tsiku Limodzi ndi Odzipangira

Kulembetsa kwa tsiku limodzi (SDR) kumalola anthu oyenerera kulembetsa ndi kuvota tsiku limodzi, kaya pa tsiku lovota kapena pa Tsiku la Chisankho. Pakalipano, 22 a boma ndi Washington D.C., amapereka mtundu wa SDR. Mfundo za malamulo za SDR n’zomveka: zimachotsa malire ovomerezeka oletsa anthu oyenerera kutenga nawo mbali, makamaka amene amasamuka kaŵirikaŵiri kapena amene amachedwa pa masankhoti.

Umboni wa kugwira bwino ntchito kwa SDR ndi wamphamvu. Maboma amene alandira kulembetsa kofanana tsiku limodzi amalengeza mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. Malinga ndi zimene zalembedwa ndi National Conference of State Legislatures, ndi SDR adaona kuwonjezereka kwa avareji ya ovota 5 mpaka 7 peresenti m'masankho a pulezidenti poyerekezera ndi maboma popanda kulembetsa. Chiyambukiro chapadera kwambiri pakati pa achinyamata ovoti a zaka 18-29, amene ali ndi chiŵerengero chokulirapo ndipo ali okhoza kuyambukiridwa ndi kutseredwa kwa ovota (AVR), kumene kulembetsa anthu oyenerera pamene agwirizana ndi mabungwe a boma ngati DMV, asonyezedwanso kuwonjezera kulembetsa ndi 10-15 m'maiko olandira.

Malamulo Otumiza Makalata ndi Ovomereza

COVID-19 inayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu m'malamulo osankha makalata, monga momwe maboma ambiri anafutukulira kwakanthaŵi kupezeka kwa olephera kutuluka. Kuyambira pamenepo, makhonsati apanga makambitsirano aukali akuti kaya ziwonjezekozo zikhale zosatha kapena kukhazikitsa ziletso zatsopano. Mayiko ena, monga California, Vermont, ndi Hawaii, asamukira ku kampani yonse yosanthula makalata kumene wovomerezeka aliyense amalandira pulogalamu ya ovota. Ena, kuphatikizapo Georgia, Texas, ndi Iowa, ayambitsa zofunika zazikulu zopempha ndi kubwerera kutumiza makalata, kuphatikizapo madeti achidule, kutsimikizira koso, ndi malire a mabolosi oponya maboti.

Posankha makalata ndi malo ofunika kwambiri ofikirako anthu: ovota okalamba amene angakhale ndi vuto la kupita ku masankho, ovota okhala ndi zolemala, okhala kumidzi amene amakhala kutali ndi ndandanda za ntchito zosasinthika. Malamulo oletsa amakhudza kwambiri magulu ameneŵa. Mwachitsanzo, lipoti la 2023 kuchokera ku Ecomment Transation Confict Commission linapeza kuti ofufuza oposa 65% a maposi onse, ndi chopinga chilichonse cha njira imeneyi chimachepetsa mwachindunji kutenga nawo mbali kwawo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, kusanthula makalata ndi kusanthula kosavuta kwagwirizana ndi chiwonjezeko chachi, makamaka m'ndandanda wa 2-4 peresenti, malinga ndi kufufuza kofalitsidwa m'magazini [FL: 0] Lamulo la lamulo la lamulo.

Kupezeka kwa Ntchito Yopanga Zopanga

Kupezeka kwa malo ofufuza ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri koma nthaŵi zambiri imanyalanyazidwa. Malamulo amagamula kuti apeze malo oonera, kuti ndi angati amene ayenera kusungitsa, ndi maola amene amagwira ntchito angapeputse kapena kulepheretsa kutenga nawo mbali. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo amene achepetsa chiŵerengero cha malo ofufuza, makamaka m’mizinda ndi m’madera ovuta kwambiri, pamene ena akhazikitsa miyezo yofunikira malo opezeka ndiponso maola ambiri otsatsira.

Kufufuza kuchokera ku [[FLT: 0] Chigawo cha American Liberties Union (ACLU) kwalemba kuti kusanthula malo kumayambukira kwambiri anthu akuda ndi Latino, kuchititsa kuyembekezera nthaŵi zambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa osankha oleka kugwiritsa ntchito. Kufufuza 2020 kwa ofufuza pa Stanford ndi pa Yunivesite ya Florida kwapeza kuti 10% iliyonse ya kutsika kwa chiŵerengero cha malo oonera m'chigawo chotsogolera ku 1,5% kutsika kwa ku kubwerera. Anthu okhala ndi vuto, ogwirizana ndi Aamereka ndi Actal Active Act imakhalabe yosagwirizana, ndi malamulo ena olephera kupereka makina ovota, otsekera, kapena osatsa malonda okwanira. Malamulo a boma amafunikira malo oyenerera, ndi oyenerera kugawana.

Malamulo Onyoza

Felton divenfrance malamulo otsutsa amasankha ngati anthu okhala ndi zikhululukiro za kulakwa angavote, ndipo amasiyana modabwitsa ndi boma. Mu 2024, Aamereka oyerekezeredwa kukhala 4.6 miliyoni okhala ndi zikalata zophera mlandu amaletsedwa kuvota, malinga ndi Project yokhudza . M'maboma onga Florida, Kentucky, ndi Iowa, kutha kwa ufulu wa kukana zikhulupiriro zina pokhapokha ngati ufulu wabwezeretsedwa ndi njira yaitali ya bureaucratic . M'mayiko ena, monga Maine ndi Vermont, palibe kutayikiridwa kwa ufulu wovota.

Zoyesayesa zaposachedwapa za boma zakhala ndi cholinga cha kukonzanso malamulo ameneŵa. Ovota a Florida Opline 4 mu 2018, amene anabwezeretsa ufulu wovota kwa anthu oposa 1.4 miliyoni okhala ndi ziletso za kulakwa, koma lamulo lotsatira linakhazikitsa zofunika zowonjezereka, kuphatikizapo kupereka ndalama zonse ndi ndalama, zimene zachotsapo ndalama zambiri. M'mayiko ena, kuphatikizapo New York, Colorado, ndi California, malamulo a boma asintha dala kubwezeretsa ufulu wosankha munthu atamasulidwa kundende. Chiyambukiro cha malamulo ameneŵa n’chapadera: chifukwa cha kuchotsa malamulo aupandu, munthu mmodzi mwa anthu 16 akuda amachotsedwa, poyerekezera ndi munthu wina wosakhala wamkulu. Kusintha malamulo a boma angagwirizane ndi kuvomereza malamulo a mtundu wa anthu. Malamulo ogwirizana kwambiri.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kumakhudza Ntchito ya Malamulo

Masinthidwe a lamulo mwachindunji amasonkhezera chiŵerengero cha ovota, ndipo unansiwo suli wauchete. Unansi wakuti zopinga zocheperapo zimawonjezereka, pamene kuli kwakuti njira zoletsa ziri ndi chiyambukiro chochititsa mantha. Kumvetsetsa ukulu ndi madongosolo a ziyambukiro zimenezi kuli kofunika kwambiri popenda thanzi la demokrase.

Umboni Woti Zinthu Zilipo

Kufufuza kwakukulu kwapeza kugwirizana kowonekera pakati pa malamulo a kuvota ndi kugawana. Kusanthula kokwanira kwa 2022 ndi Brennan Center ya Chilungamo [ kunafufuza chidziŵitso kuchokera ku maboma 50 onse pa zaka 20 zapitazo. Kufufuzako kunapeza kuti ndi malamulo ovomerezeka kwambiri osankha anali ndi avareji ya mlingo wa ovota maperesenti 8.2 okwera kuposa malamulo oletsa kwambiri m'masankho a pulezidenti. M'mavoti, mwendo unali waukulu, ngakhale pa maperesenti 9.6.

Maboma olola kulembetsa tsiku limodzi adakhala ndi ziŵerengero zosintha 66% mu 2020, poyerekezera ndi 60% m'maiko opanda ilo. Maboma okhala ndi kulembetsa kwa ovotawo analembetsa kukwera kwa 12% kuposa avereji ya dzikolo. Komabe, akuti kukhazikitsa malamulo ovomerezeka a voti kunakhala ndi kutsika kochepa, makamaka pakati pa ofufuza otsika. Kufufuza 2021 ndi Yunivesite ya California, Los Angeles anapeza kuti kutsegulira mavoti pakati pa achinyamata achinyamata ovota m'ma tepi ya makampani kunali ndi mfundo zotsika kwambiri kuposa malamulo a makampani osinthasintha, ngakhale atachepetsapo malamulo a kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kusiyana kwa chuma.

Kusintha kwa Mbiri ya Anthu Pogawanamo

Masinthidwe a lamulo samakhudza osankha onse. magulu ena a chiŵerengero cha anthu ali osavuta kuletsa zopinga ndipo, chotero, mothekera kwambiri kuwona kutengamo mbali kwawo kuchepetsedwa kapena kuchirikizidwa ndi kusintha kwa malamulo. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kuli kofunika popenda malamulo a chisankho.

  • Malamulo a Chivoti mokulira amakhudza mitundu yaing'ono ndi ya anthu ang'ono. Maphunziro amasonyeza kuti anthu akuda ndi Latino sangakhale ndi mitundu yeniyeni yofunikira ndi maoda aakulu. Malinga ndi Boma Authority Office, 8.5% ya ovota oyera alibe inte yovomerezeka, poyerekezera ndi 12.5% ya Blackvotation ndi 15% ya Latinovovo.
  • Ziletso za pepala losankhira zili ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa osankha okalamba ndi ovota okhala ndi zopunduka, amene amadalira pa njira imeneyo pamlingo wapamwamba. Kufufuza kwa 2023 AARP kunapeza kuti 41% ya ovota oposa 65 anagwiritsira ntchito makalata olembedwa m'ma 2022, poyerekezera ndi 18% a ovota pansi pa 30.
  • Malo opherapo asonyezedwa kuchepetsa malo opezekapo m’mizinda ndi m'madera otsika ndi 5%, pamene kuli kwakuti madera a m’midzi ndi kumidzi kaŵirikaŵiri amasungabe malo opezeka okhazikika, kupangitsa mpata wogawana.
  • Kulembetsa kwa tsiku la tchuthi kuli ndi chiyambukiro chake champhamvu kwambiri pa osankha achichepere, amene kaŵirikaŵiri amasamuka ndipo sangalembetse pa keyala yawo yamakono. Malinga ndi kunena kwa SDR, kutseguka pakati pa 18-29 ya zaka kuli, pa avareji, 7 percentes cental kuposa m'maboma osakhala a SDR.

Kufufuza za Kusintha kwa Malamulo

Kupenda malamulo achindunji amene akhazikitsa lamulo lalikulu la kuvota kumavumbula zotulukapo zenizeni za malamulo ameneŵa.

North Carolina

North Carolina wakhala malo apakati a lamulo la kuvota pa zaka khumi zapitazo. Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha 2013 Shelby County v. Baner, chimene chinachotsa malamulo otseguka a Coution Act , boma linakhazikitsa lamulo lalikulu lodziŵika monga H.B. 589 (Uloti wa bungwe la ovota"), umene unaphatikizapo malamulo a oukiza, masiku a voti asanafike, kuchepetsa kulembetsa, ndi malamulo ofeŵerapo ovuta ovomereza pa kusanthula. Khoti yochonderera inagonjetsa makonzedwe ofunika mu 2016, ikulamulira kuti iwo amayang'a anthu akuda Black Coption " ndi kuchita opanga opaleshoni. Malamulo akupitiriza kuswa malamulo atsopano, kuphatikizapo malamulo 2023 amene amaika ziletso zopatula pa kusanthula ndi kukonza makampani. Oweruza ayamba kumbuyo kwa mapulogalamu ndi kumbuyo kwa mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana, ndipo asintha ndi kugawa ndi kugawa kwa mavoti osiyanasiyana, ndi kugalamu ambiri.

Georgia

Georgia’s S.B. 2021, adaperekedwa mu 2021, anakhala malo ofufuzira a dziko lonse m'kutsutsana za kulowa kwa voti. Malamulo anakhazikitsa ziyeneretso zokhwima za wovota wa ochotsedwa pa opasawo, kuchepetsa nthaŵi yopempha makalata mu mpira, kufupikitsa nyengo ya chisankho, kuwonjezera chiŵerengero cha masiku ovomerezeka ovota mwamsanga, ndi kuika ziletso zatsopano pa kuponya mabokosi oponya mapepala. Ochirikiza anatsutsa kuti lamulo linali lofunika kubwezeretsa chidaliro m'chosankha pambuyo pa masankhoti 2020. Otsutsa, kuphatikizapo mabungwe ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe, anatsutsa kuti lamulolo lidzachotsa mtundu wa mitundu. Kuchokera pa 20222 pakati pa magawo 202 a pakati pa kuvota mu Georgia, kuchokera pa 27% mu 2020% kufika ku 20222, pamene kuwonjezereka kwa kusankhoti kopetolera koyambirira kwa chivoti. Koma kuwonjezera kumbuyo kwa kukambirana kwa lamulo lakale lachikulu lakuyang'kuyang'onong'onong'ono chaku, kuyang'onong’ono chakuyang’

California

California wasamukira kumbali ina, akukhazikitsa ena a malamulo a kuvota aakulu koposa m'dziko. Mu 2021, boma linapereka lamulo lakuti ovota onse olembetsedwa alandire thulusi la kampani iliyonse. Chiyambukirocho chakhala chotsimikizirika: kulembetsa kochitidwa ndi anthu onse padziko lonse pakati pa 2018 ndi 2022, ndi kutembenuza kochitidwa ndi munthu mmodzi pa DMV, kulembetsa kofanana kwa tsiku pa malo ofufuza ndi malo ovota, ndi kuwonjezera nyengo zovota. Chiyambukirocho chakhala chotsimikizirika: kulembetsa ku California kwa anthu oposa 2 miliyoni pakati pa 20200,000 ndi 20222, ndi kutembenuza kukwera kwa 2020 m'masankhoti, chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha oyenerera, m'dziko kuyambira 1952. Pakati pa achichepere 1824, chinakwera kufika pa 2020%, kuchoka pa 2020%, chivotimezo cha chivoti cha chivoti cha chivomerezo chachikulu cha chivoti cha chivoti cha chivoti cha chivomerezo cha chivoti cha chivoti cha chivoti cha chivoti cha chivoti .

Texas

Texas imapereka chitsanzo chosiyana. Bomalo lili ndi malamulo ena oletsa kwambiri osankha m’dzikolo, kuphatikizapo malamulo a Oweruza okhwima, osalembetsa a tsiku limodzi, maola ochepera ovota, ndi kuletsa kuyendetsa galimoto mpaka 2021 ndipo maola 24 kuvota kumene kunachitika mu 2021. Bomalo linayambitsanso zilango zatsopano za upandu kwa akuluakulu a voti amene amatumiza makampani kuntchito. Chiyambukiro cha kuloŵererako chakhala chotheka: m'magawo 20222 pakati pa 202, Texas adakhala ndi 46 m'mapotootooto, ndi 43% ya kuponya mavoti oyenerera. Kusintha pakati pa Spanishipanishi, kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri m'dziko, kupitirira 10 peresenti kuchokera kumbuyo kwa kufufuza kwa Texan. Kufufuza kwa yunivesite ya Texan inapezedwa kuti inasokonekera pa mapangano oletsedwa chifukwa cha kulephera kuletsa kuyendetsa ntchito ya malamulowo, kapena kulephera kuyendera lamulo lakuti: Aspaniship, chifukwa cha kuyendera ya kuyendera ya kuyendera kuyendera kuyendera kwa masiku 30 kuyendera kumbuyo kwa S

Ntchito ya Makhoti ndi Malamulo Oyenderana

State-level legislative changes do not operate in a vacuum. Federal courts and Congress play a crucial role in shaping the legal landscape of voting rights. The 1965 Voting Rights Act remains the most powerful federal tool for challenging discriminatory voting laws, and it has been used to strike down provisions in Texas, North Carolina, and elsewhere. However, the Supreme Court's 2013 decision in Shelby County v. Holder effectively eliminated the preclearance requirement that had forced states with a history of discrimination to obtain federal approval before changing voting laws. Since then, hundreds of new voting restrictions have been introduced and passed across the country.

Zoyesayesa za kukhazikitsa lamulo la ufulu wa kuvota la boma, monga ngati John Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act ndi For the People Act, zalephera kufikira pa kugonjetsa chigaŵenga cha otsutsa m'Nyumba ya Malamulo. Monga chotulukapo, dongosolo lamakono limaika mtolo pa ovota ndi mabungwe a ufulu wachibadwidwe kutsutsa malamulo otsendereza owonongetsa zinthu ndi oletsa nthaŵi. Malo alamulo ameneŵa apanga malo amphamvu kuti maboma ayesetse ndi malamulo onse oletsa ndi otsendereza, kuchititsa kusiyana kwakukulu kumene tikuwona lerolino.

Kumaliza

Masinthidwe a lamulo akhala chimodzi cha ziyambukiro zamphamvu koposa zoumba kulowa ndi kukhala ndi phande mu United States. Kuyambira kwa wovota malamulo a kampani ndi kulembetsa kwa tsiku limodzi ku ziletso zolembera paposi ndi kuchotsapo mavoti, zosankha zopangidwa ndi makhonsati a boma zakhala zolunjika, ziyambukiro zosatha kwa amene amavota ndi amene sachita. Umboniwu umasonyeza kuti malamulo amene amachepetsa malire [1] monga kulembetsa kodzifunira, kulembetsa kwa tsiku limodzi, kujambula kwa onse, ndi kukopa malo ovomerezeka ndi kuwonjezera kuvota ndi kupanga masankho. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuletsa kuchepetsa kutengamo mbali, kaŵirikaŵiri amamenya anthu opatulidwa mopatulira.

Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika, kumvetsetsa mphamvu zimenezi sikuli kokha maphunziro. Ndiyo chofunika kuti anthu adziwitse za mapangano ndi kufunsira utsogoleri. Pamene kutsutsana pa malamulo osankha kupitiriza, ndi lamulo latsopano loyambitsidwa pafupifupi chigawo chilichonse, funso la mmene tingalinganizire umphumphu wa masankho ndi kupezeka kwautali kumakhala pakati pa demokrase ya Amereka. Yankho limene maboma asankha lidzasankha mkhalidwe wa masankhoti awo kwa mibadwo ikudza. Mwa kuphunzira umboni wotsatapo ndi kutsatira zochitika za malamulo a boma, tingamvetsetse bwino mapulogalamuwo ndi kugwira ntchito ku dongosolo limene likutsimikizira kuti nzika iliyonse yoyenera ikhale ndi mpata woyenerera kukhala ndimo mbali.