Mmene Mayiko Opereka Ndalama Amasankhira Kusamuka Kuti Athandize Anthu A kumayiko Akunja

Chithandizo cha kumaiko akunja ndi chipangizo chachikulu cha kupita patsogolo kwa dziko lonse, kutumiza chuma kuchokera ku maiko olemera ku maiko osoŵa. Komabe njira imene maiko opereka amasankhira kumene, mmene, ndi kuchuluka kwa chithandizo chimene angapereke siigwirizana ndi pulogalamu yapadera. Chimaphatikizapo kugwirizanitsa zolinga zachifundo, kuŵerengera kwabwino, mapindu a zachuma, ndi zitsenderezo za ndale zadziko. Kumvetsetsa dongosolo la kupanga chosankhali nkofunika kwa aliyense wopenda mayanjano a maiko, chitukuko, kapena malamulo apadziko lonse.

Mbiri ya Kuthandiza Anthu Achilendo

Njira yamakono yothandizira yachilendo inatulukira pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Dziko II, yopangidwa ndi Marshall Plan ndi kupangidwa kwa mabungwe ambiri onga World Bank ndi International Monetary Fund . Mkati mwa Nkhondo Yamawu, kugawidwa kwa chithandizo kunaperekedwa mokulira, ndi United States ndi Soviet Union akugwiritsira ntchito chithandizo kumanga mayanjano ndi chisonkhezero chotsutsana. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yoputana, cholinga chinakhala cha kutsika kwa umphaŵi, ulamuliro wabwino, ndi Millennium Development. Lerolino, maiko opereka chithandizo akuyendetsa malo amene amaphatikizapo ndalama za nyengo, chivomerezo cha chiwonjezero cha Survement (SGS). Chisinthiko cha mbiri yakalechi chimasonyeza kuti zinthu zofunika kwambiri sizisintha.

Zinthu Zochititsa Kusamuka

Mabuku amaphunziro ndi zikalata za boma zolembedwa m’dziko zolembedwa ndi opereka chithandizo zimasintha ndi mfundo zina zolimbikitsa anthu kukhala odzikonda ndi odzikonda.

Zosoŵa za Anthu ndi Kusiyana kwa Kupita Patsogolo

Opereka ambiri amanena kuti amaika patsogolo maiko okhala ndi ziŵerengero zapamwamba za umphaŵi, nkhondo, ndi kusokonezeka kwa zinthu. Zisonyezero zonga GDP pa munthu mmodzi, ziŵerengero za imfa za ana, ndi Human Development Index zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri kupima kusoŵa. OECD Development Apport Komiti ya Komiti ya Chithandizo imalongosola mmene chithandizo cha chithandizo chimayendera ku maiko osatukuka kwenikweni, ndipo opereka ambiri amaika mikole ya ku mlingo yakuti apeze ndalama zochuluka za dzikolo (GNI) ku maiko osauka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, njira ya United Kingdom Development ST ST POGeneENA inagogomezera maiko osalimba ndi nkhondo chifukwa cha anthu osoŵa kwambiri.

Zolinga Zabwino ndi Zandale

Maiko opereka chithandizo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito kupititsa patsogolo zolinga zawo zachilendo. Aid ingalunjikitsidwe ku maiko amene ali ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, kapena amene ali ofunika kwambiri kukhazikika kwa chigawo. United States, mwachitsanzo, njira zapadera zoperekera chithandizo ku Middle East ndi South Asia monga mbali ya mgwirizano wa chitetezo ndi zoyesayesa za uchigaŵenga. Chithandizo cha Belt ndi Road Initived sanganize zothandizira kuyendetsa zinthu ndi mphamvu zachuma zopanga mphamvu ya zachuma ndi zandale. Mpikisano wa Geotheantistic, wowonedwa pakati pa U.S ndi China mu Africa, kaŵirikaŵiri amayendetsa madera amene sangalandire chisamaliro kwenikweni.

Kulingalira za Chuma ndi Malonda

Makampani a boma athandizanso anthu kuti azitha kugula katundu ndi ntchito ku makampani awo (zothandiza) kapena angagwiritse ntchito chithandizo potsegula misika yatsopano yogulitsa ndi kugulitsa zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, thandizo la ku Japan lakhala logwirizana ndi ntchito zapamwamba zimene zimapindulitsa makampani a ku Japan. Ngakhale kumasula chithandizo kungayambitse kugwirizana kothandiza kugulitsana. Kuwonjezera apo, opereka chithandizo angapereke thandizo ku mayiko amene angakula bwino, poyembekezera kuti potsirizira pake kupita patsogolo kwa chuma chidzathandiza kuwonjezera mgwirizano wa makampani a kampani a ku Japan.

Biteral v. Multilatar Channels

Opereka makampani amasankha osati kokha kuti ndi maiko ati amene amalandira chithandizo komanso njira zimene amagwiritsira ntchito. Thandizo la Biteramea limaperekedwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku dziko lina kupita ku lina, kupereka ulamuliro waukulu pa zolinga zapadera. Thandizo lamitundu yambiri limayendetsedwa kupyolera mwa mabungwe onga World Bank, mabungwe a United Nations, ndi mabanki a kupita patsogolo kwa chigawo. Nthaŵi zambiri chithandizo chambiri chimaonedwa kukhala chosaloŵerera m'zandale ndiponso chosasonkhezeredwa ndi ndale zadziko, koma chingakhale chovuta kwambiri kwa operekawonera ngongole ya zotsatira. Kulinganiza pakati pa magawo a World Bank ndi a maiko ambiri ndiko chigamulo chachikulu chosonyeza kudalira kwa woperekayo m’mabungwe ndi chikhumbo chake cha kuwonekera kwa dziko lonse.

Kupanga Malamulo ndi Opanga Zosankha

Kugaŵiridwa kwa chithandizo cha kumaiko akunja sikumalingaliridwa ndi woseŵera mmodzi; kumaphatikizapo mabungwe ambiri a boma, mabungwe a malamulo, ndi osungitsa ndalama osakhala a boma.

Akuluakulu a Ntchito ndi Mabungwe

M'maiko ambiri, thandizo limayang'aniridwa ndi bungwe lopatulidwa kapena utumiki. USAID [United States Agency for International Development] (United States Agency for International Development) likugwirizana ndi thandizo lachilendo, koma liyenera kugwirizana ndi zofunika zokhazikitsidwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Boma ndi Nyumba ya White. [[FLT:]] AKULUAN, Commonweal Office /[FLT :] [FDO] [20], yopangidwa ndi Dipatimenti ya International Development ndi Office, imasonyeza chikhotereko cha kugwirizanitsa ndi njira zachilendo. Octive . Oseŵera ena amaphatikizapo [FLD:] Z [F:] [FFLD], [FT] mu Germany: [FGULT] ndi kuthandizira kwa andale zadziko: [F]

Chisonkhezero cha Malamulo

Nyumba za malamulo ndi misonkhano kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa bajeti ya chithandizo. Mu United States, Congress imavomereza ndi kuchirikiza chithandizo cha maiko ena chaka chilichonse, ndipo ingathe kukhazikitsa ndalama za maiko ena kapena mbali. Zimenezi zingapereke chithandizo chosonyeza zikondwerero za ndale zadziko za opanga malamulo otchuka mmalo mwa njira zopangira zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, chithandizo cha U.S. kwa Israyeli ndi Igupto chakhala chikuchirikizidwa ndi chichirikizo cha bungwe, ngakhale pamene zizindikiro za kuyambika kwa zinthu zingapereke mfundo zina zofunika.

Magulu a Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Atsogoleri

Mabungwe osakhala a boma, mathanki, ndi magulu a kuthandizira anthu amapanganso zofunika zoyambirira. Mabungwe onga ONE, Oxfam, ndi Center for Global Development for propartment ndi kugaŵira zinthu zogwirizana ndi kusoŵa ndi kugwira ntchito. Amafalitsa malipoti ndi malo aakulu amene opereka chitsenderezo kuti asinthe. Lingaliro la anthu limachitanso mbali ina: m'maiko opereka, nzika kaŵirikaŵiri zimachirikiza chithandizo cha anthu, chimene chingalimbikitse maboma kusunga kapena kuwonjezera chithandizo kumadera ovuta.

Njira ndi Njira Zogaŵira Chithandizo

Mayiko amene amapereka zinthu zimenezi amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana popereka thandizo, ndipo chilichonse chimasonyeza mmene zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimagwiritsidwira ntchito ndiponso mmene zimayendera.

Grants v. Concessional Loans

Malo ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri wa chithandizo cha mafakitale, makamaka ku maiko otsika olandira. Safunikira kubwezeredwa, kuchepetsa ngongole kwa olandira. Ngongole za ndalama, zoperekedwa pa ndalama zachiwongola dzanja, kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito pa maprojekiti a zamagetsi m'maiko opezedwa pakati. Opereka ena, mofanana ndi China, amapereka ndalama zambiri zokongola, zimene zawonjezera nkhaŵa ponena za kusungidwa kwa ngongole. Zosankha pakati pa ndalama ndi ngongole zimasonyeza kuthekera kwa wolandira chiwongola dzanja ndi kukhoza kwa kulipira ndi mkhalidwe wa ntchitoyo.

Kuthandiza Anthu Okhala ndi Malo Osungirako Nkhosa

Chithandizo cha mafuta chimafuna kuti katundu ndi mautumiki zigulidwe ku dziko lopereka. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimenezi zingapindulitse makampani apanyumba, kaŵirikaŵiri zimachepetsa mtengo wa chithandizo ndi 15-30% chifukwa chakuti olandira satha kusankha njira zopindulitsa kwambiri. OECD yafulumizidwira chithandizo, ndipo opereka ambiri achepetsa kumangidwa. Komabe, makampani ogwirizana othandizira monga ngati maziko ndi chithandizo cha maluso, kumene akatswiri opereka ndalama amagulitsidwa monkitsa.

Chithandizo cha Anthu chinatsutsana ndi Aid yopita ku Chitukuko

Chithandizo cha anthu ndi chachidule ndipo chiperekedwa poyankha masoka achilengedwe, nkhondo, kapena miliri. Nthaŵi zambiri chimaperekedwa ndi kuŵerengera kochepa kwa zandale chifukwa chakuti kufunikira kwa mwamsanga. Chithandizo cha Chitukuko, n’chokhalitsa ndipo chosumikidwa pa kuwongolera kwa maprojekiti monga maphunziro, zaumoyo, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zachuma. Ador ayenera kulinganiza magulu aŵiri ameneŵa; mwachitsanzo, woperekayo angawonjezere chithandizo cha anthu ku malo ankhondo pamene akuchepetsa maprogramu a kutukuka kwanthaŵi yaitali m'maiko osakhazikika koma osauka.

Kusamuka Kukathandiza Ena Kukumana ndi Mavuto Ndiponso Kusuliza

Ngakhale kuti anthu ali ndi zolinga zabwino, kugaŵira chithandizo kumavuta kwambiri ndipo kukhoza kulepheretsa ntchito yake.

Ziphuphu ndi Kulamulira Kofooka

M'maiko olandira ziphuphu zambiri, chithandizo chingakwaniritsidwe kapena kulephera kufikira oyenerera kupindula. Opereka chithandizo ayankha mwa kukhazikitsa kusintha kwa zinthu , masinthidwe oletsa katangale, kapena kusintha kwa malamulo. Komabe, kusintha kwa malamulo kumabuka: kungapereke mikhalidwe imene ili yosayenera kapena yogwedezeka pandale, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imalephera kupanga kusintha kosatha. Ofufuza ena amatsutsa kuti kulinganiza kwa zothandizira kuyenera kulinganiza maiko okhala ndi zigwirizano zolimba mmalo mwa kuyesa kuikhazikitsa kuipsa.

Kugaŵanika ndi Kuwonjezeka

Maiko ambiri otukuka kumene amalandira chithandizo kuchokera kwa unyinji wa opereka, aliyense wokhala ndi zofunika zake zoyambirira, njira, ndi kusimba. Kugawikana kumeneku kumaika thayo lalikulu lakuyang'anira pa maboma olandira ndipo kumachepetsa kupambana kwa chithandizo. Zoyesayesa zonga Paris Declaration on Effectiveiveness (2005) ndi Busan Partneidaption Actrigition (20) yachirikiza kugwirizana ndi kukhala ndi dziko, koma kupita patsogolo kumakhala kosagwirizana.

Kulemekeza Thandizo

Aid ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito monga chiŵiya cha malamulo achilendo, nthaŵi zina pa zotulukapo za kukula. Mwachitsanzo, wopereka angachepetse chithandizo cha boma kutsendereza ufulu wa anthu kapena demokrase, ngakhale ngati kuchita zimenezo kungavulaze anthu osoŵa chitetezo. Komabe, chithandizo chingawonjezeredwe ku dziko lofunika kwambiri mosasamala kanthu za mmene litukukire. Otsutsa amanena kuti kupeputsa kwa maluso a anthu ndi kupita patsogolo kumene kukulingaliridwa kukhala kukwaniritsa.

Kutopa ndi Kuchepetsa Ndalama

M'mayiko ambiri opereka chithandizo cha anthu osoŵa angachepetseko pamene chuma chakunja chachepa kapena pamene zosoŵa zapanyumba zikuoneka kukhala zofulumira. Mwachitsanzo, United Kingdom, inachepetsa bajeti yake ya chithandizo kuchokera pa 0.7% kufika 0.7% ya GNI mu 2021, ikutchula mavuto a zachuma kuchokera ku mliri wa CHOVAD 19. “kutopa kwa "Aid" kumayambitsa mapulogalamu anthaŵi yaitali ndipo kumawapangitsa kukhala ovuta kwambiri kuti mayiko olandira chithandizo akonze zinthu zoyendera.

Zomwe Zikuchitika Posachedwapa Zikusintha Zinthu Zofunika Kuziika Patsogolo Zothandiza

Nkhani zingapo za m’nthaŵiyo zikusintha mmene maiko opereka amaperekera chithandizo.

Ndalama Zoyendera Nyengo

Kusintha kwa nyengo kwakhala dalaivala wamkulu wothandiza. Oyendetsa malo a boma adzipereka kusonkhanitsa $100 biliyoni pachaka pofika 2025 kuthandiza mayiko omatukuka kuchepetsa mpweya ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Mtsinje watsopanowu ukupikisana ndi chithandizo chamwambo ndipo wachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kutsutsana kuti adziwe ngati ndalama za za madera a kumadera akunja ziyenera kuonedwa ngati chithandizo kapena kusungidwa. The Green Climate Fund, yomwe inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi bungwe la UNFCCCC, koma masiteshoni apamwamba, amagaŵirabe zinthu zosiyana, ndi zisumbu zazing'ono ndiponso maiko osatukuka kwambiri amene nthaŵi zambiri amasungidwa.

Kukonzekera Kwake Komanso Thanzi Lapadziko Lonse

Mliri wa Covid-19 unagogomezera kufunika kwa madongosolo a zaumoyo m'maiko olandira ndalama zochepa. Opereka ndalama zambiri zothandizira kutetezera thanzi la dziko lonse, kugaŵira katemera (via CHOVAX), ndi kuyang'anira matenda. Bungwe la Zaumoyo Padziko Lonse ndi ndalama Zolimbana ndi AIDS, TB ndi Malungo zakhala ndi maumboni atsopano. Kuthekera kumeneku kungapitirize, popeza kuti miliri siilemekeza malire, kupanga chithandizo cha thanzi la kudziyanja kogwirizana.

Kulingana kwa Mabanja ndi Mphamvu za Akazi

Opereka ndalama ambiri tsopano amaika kulingana kwa amuna ndi akazi, kutchula mbali ya chithandizo ku maprogramu ochirikiza akazi ndi atsikana. Fominist International Alternative Policy ya ku Canada, yomwe inapangidwa mu 2017, ndi chitsanzo chabwino. World Bank ndi Akazi a United Nations amayang'ananso kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zimene anthu amagwiritsa ntchito. Kusinthaku kukusonyeza kuti kupatsa akazi mphamvu si kumangofunikira chabe koma ndi kuyendetsa bwino chuma ndi kukhazikika kwa anthu.

Kuloŵa M’magulu Ampatuko

Antchito akugwira ntchito ndi makampani a anthu okha mowonjezereka kupyolera m'makampani ogwirizana za ndalama, kuyendetsa ndalama, ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu. Madongosolo ameneŵa akuchititsa kuti likulu lakukonza zinthu, makamaka za zamagetsi ndi mphamvu zotha kukonzedwa.

Kufufuza za Matenda: United States, Germany, ndi Japan

Kuyerekezera njira za opereka ndalama aakulu atatu kumasonyeza kusiyana kwa kulinganiza kwa malingaliro.

United States

A.S. ndi opereka ndalama zochuluka koposa m’mawu apadera. Chithandizo chake chimasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi zikondwerero za dongosolo ndi chisungiko, ndi malo otchuka a Afghanistan, Iraq, Israel, ndi Igupto. U.S. imaikanso zinthu zofunika za umoyo wa dziko lonse (mwachitsanzo, PEPFAR ya HIV / AIDS) ndi chisungiko cha chakudya (Dzikani Zamtsogolo). Congregations ndi chisonkhezero cha Department ya Boma chimatanthauza kuti kuyambika kwa dziko kumakhala ndi zolinga za dziko.

Germany

Germany ndi wopereka wamkulu wachiŵiri ndi wogaŵira chithandizo chozikidwa pa msanganizo wa zosowa ndi zikondwerero zachuma. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) imagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi mbali ya munthu. Chithandizo cha Germany kaŵirikaŵiri chimalimbikitsa ntchito zomanganso mphamvu, maphunziro a ntchito, ndi masinthidwe a ntchito. Jeremaninso amayendetsa mlingo waukulu kudzera mu European Union, kusonyeza kudzipereka kwake ku chitaganya cha mitundu yambiri.

Japan

Chithandizo cha Japan n’chokhudza kwambiri zinthu zapamwamba ku Asia, mogwirizana ndi ntchito zake zachuma ndi za ODA. Komiti ya Japan International Cooperation Agency (JACA) imakonza ntchito monga mabuloji, madoko, ndi njanji zimene zimathandiza malonda a chigawo. Japan imagogomezeranso chithandizo cha maluso ndi kuchepetsa ngozi. Chithandizo chake sichidalira kwambiri pa kutsika kwa umphaŵi kusiyana ndi kukhazikika kwa chuma ndi madera.

Kufika Patali ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Opereka mapangano ozikidwa pa umboni mowonjezereka kupenda kugwira ntchito kwa chithandizo. Center ya Global Development imafalitsa kudzipereka kwake ku Development Index, opereka malamulo apamwamba ponena za mmene malamulo awo amachirikizira kupita patsogolo. Kupenda kwa ausinkhu wawo kukuphatikizapo kuthandiza maiko osatukuka kwambiri, mlingo wa chithandizo chotsegulidwa, ndi kuyendetsa bwino ntchito. Ngakhale kuti ziwiya zimenezi, zitsenderezo zandale kaŵirikaŵiri zimachepetsa ntchito ya kutumiza mauthenga ndi kukonzanso zinthu.

Kumaliza

Kugawiridwa kwa chithandizo chakunja ndi njira ya ndale zadziko, kulinganiza kufunika kwa makhalidwe kuthandiza dziko kukhala laumphaŵi kwambiri ndi zikondwerero za opereka. Pamene kuli kwakuti pamafunikirabe kutchuka, kuŵerengera kwadongosolo, mapindu a zachuma, ndi ndale zapanyumba kaŵirikaŵiri zimayendetsa zinthu. Chikhoterero cha ndalama za za zanyengo, chisungiko cha thanzi, ndi kufanana kwa amuna ndi akazi chimasonyeza kuti zinthu zofunika kwambiri n’zosasintha, koma zovuta zakale . Kwa ophunzira ndi madokotala, kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi kuchirikiza njira zothandiza zopindulitsa kwambiri.