Kubwezeretsa Ulamuliro Wonse: Ulamuliro Wopanda Chipani cha Atsogoleri m’Nyengo Yamakono

Pamene tilingalira za mademokrase amakono, kaŵirikaŵiri timalingalira madongosolo omangidwa pa ulamuliro wotchuka, kugaŵana maulamuliro, ndi malamulo ogwirizana. Komabe mitundu yochepa imatsutsa chikombole chimenechi, ikumagwira ntchito monga maufumu a monarchy enieni kapena a boma pamene adakali kugwirizana ndi mabungwe a demokrase. Maulamuliro ameneŵa nthaŵi zambiri amatchedwa “ufumu wa monarchy ." amaika mfumu ya choloŵa monga magwero aakulu a ulamuliro, osatsekedwa ndi malamulo olembedwa kapena malamulo a malamulo a boma. Amasinthana ndi malamulo osankhidwa, mapangano a malamulo, mabungwe, ndi malamulo alamulo alamulo. Kumvetsetsa mmene osakhala a mabwinja a mfumu imafunikira kufupikizira kumbuyo kwa maufumu a democracy, ndi kugonjera kwawo kwa mbiri yakale, ndi kumbuyo kwake.

Nkhaniyi ikulongosola kapangidwe ka maufumu a monarchy osakhala a boma, mlingo wa kutengamo mbali kwa demokrase umene amalola, kukhazikika kumene amanena kuti amapereka, ndi mavuto amene amabuka pamene mwambo wa autocracy ukwaniritsa zifuno za muyezo wa demokrase ya dziko lonse.

Kodi Chigaŵenga Chopanda Udindo Nchiyani?

M'maufumu osakhala aunduna . . . . monarchy . amalamulira [[FLT: 0] mokulira pa mkulu wa boma, chigamulo, ndi kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito zachiweruzo za boma. Palibe chikalata chalamulo (chilamulo) chimene chimachepetsa mphamvu zachifumu, kapena bungwe lililonse losankhidwa limene lingagonjetse zosankha za mfumu. Wolamulira amaloŵa mumpando wachifumu kudzera m'mzera wa choloŵa, ndipo mawu ake amatenga mphamvu ya lamulo.

Kusiyana ndi ufumu wa lamulo, wonga United Kingdom kapena Japan, kumene monarchir amatumikira monga mutu wa lamulo wa boma pamene akusankhidwa kukhala nduna zikuchita ulamuliro weniweni wa ndale zadziko pansi pa malamulo olembedwa kapena osalembedwa. M'ufumu wa boma wosakhala walamulo, mfumu imakhalabe conoctoro ndi de jure juLT , kaŵirikaŵiri amaika atumiki, kutsogolera mabungwe, ndi kulamulira chuma chachikulu monga zankhondo ndi ndalama za boma.

Lerolino, zitsanzo zotchuka kwambiri zimaphatikizapo Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Oman (kufikira kusintha kwaposachedwapa kwa Sultan), Qatar, ndi Eswatini. Mtundu uliwonse wa maiko ameneŵa waphatikiza mbali za demokalase zosankhidwa. "Mabungwe osankhidwa, misonkhano yofunsira, kapena makomiti achiweruzo odziimira paokha) koma molamulira amasunga mawu omalizira pa nkhani zonse zazikulu.

Mbiri Yake: Chifukwa Chake Mafumu Osatha Apitirizabe

Kupulumuka kwa maufumu a monarchy osakhala a boma m'zaka za zana la 21 sikunachitike mwangozi. M’zochitika zambiri, maulamuliro ameneŵa anatulukira ku maziko a fuko kapena achipembedzo omwe anakhazikitsidwa dziko lamakono lisanakhale. Mfumuyo kaŵirikaŵiri imaonedwa osati monga mtsogoleri wandale zadziko wongoyerekezera koma monga munthu wachipembedzo mobwerezabwereza, monga Mfumu ya Saudi Arabia imene ili ndi dzina laulemu lakuti “Custodian wa Malo Opatulika Aŵiri ." Kugwirizana kumeneku sikumapanga mphamvu yauzimu ndi yanthaŵi yochepa imene maboma a demokrase okha sangagwirizane nayo.

Mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20, maufumu ambiri a monarchy otheratu anagwa pansi pa chitsenderezo cha kulamulidwa ndi atsamunda, magulu autundu, kapena chipwirikiti cha zachuma. Komabe awo amene anapulumuka anatero mwa kuvomereza maulamuliro amakono mosankhapo, malamulo, ndipo ngakhale nyumba za malamulo . Pakali pano akusunga ufulu wa monarchy kuloŵerera. Chotulukapo ndicho njira imene imawonekera kukhala ya demokrase kwa akunja koma idakali ya ulamuliro wankhanza.

Mwachitsanzo, lamulo Lamphamvu la Saudi Arabia la 1992 limagwira ntchito monga ngati lamulo la quasi-constitution, koma limanena momveka bwino kuti ulamuliro wa Mfumu umachokera ku Quran ndi Sunnah, ndi kuti iye ali ndi ufulu woika ndi kutsutsa Bungwe la Atumiki. Mofananamo, malamulo a Brunei 1959 analetsedwa mu 1962 pambuyo pa chipanduko, ndipo Sultan walamulira mwalamulo chiyambire, popanda lamulo losankhidwa la kutsutsa zosankha zake.

Zopanga Zademokrase M’maufumu Osakhala Audindo

Ngakhale kuti maufumu a monarchy otsimikizirika amasumika mphamvu mwa munthu mmodzi, ambiri ayambitsa njira zimene zimatheketsa anthu kukhala ndi phande lochepa.

Misonkhano Yolimbikitsa

Mwinamwake mbali yofala kwambiri ya demokrase m'maulamuliro ameneŵa ndi yoikidwa kapena yosankhidwa mwapang'ono. Ku Saudi Arabia, Sura Council (Majlis al-Shura) ili ndi mamembala 150 oikidwa ndi Mfumu. Bungwelo lingapereke malamulo ndi mafunso a atumiki, koma zosankha zake sizimasunga mphamvu ya dziko ndipo zingathetsenso msonkhanowo. Mofananamo, Matar’s Advisory (Malis al-Shura) amapangidwa ndi mamembala 45, amene amasankhidwa ndi mamembala ake 30, koma malamulo onse amafuna kuti Emir avomereze.

Ku Oman, Sultan Qaboos atamwalira mu 2020, Sultan Haitam bin Tariq anayambitsa kusintha pang’ono, kuphatikizapo kupatsa bungwe lofufuza zinthu (Majlis al-Shura) mphamvu yofunsa atumiki ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Komabe, Sultan adakali mkulu wamkulu ndi wolamulira malamulo.

Malamulo Osonyezedwa ndi Malamulo Okhala ndi Mphamvu Zochepa

Maufumu ena a monarchy osankhidwa mwapang'ono akhazikitsa nyumba za malamulo, ngakhale kuti ntchito zawo nzoletsedwa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Eswatini (kale Swaziland) ali ndi nyumba ya malamulo ya baobaral: Nyumba ya Msonkhano ili ndi mamembala osankhidwa 65 (kuwonjezera Attorney General ndi 10 oikidwa ndi Mfumu), ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo imaikidwa mokulira. Pamene kuli kwakuti nyumba ya malamulo ingakambirane ndi kuvomereza, Mfumu ingapereke lamulo lirilonse, ku nyumba ya malamulo yosungunula, ndi kulamulira. Nduna yaikulu imaikidwa ndi Mfumu ndipo imatumikira pachisangalalo chake.

Ku Brunei, bungwe la Legislative Council (Majlis Mesyuarat Negara) linadzutsidwanso mu 2004 pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kuchotsedwa m'dziko, koma lidakali losankhidwa ndi Sultan. Limakumana mwakamodzikamodzi ndipo silinathe kukhazikitsa malamulo a Sultan. Limangovomereza malamulo a Sultan. Monga momwe wofufuza wina ananenera, limagwira ntchito monga “sitam'lata ya la lala lachikasupe".

Oyang’anira Odziimira Okha

Chizindikiro cha ulamuliro wa demokalase ndicho kuweruza kwa ufulu, koma m'maboma osakhala a boma, mfumu kaŵirikaŵiri imasunga mphamvu ya kuika ndi kuchotsa oweruza, kupereka chikhululukiro, ndipo ngakhale kugwetsa zigamulo za khoti. Ku Saudi Arabia, dongosolo la chiweruzo limazikidwa pa lamulo la Sharia, ndipo Mfumu imatumikira monga bwalo lomalizira la apilo. Pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza amaphunzitsidwa ndi kudziimira paokha, Mfumu ingapereke malamulo achifumu olamulira olamulira malamulo a zamalamulo.

Khoti la malamulo limene linakhazikitsidwa mu 2008, linafotokozanso malamulo ogwirizana ndi malamulo (omwe anakhazikitsidwa mu 2004), koma mphamvu za Emir zinalembedwa m’lamulo lenilenilo, ndipo kukambirananso za malamulowo kumaimira kwambiri.

Kusankha Nthaŵi Zonse pa Zigawo Zautundu Wosatukuka

Maboma ena olamulira a ufumu wa monarchy ovomerezeka kukhala ndi phande la demokrase yeniyeni ndilo m'chigawo cha m'masipala kapena m'malo. Mwachitsanzo, Saudi Arabia anayambitsa zisankho mu 2005, kulola nzika za m'dziko kusankha theka la makhonsati a m'boma (iwo enawo amaikidwa). Komabe, mabungwe ameneŵa ali ndi ulamuliro wochepa pa mautumiki akwawo ndipo alibe ulamuliro pa zosankha zachuma kapena zandale. Kurtut watsika, ndipo akazi okha ndiwo anapeza ufulu wosankha mu 2015.

Mofananamo, Oman amachita masankho a Concertive Council pamlingo wa olamulira, koma oyembekezera kubatizidwa ayenera kuvomerezedwa ndi boma, ndipo mphamvu za bungwelo ziri zochirikiza.

Kufufuza za Matenda: Mmene Maufumu Atatu Olamulira Mosalekeza Navigate Democratic Pressure

Saudi Arabia: Chitsanzo cha Monarchy Yathunthu ndi Yamakono

Saudi Arabia amatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala ufumu womalizira wa dziko wokha. Mfumu imaphatikiza mbali za mutu wa boma, mutu wa boma, nduna yaikulu (kufikira 2022), ndi mkulu wa asilikali . Banja lachifumu, kuchuluka zikwi, kuyang'anira malo aakulu a boma, asilikali, ndi chuma. Ngakhale kuti ulamulirowu uli wokwanira, ufumuwo wayamba kuyendera pamodzi ndi mphamvu yamakono pansi pa chipani cha Mfumu Ponsince Mohammed Bin Salman (MBS). Masomphenya 2030 a kupangitsa chuma kuchotsa mafuta, ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe aphatikizapo akazi kulola kuyendetsa ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya apolisi achipembedzo.

Komabe masinthidwe ameneŵa sanapatutse dongosolo. Bungwe la Shura lakhala likuikidwa, mabungwe a boma ali ndi mphamvu zochepa, ndipo zipani za ndale zadziko nzoletsedwa. Chiŵiya chachitetezo cha boma chimagwedezeka pa kusemphana maganizo, monga momwe zikuwonedwa m'kupha kwa 2018 kwa mtolankhani Jamal Khashogi. Malinga ndi Democracy Index ya Economist Intelligence Unity, Saudi Arabia mosalekeza kukhala limodzi la maulamuliro a ufumu wa ankhanza kwambiri padziko lonse. Chigwirizano cha democracy chimawona kusintha kwa democracy kukhala chiwopsezo ku kuyenera kwake, chikonda kuyendetsa nzika ya nzika kuloŵemo m'ma zamwambo monga magnobys (ose otsegulirapo)

Brunei: Ulamuliro Wosatha wa Sultan Pansi pa Malamulo Oletsedwa

Brunei ndi kagulu ka mafuta, kang'ono, kotchuka kwambiri pa chilumba cha Borneo. Sultan Hassanal Bolkiaya adalamulira chiyambire 1967 ndipo ali ndi malo a pakirtofolios wa nduna yaikulu, nduna yoteteza, nduna ya zachuma, ndi nduna ya kampani ya dziko lachilendo. Malamulo a 1959 analetsedwa pambuyo pa chipanduko mu 1962, ndipo Sultan walamulira mwa lamulo langozi kuyambira mu 2004, malamulo atsopano anakhazikitsidwa, koma amatsimikiziranso ulamuliro wa Sultan ndi ulamuliro wa malamulo. Malamulo a m'boma aikidwa kotheratu, ndipo palibe zipani zandale. Kusintha kwa Sultan sikunachitidwa chiyambire 1962.

Brunei ndi lamulo lachingelezi logwirizana ndi lamulo lachizungu, koma Sultan angathetse chigamulo chilichonse cha khoti. Mu 2019, Brunei anakhazikitsa lamulo lokhwima lopereka chilango lomwe linaphatikizapo imfa mwa kuponya miyala ya chigololo ndi kuduladuladula chifukwa cha kuba, kuyambitsa kulira kwa mitundu yonse. Sultan anatetezera kusamukaku monga kukwaniritsa mathayo a Chisilamu, ndipo lamulolo likugwirabe ntchito mosasamala kanthu za kuphedwa. Chikhalidwe chenicheni cha ufumu wa mfumu chimalola malamulo oterowo popanda malamulo a nyumba ya boma kapena mayeso a milandu.

Eswatini: Mfumu Yomalizira ya Afirika

Eswatini (yekha amene kale anali Swaziland) ndi ufumu wachifumu wokha mu Africa. Mfumu Mswati III, amene anakhala mfumu mu 1986, amalamulira mwalamulo. Dzikolo lili ndi malamulo amene anatengedwa mu 2005, koma limapatsa Mfumu mphamvu zolamulira: amaika nduna yaikulu, oimira ambiri, ndipo angapatsire lamulo lililonse. Magulu andale amaletsedwa kutenga nawo mbali m'masankho, ndipo opita ku ntchito ayenera kukhala anthu paokha. Nyumba ya Msonkhano ili ndi mamembala 65 osankhidwa, koma amasankhidwa kudzera m'dongosolo la akuluakulu a dzikolo limene limachotsapo magulu otsutsa.

Mu 2021, zitsutso za pro-democracy zinabuka ku Eswatini, kukakamiza Mfumu kutsika ndi kulola masankho enieni. Boma linayankha mwachiwawa chimene chinapha anthu ambiri otsutsa. Mfumu yalonjeza kusintha zinthu, kuphatikizapo kutsegula malo andale, koma mpaka pano yakhalabe yolamulira kotheratu. Nkhani ya Eswatini imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa madongosolo a progalamu: pamene mademocracy afuna kuti adzitetezere, nthaŵi zambiri mfumu imayamba kulamulira m’malo mwa kukhazikitsa dziko.

Mapindu Onenedwa kwa Osakhala Olamulira

Ochirikiza atsutsa kuti maufumu a monarchy otsimikizirika amapereka bata, kupitirizabe, ndi kupanga zosankha zamphamvu zimene mademokrase akulimbana kuti akwaniritse. M'maiko okhala ndi mafuko, mafuko, kapena magulu achipembedzo, mfumu yachifumu yosaloŵerera ingakhale monga munthu wogwirizana kuposa mikangano yosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mfumu ya Saudi Arabia, imaonedwa kukhala wotetezera chikhulupiriro cha Asilamu, osati mtsogoleri wandale. Mofananamo, ufumu wa Brunei unaphatikizapo chikhalidwe cha dziko la Malaya ndi Chisilamu.

Chigomeko china nchakuti ma monarchy enieni angapereke masinthidwe anthaŵi yaitali popanda zocheukitsa za masankho. Mwachitsanzo, Saudi View 2030, inalinganizidwa monga makonzedwe a zaka 15 okhala ndi zolinga zowonekera bwino, ndipo ufumu wa mfumu waipititsa patsogolo mosasamala kanthu za kutsutsa kwa mphamvu ya dziko. Mosiyana ndi, maboma a democracy m'chigawo (monga Lebanon) kaŵirikaŵiri amavutika ndi kupunduka kwa ziŵalo chifukwa cha kumenyana.

Kayendetsedwe ka chuma m'maiko ena a monarchy otsimikizirika kakhala kolimba, mbali ina chifukwa cha chuma cha mafuta. Nzika za Brunei zimasangalala ndi chisamaliro chaufulu chaumoyo, maphunziro aulere (kuphatikizapo maphunziro a kumaiko akunja), ndipo palibe msonkho wa ndalama zimene zimaperekedwa kwa munthu. Saudi Arabia yakhala yochuluka m'zopereka, zaluso, ndi za zosangulutsa. Komabe, mapindu ameneŵa amachirikizidwa mwa kuchotsa ndalama, osati kuŵerengera mlandu wa demokrase, ndipo osuliza amanena kuti amaloŵa pamtengo wa ufulu wa ndalensi ndi ufulu.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza

Kulimbana pakati pa ufumu wa monarchy wokha ndi malamulo a demokrase nkoonekeratu.

  • Zipani za ndale zadziko zimaletsedwa kapena kuletsedwa kowopsa, kuletsa chitsutso cholinganizidwa. Zisankho, pamene zisungidwa, zimalamuliridwa kapena kupotozedwa. Nzika sizili ndi njira yalamulo yoloŵa mmalo mwa mfumu kapena banja lolamulira.
  • Kupondereza ufulu wa anthu: Censorship, kutsekeredwa kopanda lamulo, ndi ziletso pa ufulu wa kulankhula, msonkhano, ndi chipembedzo nzofala. Malamulo a Jamal Khashoggi a kupha ndi kulamula kwa Brunei ali zitsanzo zonkitsa za mmene mphamvu zotheratu zingagwiritsidwire ntchito molakwa.
  • Mavuto a kupambana: popanda njira yomvekera bwino ya malamulo, kutsatizana kungakhale magwero a kusakhazikika. Kusamutsira ulamuliro kwa Saudi Arabia kuchokera kwa Mfumu Salman ku Bhonammed Bin Salman kunaphatikizapo kuchirikiza ziŵalo zina za ufumu, zotsogolera ku ziŵembu zachifumu. Mu Eswatini, maukwati a mfumu atulutsa othekera kukhala oloŵa nyumba, kupanga kusatsimikizirika.
  • Kulephera kwa chuma: Pamene kuli kwakuti chuma cha mafuta chimabisa mavuto, ma monarchy otsimikizirika kaŵirikaŵiri amavutika ndi kusadziŵana ndi ziphuphu chifukwa cha kupanga zosankha kuli kope. Zisonyezero za World Bank Reconverance Zimasonyeza kuti maiko ameneŵa samamva bwino ndi kuŵerengera mlandu, kulamulira kwa lamulo, ndi kulamulira katangale.
  • Kutsutsa kusintha: Malamulo enieniwo a ufumu wa monarchy amatsutsa kuikidwa kwa demokrase chifukwa chakuti kusamutsidwa kwa mphamvu kwa makampani osankhidwa kukafooketsa malo a monarch. Kusintha kumawoneka kukhala kodzikongoletsera, monga ngati kupanga mabungwe opanda mphamvu yeniyeni.

Mabungwe a mitundu yonse onga Freedom House nthaŵi zonse amalingalira Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Qatar, ndi Eswatini kukhala “osati aufulu.” Mitundu Yogwirizana yapempha maulamuliro ameneŵa kulemekeza zoyenera za anthu ndi kutsatira kusintha kwenikweni kwa demokrase, koma kupita patsogolo nkochedwa.

Tsogolo: Kodi Maufumu Olamulira Onse Angasinthe?

Mbiri imasonyeza kuti maufumu a monarchy enieni sasintha n’komwe kuti ayambe kulamulira mwamtendere. Maufumu ambiri a ku Ulaya anasintha pang'onopang'onopang', ndipo mphamvu zinachotsedwa kwa mfumu kwa zaka mazana ambiri kudzera m'zipanduko, nkhondo, kapena kutsatizana ndi malamulo a malamulo. M'nyengo yamakono, kusintha kokha kwachipambano kuchoka ku ufumu wa monarchy ku kulowa mu ufumu wa democracy imodzi mu Bhutan, kumene mfumu yachinayi inasiya dala mu 2006 ndipo malamulo atsopano anatengedwa, kutembenuza dzikolo kukhala ufumu wa boma ndi nyumba ya malamulo yosankhidwa ndi boma. Komabe, mfumu ya Bhutan inali yotchuka kwambiri ndipo inasintha zinthu m'badwo umodzi , ndipo siinali chitsanzo chosavuta kuchitika kwina kulikonse.

Ku Gulf, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachuma m’mayiko ena n’kutalikirana ndi mafuta kungachititse kuti anthu a m’mayiko ena ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama komanso luso lawo. Koma mpaka pano, mabanja olamulira sakufuna kulanda mphamvu zawo.

Akatswiri ena amanena kuti maufumu a monarchy enieni angasinthe kukhala “atsogoleri a boma” kumene mfumu imasunga mphamvu zamphamvu koma imagawana ulamuliro wina ndi bungwe losankhidwa lomwe si lamphamvu. Dongosolo la Singapore, lokhala ndi masankho amphamvu koma okhazikika, lingakhale chitsanzo chawo. Komabe, Singapore ndi dziko lolamulidwa ndi boma, ndipo chipambano chake chimadalira pa kukula kwa chuma ndi kulamulira kogwira mtima.

Chitsenderezo cha ku United States, European Union, ndi mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe chingakhalenso ndi mbali, koma maufumu a monarchy otsimikizirika kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito kufunika kwawo kwapadera (makamaka mafuta a m’dziko la Saudi Arabia ndi gasi wa Qatar) kudzitetezera ku zotulukapo zowopsa. Anthu a Kumadzulo akhala ofunitsitsa kukakamiza kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa anthu m’maiko ameneŵa chifukwa cha kuwopa kusakhazikika kapena kusokonezeka kwa mphamvu.

Kumaliza: Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Maufumu osagwirizana ndi maufumu a ufumu wa monarchy amene amagwira ntchito m'madongosolo a demokrase amakono amaimira kuzoloŵera kodabwitsa koma kowopsa. Iwo amapatsa nzika zawo mlingo wa bata, chibadwa, ndi mapindu achuma zimene mademokrase ambiri sangatsimikizire, koma amachita zimenezo mwa kutaya ufulu waukulu wa ndale zadziko. Mafano opangidwa ndi zigaŵenga owoneka ku Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Qatar, ndi Eswatini sangakhale othekera kusinthika kukhala ogwirizana ndi demokrase panthaŵi yomweyo chifukwa chakuti mafumu alibe chisonkhezero cha kukhazikitsa magwero enieni a mphamvu yawo. Mmalomwake, iwo adzapitiriza kuyang'anira chitsenderezo cha democracy chimene chimalamulira pamene akupanga kawonekedwe ka kutengamo mbali.

Pamene malamulo adziko lonse asintha ku ufulu wa anthu ndi ulamuliro wa demokrase, maufumu a monarchy enieni ameneŵa akuyang'anizana ndi mavuto akunja ndi akunja. Chuma cha mafuta chimene chachirikiza kukhazikika kwawo nchachifupi; achichepere amene ali ogwirizana kwambiri kuposa kale lonse; ndipo mapulaneti a zandale zadziko sangakhalenso osalekerera olamulira a opansipo. Komabe, tsopano, maufumu a monarchy enieni atsimikizira kukhala opirira mozakale kwambiri . . Democracy ya democracy popanda kusintha ndi iwo. Kukhoza kwawo kuwongolera mkangano pakati pa mwambo ndi machitidwe amakono kudzatsimikizira kaya apitirizabe kupyola zaka za zana lachiŵiri monga maboma a zigaŵeruzo, kapena pomalizira pake kugonjera ku ku ku funde la democracy.

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