Chiyambi: Chifukwa Chake Njira Zosankha Zosankha Zili Zofunika

Kusankha ndiko mwazi wa ulamuliro wa demokrase, kupatsa nzika njira ya kuumba boma lawo ndi kuchititsa atsogoleri kukhala ndi mlandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la kuvota nlofunika padziko lonse, njira zotsimikizirika zimene maiko amachitira zisankho zimasiyana kwambiri. Kusiyana kumeneku . Kumene kunayambira m'mbiri, miyambo yalamulo, ndi chikhalidwe kumakhudza mwachindunji wovota, kuimira, ndi kukhazikika kwa maboma. Kuyerekezera mmene mitundu yosiyanasiyana imachitira masankhoti awo kumavumbula osati kokha zinthu za uyang'aniro komanso zovuta zosalekeza kutsimikizira kuti mavoti onse akuŵerengedwa bwino ndi mosasunthika. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mzera wa dongosolo la osankhidwa, njira zosanthula, masankhiridwe, ndi kutetezera, kujambula zitsanzo kuchokera kuzungulira dziko lapansi kuti isonyeze zimene zikuchita, zimene zimachita, ndi zimene zingaphunziridwe ndi zimene maboma a gulu lina.

Mitundu ya Njira Zoyendera

Malamulo a voti ndiwo malamulo amene amasankha mmene mavoti amatembenuzidwira m'mipando kapena m'maofesi. Kusankha madongosolo kuli ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu pa madongosolo a chipani, zigwirizano, ndi makhalidwe a wovota. Mabanja atatu aakulu ndi apamwamba (kapena ochuluka), a ndandanda, ndi madongosolo osanganikirana, limodzi ndi madongosolo osiyanasiyana mwa alionse.

Kuyamba Pastש Thezzi Post (FPTP) – Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zinthu Zosavuta

Pansi pa FPTP, , wodziŵikanso monga kuvota, wopambana mmodzi amasankhidwa m'chigawo chilichonse chozikidwa pa kulandira mavoti ambiri kuposa wina aliyense (koma osati kwenikweni wochuluka). Dongosolo limeneli limagwiritsiridwa ntchito mu United States (a Congress), United Kingdom, Canada, ndi India. Ubwino wake waukulu ndi kufeŵetsa ndi kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa makampani ndi woimira wawo. Komabe, FPPPP kaŵirikaŵiri imatsogolera ku zotulukapo zosachepera: magulu okhala ndi chichirikizo cha chigawo angapeze mipando yambiri ndi mbali ya chivoti cha dzikolo, pamene magulu okhala ndi chichirikizo chofalikira angaperekedwe pansi pa. Mwachitsanzo, m'sankhoti ya 2019 ya Canada, la Libera paral Partiove 33% ya votity yotchuka koma yopezedwa 55%.

Kuimira kwa Pulogalamu (PR) – Kuimira Kotakata

Madongosolo a PR amagawira mipando mogwirizana ndi mavoti. Kusiyana kofala kwambiri ndi ndandanda ya PR yozikidwa pa pulogalamu , yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya monga Spain, Netherlands, ndi Finland. Mavoter amasankha mpambo wa zipani, ndipo mipando imagawiridwa mogwirizana ndi njira (m., D’Hondt kapena Sainteāu Palaë). PR imachirikiza madongosolo ambiri ogwirizana ndipo imakhala yothekera kwambiri kutulutsa maboma ogwirizana. Mbali yaikulu ya chigawo chake ingakhale kugwirizana kochepa pakati pa Recostation ndi opanga malamulo, ngakhale kuti madongosolo a gulu lapamwamba la oimba Netherlands, mwachitsanzo, imagwiritsira ntchito dziko limodzi ndi PR, popanga mapangano apamwamba kwambiri kwa magulu aang'ono.

Madongosolo Ophatikizana - Mphamvu Zophatikizana

Maiko onga Germany, New Zealand, ndi Mexico amagwiritsira ntchito madongosolo osanganiza 76meter lices (MMP), kumene ovota amaponya mamembala aŵiri: mmodzi wa wosankha wa kumaloko (kaŵiri FPTP) ndi mmodzi wa mpambo wa zipani. Mipando ya mpambo imabwezera ku kusiyanitsa kulikonse kwa mapangano a boma. Bundestag iri ndi 299 mamembala osankhidwa mwachindunji ndi 299 a ziwalo, ndi mpambo womalizira wosonyeza voti. Chitsanzo cha mtundu umenewu chimayesa kulinganiza kuimira kwa mudziwo ndi zotsatira zogwirizana. Kusiyana, kophatikizana, kwa progalamu (kutchedwanso kuvota) kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Japan ndi Russia; pano mampando aŵiriwo ali odziimira, motero, mpambo wosayenerera FTP.

Madongosolo a RankedąChoice ndi RunğOff

Kupyola mabanja aakulu, maiko ena amagwiritsira ntchito kuvota kwapadera. Australia amagwiritsira ntchito voti ina ya nyumba yake yaing'ono (instantān runoff votion, IRV) ndi voti imodzi yosamutsidwa (STV) kaamba ka Nyumba yake ya Malamulo. Mu IRV, ovota ofunsira; ngati palibe aliyense amene alandira unyinji, wodwala wofooka amachotsedwa ndipo mavoti awo amasinthidwa. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira kuti opambanawonjezedwawo ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu pamene akupeŵa kuthamanga kokwera mtengo kwa pulezidenti ndi mavoti: ngati palibe woyenerera kulandira unyinji m'malo oyamba, wachiŵiri amachitidwa pakati pa opikisana. Njira zimenezi zimachepetsa kugawa ndi kuŵerengedwa kosavuta kwa osankhidwa.

Zotsatirapo Zake Padziko Lonse

Maboma oyang’anira masankho − [1] kulembetsa kwa anthu, kufufuza njira zofufuzira, kuŵerengera njira zokhalira ndi malo ozungulira — ndi kuzoloŵerana ndi malo ake ozungulira, ukulu wa chiŵerengero cha anthu, ndi kuchuluka kwa malo.

United States: Kuchepa ndi Kucholoŵana

Chisankho cha ku America chimayendetsedwa ndi boma ndi mayiko, popanda boma loyang'anira masankho. Boma lililonse limakhazikitsa malamulo ake pa nthaŵi zolembera, maola ofunsira, makalata . Chosankha . Osankha zipani ndi mabususi amene amasankha a m'gulu angakhale miyezi yatha, ndipo dongosolo la Electoral College la masankho a pulezidenti likutanthauza kuti wopambana wotchuka samakhala pulezidenti nthaŵi zonse (monga mu 2000 ndi 2016). Kulembetsa kwa Voter kaŵirikaŵiri kuli chopinga: pafupifupi mmodzi mwa anthu asanu oyenerera a ku America salembetsedwa, chifukwa cha malamulo amene amachotsa kapena kufuna maviniza. United States imagwiritsiranso ntchito mapepala osankhidwa kwambiri (mapepala kapena mapepala ojambula kapena mapepala opanga ma steppotop), ndi kufalitsa mapepala ojambula ojambula ndi kujambula makompyuta, kuphatikiza ndi kuphatikiza kwa makompyuta.

Germany: Federal ndi Mixmed 76MEmbber

Malo osankhidwa a Germany amatamandidwa chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwake ndi chilungamo. Mkulu wa Federal Reving akuyang'anira masankho a dzikolo, koma 16 amasankha m'magawo awo. Makampani amalembetsedwa okha kuchokera ku zolembedwa za anthu, kutsogolera ku kutembenuka pa 75-80%. Maballots andandandalika onse aŵiri (voti yoyamba) ndi magawo (voti achiŵiri). Masewero 5% a mipando ya chipani amaletsa zipani zocheperapo stag kulowa mu Bundestag, kuchepetsa kugawanika. Germany amagwiritsira ntchito mapepala oŵerengera ndi manja pa masiteshoni ofufuza a kumaloko, ndi nthaŵi zambiri zotsatira zake zoyambika (nthaŵi madzulo omwe). Dongolo lolimbikitsa mapangano, ndi pambuyo pa 201, masankhotime, Demota, ndi ma Freemotractrate, ndi "3]

India: Demokalase Yaikulu

India akuchititsa masankho aakulu koposa padziko lonse, ndi ovota oposa 900 miliyoni olembetsedwa mu 2024. Bungwe la Ecommotion Commission of India (ECI) ndilo ulamuliro wodziimira wokha umene umalinganiza masankho pa 543 mavitamini, kugwiritsa ntchito makina osankhira (EVM) amene amatulutsa pepala lovomerezeka (VPA). Kulembetsa kuli pafupifupi konse kupyolera m'dongosolo lopitiriza, ndipo ECI imagwiritsira ntchito malogita apamwamba, mabwato, ndipo ngakhale njovu zikhoza kufika kumadera akutali. FPPP ikhoza kupanga mbali yaikulu yamphamvu (g.g., Garpartum, Janayamu ya ku Bwana 2019), koma otsutsa ndi 2020.

Brazil: Apainiya a pakompyuta

Brazil wagwiritsira ntchito kuvota kwamagetsi kotheratu chiyambire 1996, ndi mavoti onse oikidwa pa Directive Recording Electronic (DRE) popanda njira yapepala. Zimenezi zachepetsa kwambiri mavoti osagwira ntchito ndi kufulumira kuŵerengera (mavoti odziŵika kaŵirikaŵiri m’maola). Dongosololi nlofala kaamba ka liŵiro lake, koma nkhaŵa ponena za kuchuluka kwa pa Intaneti ndi kupenda kupitirizabe kwa kampani yomwe imapitirizabe. Manijakh suma kuvuta popanda mapepala. Brazil imagwiritsira ntchito njira ziŵiri za m'kaundula wa pulezidenti ndi jinitala wa masankho ndi kutsegulira masankhoti a [1] Ogwirizana ogwirizana pa chisankhirikiti chake, kumene kukhoza kusankha kulowa m'kapiti kapena mndandanda wa gulu la ofufuza (kwani 1870) malo otembenukira pamwamba pa 80%, ngakhale kuti zikalata zosakhala za 7691 zili zotsika.

Njira Zodziŵira Zinthu: Kuchokera ku Mabokosi a Mabalbot Kufika ku Mafoni Ochenjera

Mayiko ambiri amadalirabe mavoti a mapepala amene amavoteredwa, koma zinthu zina zikuwonjezeka.

Kutulutsa Mabuku: Mabuku a Zachuma

M'maiko ambiri, ovota amapita ku polisi yokafufuza pa tsiku la chisankho, kulandira chisankho chapepala, ndi kulembedwa ntchito yawo m’malo aokha. Kuŵerengera kumachitidwa ndi manja kapena ndi ojambula maso. Njira imeneyi njachindunji, yowoneratu, ndi yolola kujambula ndi manja. Komabe, imayerekezera kukhala pafupi ndi kupezeka, kuchititsa zopinga kwa anthu olumala, awo amene amagwira ntchito kwa maola ambiri, kapena amene amakhala m’madera akutali. Kuchepetsa zimenezi, maiko ena amapereka chivoti chamwano m’masiku angapo (m.g., Sweden, Canada).

Mail sain Voling: Convenince vs.

Postal, voti . . . . Australia iri ndi njira yamphamvu yovotera anthu amene sangathe kufika pamaso pawo, pamene kuli kwakuti US yawona kuwonjezereka kwakukulu m'kusankha makalata kuyambira 2020 (pafupifupi 40% ya mavoti m'chosankha cha pulezidenti mu 2020 adaponyedwa ndi makalata). Mapangano onse a Switzerland achitidwa mwa makalata, ndi makalata otumizidwa kwa wovota aliyense wovomerezeka pasadakhale. Kuvota kwa posi kukuwonjezereka, makamaka pakati pa okalamba ndi ovota kumidwa kumidzi, koma kumadzutsa nkhaŵa ponena za kuchedwa kwa maposita, kusaina, ndi kukakamiza. Makhalidwe abwino amaphatikizapo kutumiza makalata, kuponya mabokisi otetezedwa, ndi kutumiza zikalata zogwirizana.

Kutulutsa Makompyuta pa Intaneti: Kuthamanga Movutikira

Makina ovota amagetsi (EVMs) ngofala ku India, Brazil, ndi Estonia (kuvota pa Intaneti yakutali). Estonia ndi dziko lokhalo limene limagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri kuvota kwa pa Intaneti popanga masankho, kulola nzika kuvota pa Intaneti iliyonse yolumikizidwa pambuyo pa kutsimikizira kwamphamvu kwa makompyuta. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zimawonjezera kulimba kwa pa Intaneti ndi nkhaŵa zachinsinsi: chipangizo cha wovota ndi makompyuta zingavutitsidwe, ndipo chinsinsi cha ballot chitavuta kutsimikizira kuti intaneti. Motero, ma democracyism ambiri akhala ochenjera. Netherlands ndi Ireland asiya mapepala osagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pa kulephera kwa sayansi ndi kusakhulupirira kwa anthu. Mayi ambiri (g., United States) tsopano amafuna kuti makina opanga votirbitation transbotive tractive ndi oyendera mapepala a traptive.

Chisungiko ndi Umphumphu

Kudalira anthu pa zimene amapanga posankha kumadalira pa kutetezeredwa pa chinyengo, zolakwa, ndi kudodometsedwa.

Muzikhala ndi Malamulo a Chikalata

Kufunsa masamu ofufuza kuli kofala: India amagwiritsira ntchito makhadi a EPIC, UK yoyambitsa chithunzi cha ID mu 2023, ndi maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya amafuna mtundu wa maidi. Mu US, pafupifupi maboma 40 amafuna mtundu wina wa id, ndi malamulo okhwima amene angayambukire mopambanitsa ndi ovota ochepa. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti kuvota kuli kosoŵa kwambiri, kupanga malamulo okhwima othetsera vuto kwa akatswiri ambiri. Mosiyana ndi, maiko onga ngati Germany ndi Sweden amadalira pa kulembetsa kopeta kosavuta ndipo safuna kuti anthu atulutse nyimbo pa mavoti, mmalo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito zikalata zosaina.

MAKONKHANO OSANKHA VUTO NDI MAWU OKHALA PA MBIRI

Kutsimikizira kuti golide ndi wolondola, mayiko ambiri amafufuza zinthu atasankha. Makina oikapo mapepala athabwa, kumene mapepala owerengeka akuyerekezeredwa ndi mapepala onse olembedwa, amaonedwa ngati golide. Colorado (US) ndi Switzerland magetsi amagwiritsira ntchito RLS. Mayiko ena amadalira kwambiri nkhani pamene mizera ya mapepala ili yochepa. Brazil, ngakhale kuti imakhala yopanda makompyuta a magetsi, imakhala yoyendera pepala. M’malo mwake, imagwiritsa ntchito kuyesa makompyuta ambiri amagetsi. Kusowa kwa pepala ndi nkhaŵa yomakula: International Institute for Deccificial and Elmectoral Conservation (IDA) ikulangiza kuti mapepala angokhalabe olemba.

Kugwirizana ndi Kugwirizana kwa Mayiko Ena

Kusokoneza chisankho mwa kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta, kusokoneza, ndi kusokoneza makompyuta kwakhala chinthu chachikulu kuyambira mu 2016. United States anayambitsa bungwe la Cybersecurity ndi Infraformation Security Agency (CISA) kuti lithandize maboma kukhala otetezeka. Germany amafuna kuti makina ovotera ayesedwe ndi ulamuliro wodziimira pawokha ndipo amaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo pofalitsa Intaneti. Bungwe la United Nations limagwira ntchito ndi National Cyber Security Center . Njira yaikulu ndiyo kusungitsa ntchito yosankha zinthu zopangira makompyuta ovota kuchokera ku intaneti, monga momwe dziko la France limachitira ndi makompyuta ake osankha anthu a kumayiko akunja. Komabe, mayiko ambiri alibebe malamulo ofala a pa Intaneti, zimene zimawachititsa kuti ayambe kuukira kunja ndi kuukira kwa anthu ena.

Mavuto Amene Zimakumana Nawo

Mosasamala kanthu za kusintha kwa zinthu, mademokrase onse amayang’anizana ndi mavuto osatha amene angafooketse kuyenera kwa masankho.

Kutengeka Maganizo ndi Kusalabadira

Kuchokera m'mademokrase okhazikitsidwa kuyambira m'ma 1960, ndipo mibadwo yachichepere yakhala yosagwirizana kwenikweni. M'nyengo zapakati pa United States, kubwererako kunali 46% ya anthu ovota; mu UK, avareji ya chisankho yachisawawa iri 65%. Chosankha chachisawawa, chogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Australia (87% suptout), Belgium (88%), ndi Brazil, kuwonjezera kutengamo mbali koma osatsimikizira kuvota. Mayeso akukweza kuphatikiza kulembetsa kodzifunira, kuvota, kuvota, mizere, ndi kusanthula kwachidule, kutumiza magalimoto kumadera akutali. Canada adawona chiyeso ku 68% mu 2015 pambuyo pa kukonza maproparttition.

Kugwiritsidwa Mwala ndi Zopinga

Kutsendereza kwa Voter kungakhale ndi mitundu yambiri: malamulo oletsa, kuchotsa mavoti otsekeredwa, kuchepetsa malo ovota oyambirira, ndi kutsekedwa kwa malo ofufuza m'madera ochepa. M'dziko la US, chigamulo cha 2016 chinachotsa mbali za Coting Rights Act, kuchititsa kuwonjezereka kwa malamulo oletsa. Padziko lonse, anthu okhala ndi zigamulo zaupandu kaŵirikaŵiri amaletsedwa kuvota; mu US, pafupifupi nzika mamiliyoni asanu amachotsedwa chifukwa cha malamulo angozi. Mosiyana ndi, Germany ndi maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya amalola akaidi onse kuvota popanda kuvomerezedwa ndi bwalo lamilandu.

Kugulitsa Marymaning ndi Malapporting

M'madongosolo a FPTP, kujambula malire a chigawo kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuyanja chipani chimodzi (kuyendetsa). Mu US, kachitidweko kali kololedwa ndi magulu aakulu aŵiriwo, kotsogolera ku zigawo zosasintha ndi kuimira . Makomiti a Independent malire, monga ku United Kingdom, Canada, ndi Australia, amachepetsa chisonkhezero cha opatuka. India amagwiritsiranso ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito yochepetsa, koma mipando sinasinthidwe kuyambira 1976 kaamba ka kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, kupangitsa kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa zinthu.

Kampani ya Ndalama ndi Chisonkhezero

Ntchito ya ndalama m'ndale imakhalabe yotsutsana. Khoti Lalikulu la United [1] Citizens (2010) linalola kuti ntchito za makampani ndi mgwirizano wa ndale za makampani ndi kutsatsa malonda andale popanda malire, zomwe zimachititsa kuti ndalama zambiri ziwonongedwe ndi APAC. Mayiko ambiri amakhazikitsa malire okhwima: Ziletso zandale za UK zinalipira pa wailesi, zipani za Germany zowononga ndalama ndi kufunikira kuulutsidwa. Ku Brazil, ntchito za kampani zinaletsedwa mu 2015, ndipo ndalama za anthu zinawonjezeka kuti ziwonjezere ntchito yopanga masewero. Kusowa kwa malamulo ogwira ntchito kukhoza kupangitsa anthu olemera opereka chisankhotereko, anthu odalirana.

Kumaliza: Kuphunzira kwa Anthu Osiyanasiyana

Palibe dongosolo la sankho limene liri langwiro; iriyonse imaimira malonda pakati pa mapindu opikisana onga ngati kuimira, kufewa, kukhazikika, ndi chisungiko. Madongosolo a FPTP a US ndi UK amapereka kuŵerengera kowonekera koma kaŵirikaŵiri amasiya ovota ndi wopambana sati asankha mwachindunji. Madongosolo a Proportation ku Yuropu amapanga mapangano aakulu koma angagaŵidwe. Mafanizo osanganizidwa mofanana ndi kuyesayesa kwa Jeremani kugwirizanitsa maluso abwino koposa a dziko lonse. Panthaŵiyi, zosankha za oyang'anira kuchokera ku ku kulembetsa kopeka ku mapulogalamu a ku Stock [1]shape ngati nzika zingagwiritsire ntchitodi ufulu wawo kuvota.

Kupenda kwa masankho kwa kuyerekezera kumasonyeza kuti palibe pulani imodzi ya demokrase. Mfundo zambiri nzakuti njira zowonekera bwino, zosaphatikizidwa, ndi zodalirika. Mayiko angaphunzire kwa wina ndi mnzake: US angavomereze kulembetsa kwaumwini ndi kukonza Retificiation; India angapite ku chisankho cha malo apadera cha matupi a anthu akwawo; Brazil angayambitse kugawa pepala. Mabungwe a mitundu yonse onga [[FL: 0] ID [FLD] [FLD:1], [[FLT:], ACECLAC Knowlective Knowlectynet [, ndi [machirikiza] AFFOLT] AUT , ngakhale kuti anthu adzitetezere, ndi kuchirikiza njira yake yandale zadziko, pamene kuli kwakuti anthu afunikira kuchirikiza njira yachitukukire, ndi kuchirikiza chitukuko, ngakhale kuti anthu adzimve kuti agwirizane.