Kumvetsetsa Chitetezo cha Zotsatira Zadzidzidzi

. Zili choncho chifukwa chakuti mabomawa amayendera limodzi, m’malo mwake, amayendera limodzi ndi maboma a m’dzikolo, a boma, ndi a boma, ndipo amakhala ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana, zipangizo, ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito. Nkhaniyi imapereka kuyerekezera kothandiza kwa mmene maulamulirowa amachitira zinthu zamwadzidzidzi, kufotokoza bwino mbali zawo, ndi maphunziro amene amawatsogolera pa zochitika zazikulu. Mwa kupenda mphamvu ndi kulephera kwa mapulogalamu apadera alionse, tingayamikire bwino kwambiri mmene angathandizire kuti athe kuwongolera zinthu pamlingo uliwonse.

Udindo wa Boma

Dongosolo la ku United States lakuyang'anira ngozi lazikidwa pa nzeru yosagonjetseka: zochitika zimasamaliridwa pamlingo waung'ono wothekera, ndi mlingo wapamwamba wopereka chichirikizo kokha pamene chuma cha kumaloko chagonjetsedwa. Lamulo limeneli lagwirizanitsidwa ndi lamulo la Stafford ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupyolera mwa National Incident Management System (NIMS). Kumvetsetsa ntchito zazikulu za mlingo uliwonse nkofunika kuyamikira mmene dongosolo lonse la zinthu limagwira ntchito.

Boma Lakumene Tikukhala: Lamulo Lotsimikizirika

Maboma a m’derali ndi amene amayamba kufika. Kuyandikana ndi tawuni kumathandiza kuti adziwe zimene akufunika mwamsanga komanso kuti akonze zinthu zofunika patangopita mphindi zochepa.

  • Kugwirizanitsa kwa mphamvu zaumoyo – Apolisi, moto, EMS, ndi ntchito za anthu onse zimagwira ntchito mogwirizana, kaŵirikaŵiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolamulira (ICS).
  • Kutetezereka kwa Thupi ndi njira zaumoyo [1] - madipatimenti a zaumoyo akutulutsa malo obisalirako, kugaŵira mankhwala, ndi kuyendetsa njira zopitira.
  • Makonzedwe a kuyankha tsoka la kumaloko - chigawo chilichonse chimasunga makonzedwe a kukonza maopaleshoni amwadzi (EOP) mogwirizana ndi ngozi zake zapadera("flood, planed, chivomezi, ngozi ya maindasi.
  • Maphunziro ndi maprogramu okonzekera - magulu olonda a malo, timagulu ta CERT, ndi ndawala zoulutsira anthu zimakulitsa kulimba kwa malowo.

Maboma a m'dziko amathandizanso pofunsira zinthu. Ngati zinthu zikufunikira kwambiri, amapempha thandizo la boma kudzera m'mapangano ogwirizana ndi mapangano a chigawo chimodzi ndi maofesi a boma. Kudziwa kwawo bwino malo a dziko, kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndi kumanga nyumba kumapangitsa kuti zisakhale zosintha m'maola oyambirira ndi masiku angozi alionse.

Boma: Kulimbana ndi Kugwirizana

Maboma amatumikira monga mlatho pakati pa chivomerezo cha kumaloko ndi chichirikizo cha boma. Kazembe ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa kupereka zilengezo zamwadzidzidzi, kusonkhezera a National Guide, ndi malamulo oletsa kubwezera tsoka. Mathayo apadera akuphatikizapo:

  • Kope yopereka [[FLT :1] – United States amasunga miyulu ya zopereka za mankhwala, zinyake, ndi madera osungira antchito. Amatumiza zinthu zimenezi kumene zosoŵa za kumaloko ziri zazikulu.
  • Kulinganiza mabungwe a boma oyang'anira zangozi - boma lililonse lili ndi ofesi yoyang'anira ngozi (mlongo, California OES, Texas DEM) imene imagwirizanitsa ndi dera ndi EOCs.
  • Imodzi ya maulamuliro akwanuko – Ndalama, ukatswiri wa maluso, ndi timu zapadera (kufufuza ndi kupulumutsa, kupulumutsa, timu za zochitika) amaperekedwa pansi pa mapangano a boma.
  • Kukwaniritsa mapulani a ngozi a boma lonse [1] – United States akupanga mapulani omveka a miliri, zivomezi, mikuntho, ndi uchigaŵenga, zimene malamulo a boma amatsatira mwa kusintha.

Pamene chochitikacho chikhala ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana, boma limagwirizanitsa kuvomereza mogwirizana, kaŵirikaŵiri kukhazikitsa ofesi yachigawo. Oyang’anira a National, pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma (Titut 32) isanakhazikitsidwe ndi boma, amapereka mphamvu zofufuza zofunikira pa pulogalamu, chitetezo, ndi kufunafuna. Maboma amayang'aniranso kupenda koyamba kokhudza kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zimene boma limafuna kuti zipereke zilengezo za tsoka.

Boma Ladziko: Kuima

Boma la boma limaloŵa m'nkhani pamene boma ndi chuma cha kumaloko zawonongeka kapena lichita zinthu zotetezera dziko. Pulezidenti angalengeze tsoka lalikulu kapena ngozi pansi pa Stafford Act, kutsegula maprogramu ambiri a boma ndi ndalama. Udindo wa Core umaphatikizapo:

  • Zikalata za thaka ladziko [[FLT :1] – Pempho lalamulo la kazembeyo likusonkhezera kuloŵetsedwamo kwa boma. Pakavomerezedwa, FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) imatsogolera.
  • Kugwirizanitsa mabungwe a boma , zotsatira zake zimaphatikizapo Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu (HHS), Dipatimenti ya Defense (DOD), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ndi ena, onse ogwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusonkhanitsa ndi chuma [1] - - Boma la boma limapereka chithandizo chachindunji cha ndalama kwa anthu ndi maboma kupyolera mwa maprogramu onga ngati IA (IA) ndi Public helpive (PA). Imatumizanso miyulu ya mitundu, timu zamankhwala, ndi antchito aluso.
  • Makonzedwe adziko a kukonzekera - mabungwe a Federal amakhazikitsa miyezo, kuchititsa maphunziro, ndi kufufuza m'makampani kuwongolera maluso a dziko lonse. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo National Reformation Framework (NRF) ndi National Limbrenedness Send.

Ntchito ya boma imathandiza kwambiri mmalo mwa mtovu; maboma a boma ndi a boma amalamulira zinthu zawo. Komabe, pa zochitika zosachitikachitika zambiri monga kuukira kwauchigaŵenga kwakukulu kapena kusoŵa kwa zaumoyo kwa anthu onse kwa nkhaŵa ya mitundu yonse . Maboma a boma angatenge ulamuliro waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito. Lamulo limeneli, lodziŵika monga “udindo wapamwamba,” limalembedwa m’malamulo monga ngati Public Health Service Act ndi Homeland Security Act.

Malo Ovomerezeka ndi Ogwiritsidwa Ntchito Amene Anasokoneza Malo

Kuyankha kwapamwamba zambiri sikumachitika mwamwayi. Mabungwe aakulu angapo amatsimikizira kuti chilankhulo, boma, ndi mabungwe a boma ali ndi chilankhulo chimodzi, kakonzedwe ka gulu, ndi dongosolo:

  • . .IMS system ya National Incident Management Management (NTMS) [1] - Njira yoyenerera ya kuyang'anira zochitika zimene milingo yonse ya boma imafunikira kukhala ngati chiyeneretso cha kulandira mphatso za boma. NIMS imaphatikizapo ICS, madongosolo a systems a kugwirizanitsa zinthu, ndi malamulo oyendetsera zinthu.
  • Stafford Act [FLT ] - Lamulo lalikulu la boma lolamulira chithandizo cha tsoka. Imalongosola njira ya zilengezo za pulezidenti, zopimira zofunikira, ndi mitundu ya chithandizo chomwe chilipo. Actyo imachepetsanso ntchito ya boma ya “kugwetsa chigawo ndi zoyesayesa za kumaloko.
  • Emperency Management Implation Implution (EMAC) [1] -A boma lothandizirana ndi dziko limene limalola maboma kugawana zinthu , zipangizo, timagulu , kuchotsa zopinga zokhala ndi mphamvu. EMAC yagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'zochitika zambirimbiri, kuyambira pa mphepo zamkuntho mpaka pa ziukiro 9 / 11.
  • Paral Response Framework (NRF) [1] – A alozakuti mmene boma la boma limagwirizanira ndi boma, malo, fuko, ndi malo a dziko. Limalinganiza chuma cha boma m'ma 15 Emergency Sutrust Treat (EFS), aliyense wokhala ndi bungwe lotsogolera (m’mzera, ESF-6 kuti asamalire anthu onse, EF-SF 8 kuti apeze thanzi).

Malo ochitira zinthu ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti opereka chivomerezo ochokera ku maiko osiyanasiyana angagwire ntchito pamodzi popanda msokonezo, kuchepetsa chisokonezo ndi kuyerekezera kwa kuyesayesa. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa kuwomba kwamoto kwa 2020 mu Oregon, Oregon’s Office inagwiritsira ntchito ICS kugwirizanitsa magulu a boma kuchokera ku nkhalango ya nkhalango ndi FEMA kumbali kwa madipatimenti amoto a m'dzikolo.

Kupenda Koyerekezera: Mmene Boma Limasinthira Zinthu

Ngakhale kuti ntchito ndi zinthu zina zimapereka malangizo, zimene munthu angachite zikhoza kusiyanasiyana kwambiri.

Kulandira Nthaŵi ndi Kuigwiritsa Ntchito

[[FLT:] Maboma a kumaloko [[FLT:] ayankha m'mphindi zochepa, kaŵirikaŵiri asanapereke chilengezo chamwadzidzidzi. Magulu apolisi ndi ozimitsa moto ali kale pampando; ntchito zapoyera zingawonetse misewu nthaŵi yomweyo. Maboma a sitegion [ kwenikweni amasonkhanitsa pakati pa maola, kukonza boma EOC ndi zinthu zopingasa. [FLT:] Boma lapaleresa la boma lingatenge 242] maola kapena kuposapo, makamaka malo akutali kuchokera kumadera ozungulira. Malo, kutsimikizira zikhumbo, kuwonongeka konse, ngakhale kuti magulu asanafike (GLFM, kuchedwa), kuyang'anira pulogalamu ya .

Kupezeka kwa Zinthu ndi Kukula Kwake

Chuma cha kumaloko n’chochepa chabe. Katauni kakang'ono kangakhale ndi injini imodzi yozimira moto ndipo kulibe zipangizo zopulumutsa zambiri. Maboma ali ndi mbali yaikulu: National Guard, apolisi a boma, madipatimenti a zoyendera, ndi magulu apadera. Koma ngakhale mayiko angafooke ndi chochitika chachikulu. Chifuniro cha kuletsa boma. Boma la boma lili ndi mphamvu zambiri: Stegic National Stockpile, Diage Medical Active Actives (DAM), U.S. Army of Engines, ndi mabiliyoni a madola popanga ndalama. Komabe, chuma chimenechi chapangidwa kuti chiwonjeze, osati kubwezeretsa.

Ulamuliro ndi Kupanga Zosankha

Akuluakulu a boma, akuluakulu a boma . Iwo angalamulire kuthaŵa, kuika malamulo oyendera, ndi misewu yapafupi popanda chilolezo cha boma. Olamulira a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wokulira: angalengeze boma langozi, kusonkhanitsa National Guard, malamulo, ndi kuchotsa malamulo a komweko ngati kuli kofunika. Ulamuliro wa boma ndi wochepa koma wamphamvu: Polengeza, Pulezidenti angatsogolere mabungwe a boma kuti achitepo kanthu, ndipo m’nkhani zina (m. g., kuloŵerera kwa asilikali pansi pa Insrection Act), kuyang'anira boma. Kulimbana pakati pa U. Ulamuliro wa pakati pa Incounity ndi pakati pa chigawo chapakati ndi lamulo ndi lamulo ndi kuli mutu wobwereza mawu mu kuyang'anira zangozi.

Kupereka ndi Kulipira

Maboma a boma ali ndi mtengo woyamba wa kuyankha kwa zaka , zopereka, kukonza, koma angafune ndalama zothandizira boma ndipo pomalizira pake kuchokera ku FEMA. Pansi pa Stafford Act, boma la boma limalipira 75% ya ndalama zoyenerera za chithandizo cha boma; boma ndi malowo akugaŵana 25% yotsala. Mkati mwa zochitika zatsoka, Nyumba za Malamulo zingawonjezere gawo la boma ku 100% (monga zinachitidwa ku Katrina ndi Sandy). Maboma alinso ndi ndalama zawozawo zothandizira pa ngozi, koma zikhoza kutha mwamsanga. Kayendetsedwe kake kake kake kake kake kamakhala kovuta ndi kochedwa, kaŵirikaŵiri kakumatenga miyezi kapena zaka kuti athere.

Kugwirizana ndi Kulankhulana

Maboma a EOC amadyera m'National Reformation Cootivement Center (NRCC) ku yunivesite. Mlingo uliwonse uli ndi ofisala wa anthu kuti atsimikizire kuti wailesi yosasintha. Maboma amalankhula ndi mawailesi operekedwa, vidiyo, pulogalamu ya pa Web - EOC ndi makompyuta otsagana ndi pulogalamu ya zandale. Pambuyo pa mphepo ya Katrina, kusoŵa kwa kulankhulana kwa anthu ku FEMA. Magetifomu alionse amakhala ndi odziŵitsa anthu kuti atsimikizire kuti aulutse uthengawo. Kulephera kwa makompyuta kuchitika pamene makompyuta a wailesi osagwirizana kapena pamene andale akulankhulana pang’onong’ono kwambiri.

Kufufuza za Matenda a Kuyendetsa Zinthu Mofulumira

Zochitika zenizeni za dziko zimasonyeza mmene mphamvu zimenezi zimawonongera pansipa pansipa.

Mphepo ya Katrina (2005): Kulephera Kugwirizana

Katrina ndi amene akupitirizabe kufotokoza zimene zimachitika boma likalephera kugwira ntchito pamodzi.

  • [[FLT :0] Mlingo wa malo apafupi [1] [1] madzulo a mzinda wa New Orleans unali ndi makonzedwe ovuta a ngozi; nzika zambiri zinasoŵa choyendera kuti zichoke. Chosankha cha meya cha kugwiritsira ntchito Superdome monga pobisalira pomalizira chinapangidwa popanda zopereka zokwanira kapena makonzedwe a chisungiko.
  • Mlingo wadziko [1] [1] [1] kampani yoyang'anira ngozi ya Louisiana inagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono ndipo inachedwa kusonkhanitsa. Kazembe Kathleen Blanco anazengereza kupempha thandizo la boma mpaka pamene zinthu zinali zoopsa, ndipo anakana kukhazikitsa bungwe la National Guard, limene linachedwetsa thandizo la asilikali.
  • Mlingo wa Fateral [[FLT :1] FEMA , pansi pa Dipatimenti yatsopano ya Homeland Security, inali yosakonzekera. Mtsogoleri Michael Brown adakhala wa mbiri yoipa kaamba ka kupanga zosankha zochedwa. Chivomerezo cha boma chinasulizidwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kusafulumira kwake, kusatsata kwake, ndi kulephera kulankhulana ndi boma ndi akuluakulu a boma.

Tsokalo linachititsa kusintha kwakukulu: Mapangano a Post-Katrina Emergency Management Act ya 2006 analimbitsa FEMA, kukhazikitsa Malo a National Integration Center, ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo yaubwino ya kugwirizana. Inachititsanso kufunika kwa milingo yonse kuyeserera ndi kuyendetsa zinthu pamodzi tsoka lisanadze.

COVID-19 Pandemic (2016-2021): Ulamuliro Wogawidwa

Mliriwu unavumbula mavuto amene anthu anali nawo poyendetsa zinthu zoyenda pang’onopang’ono, zomwe m’dziko lonselo zinafunika kuti boma lichitepo kanthu panthaŵi imodzi.

  • Mlingo wa malo apafupi [1] Matauni ndi ziŵerengero zinatsatira malamulo aumoyo otsekereza, malire a kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kutsekedwa kwa sukulu. Madipatimenti ena a zaumoyo a kumaloko anapereka chitsogozo chotsutsana poyerekezera ndi akuluakulu a boma, kuchititsa kusokonezeka kwa anthu.
  • Mlingo wadziko [1] - Bwanamkubwa anagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo zamwadzidzidzi kukhazikitsa malamulo a panyumba ndi kugawira ziŵiya zotetezera zaumwini (PPE) ndi akatemera. Maboma anapikisana kaamba ka zopereka m'miyezi yoyambirira, kuvumbula zofooka m'kuperekera.
  • mlingo wa CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mliriwu unagogomezera kufunika kwa njira yogwirizana ya dziko, kulankhulana koonekeratu, ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya dongosolo la zaumoyo la anthu, ndiponso unasonyeza kuti boma lingapangitse kuti zinthu zikhale zatsopano ndi kuchititsa malo oopsa otetezera.

Moto wa ku California (208-2023): Boma Logwira Ntchito

Moto wamoto waposachedwapa wa ku California ukusonyeza mmene mgwirizano wamphamvu wa boma ungachepetsere tsoka lachilengedwe lobwerezabwereza. Pambuyo pa kusakaza kwa m’Kampu wa Moto (2088), boma linawononga ndalama zambiri zotetezera moto ndi kuuchitapo kanthu.

  • [[FLT :0] Mlingo wa kumaloko [1] Madipatimenti a moto a kumaloko ndi kusungitsa lamulo zimagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi Cal Fire ndi Ofesi ya Kazembe ya Emergency Service (Cal OES). Anthu atengera zitsogozo za mlengalenga zosapeŵeka ndi zopimira kuthaŵa.
  • Mlingo wadziko [1] mlingo wa California - California adapanga njira yothandizirana m'dziko lonse imene imayendetsa gulu la ozimitsa moto, sitima za pandege, ndi timu zapansi kuchokera pa chochitika chimodzi kupita ku china mosachedwetsa. Kazembe nthaŵi zonse amalengeza za mwadzidzidzi moto usanazike, kulola zinthu kuikidwa pasadakhale.
  • Mlingo wa Faceral -FEMA sess Fire Management Active Grants (FMAGs) mofulumira, kaŵirikaŵiri m'maola ochepa. Nkhalango ya U.S. Imagwirizana ndi timagulu ta boma, ndipo National Guard imapereka chichirikizo cha mumlengalenga. Mayanjano, omangidwa mwa kulimbitsa kwanthaŵi zonse, achepetsa nthaŵi ndi kupulumutsa miyoyo.

Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti ngati anthu onse agwirizana kuti akonzekere zinthu mokhazikika ndiponso kuti agwirizane, ngakhale zinthu zoopsa kwambiri zingathetsedwe bwino.

Kuwongolera Kusintha kwa Ntchito Kwa Makilogalamu Aakulu: Maphunziro ndi Machitidwe Abwino Koposa

Zimene zinachitika pa Katrina, COVID -19, ndi ku California zikusonyeza kuti zinthu zina zinayamba kuyenda bwino:

  • [[FLT : 0] Insinside m'mapangano a kuthandizana asanalakwe [[FLT :1] - Controls ziyenera kukhala zitasaina ma komiti ndi anthu apafupi ndi boma lawo lisanakayikire. dongosolo la EMAC limagwira ntchito, koma limafuna kuti pakhale mindandanda ya marosi ndi zipangizo zogwirizana.
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito maphunziro ndi zikalata zofala [1] -oyamba onse oyankha ndi mabwana a zamwadzidzidzi ayenera kuphunzitsidwa ku NIMS ndi ICS. Gawo lopereka ndalama za Federal kupitiriza kutengera miyezo imeneyi.
  • Kutsimikizira luso la kulankhulana [1] - wailesi yosavuta kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi vidiyo yotetezeka pakati pa milingo yonse ya boma kungalepheretse chidziŵitso chimene chinavutitsa Katrina. Maboma ambiri tsopano amagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu a pulogalamu a pa Intaneti omwe amayendetsa mavuto.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kupatsa akuluakulu alamulo ndi kudzutsa - Stafford Act , malamulo a zamwadzidzidzi, ndi malamulo a kumaloko ayenera kutchula amene ali ndi ulamuliro pa mbali iriyonse ya ngozi. Zopanga zokhala ndi masinthidwe kaamba ka zilengezo ndi opingasa zingafulumize kupanga chigamulo.
  • Conduct maseŵera olimbitsa thupi anthaŵi zonse athunthu [1] – zopimira za mipata yambiri zimene zimatsanzira zochitika zenizeni [1] kuphatikizapo kusagwirizana kwa ndale ndi kupereŵera kwa chuma . Umboni wa kudalirana ndi kuvumbula zophophonya zobisika. Pambuyo pa zochita, malipoti ayenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito, osati kuchotsedwa.

Kaamba ka chitsogozo chatsatanetsatane wowonjezereka, FEMA National Linglebration Mederect imapereka ziŵiya zowonjezereka pa kulinganiza ndi kupanga maluso. Kuwonjezerapo, CDC's Public Health Listen Beal Besting [ tsamba limapereka maziko enieni a zathanzi la zathanzi.

Mapeto ake: Udindo Wogawana

Palibe mlingo umodzi wa boma umene ungasamalire vuto lalikulu lokha. Maboma a boma amapereka liŵiro ndi chidziŵitso cha anthu chofunika m'maola oyambirira. Boma limalinganiza chuma ndi kugwirizanitsa chigawo. Boma limagwira ntchito monga kuimitsa, kubweretsa mphamvu zambiri ndi kuchirikiza ndalama pamene zikufunika. Kuphatikiza pakati pawo n’kovuta, kolamulidwa ndi malamulo, mayanjano andale, ndi njira zogwirira ntchito zimene ziyenera kukhala zoyera nthaŵi zonse. Mwa kuphunzira ponse paŵiri zolephera ndi chipambano, ndi kukonzekera bwino pamlingo uliwonse, anthu angapange dongosolo limene limateteza moyo, katundu, ndi kudalira anthu onse. Cholingacho sichili chigamu chikwaniribe chivomerezo changwiro choterocho, koma palibe cholimba, pamene boma lililonse likudziŵa ntchito yake ndi kugwira ntchito ndi ena.