Kugwirizana Kokhalitsa Pakati pa Mbiri ndi Kumasulidwa kwa Anthu

Kutsutsana pa ufulu wa anthu m'chitaganya chamakono sikuli kukambitsirana kopanda malire; kuli kukambitsirana kwa moyo kozikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri. Kutsutsana kulikonse ponena za kuyang'anira, kulankhula kwaufulu, kudzibisa, kapena kufanana kwa anthu kumakhala ndi malingaliro a nkhondo zakale, nkhondo zalamulo, ndi kusintha kwa nthanthi. Kumvetsa chisinthiko cha ufulu umenewu sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro yokha. Nkofunika kuti munthu apange malamulo amakono ndi kuteteza ufulu wake. Popanda kuzindikira mmene ufulu wa anthu unayambitsidwira, kufutukulidwa, ndipo nthaŵi zina kuumirizidwa, timaika pangozi yobwereza zolakwa kapena kulephera kuzindikira kuwonongeka kwamphamvu ya kuteteza.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mbiri yakale ya ufulu wa anthu, zochitika zazikulu ndi milandu ya m’khoti zimene zakhudza kamvedwe kawo, mavuto amene amakumana nawo masiku ano, ndiponso chifukwa chake anthu afunikabe kudziwa mbiri yakale kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali.

Chiyambi cha Kumasuka kwa Chiŵeniŵeni

Mfundo yakuti anthu azikhala ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zina monga anthu amene amateteza anthu kwa boma lomwe linawalanda, inasintha kwa zaka zambiri chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ndale, malamulo, ndi kutsutsana kwa nzeru za anthu.

Maziko a Mabuku Abwino ndi Maziko a Chiphunzitso

Magna Carta wa 1215 amatchulidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala malemba a maziko a ufulu wa anthu. Mwa kukhazikitsa kuti ufumu wa Angelezi sunali woposa lamulo, ilo linayambitsa lamulo la kachitidwe kabwino ndi kuyenera kwa kuyesa kolungama. Pamene kuli kwakuti poyambirira pangano la mtendere pakati pa Mfumu John ndi a baron opanduka, choloŵa chake chinasonkhezera pambuyo pake zilengezo za ufulu. Kusanthula kwa Magna Carta [1] la British Library kugogomezera mmene linakhalira chizindikiro cha kutsutsa mphamvu yopanda dyera.

Chidziŵitso chinawongoletseranso malingaliro ameneŵa. Afilosofi onga John Locke anatsutsa ufulu wachibadwidwe . "moyo, ufulu, ndi chuma [1] Maboma sakanasokoneza. Ziphunzitso zimenezi zinasonkhezera mwachindunji American Declaration of Independent ndipo pambuyo pake Bill of Rights ya United States, yovomerezedwa mu 1791. Bill of Rights inatchula chitetezo chenicheni: ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, kusindikiza, msonkhano, ndi kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida, pamodzi ndi chitetezo choletsa kufunafuna ndi kugwidwa ndi njiru.

M’madera ena a dziko, zikalata zolembedwa monga Chikalata cha Chikalata cha ku France cha Ufulu wa Munthu ndi wa Nzika (kalelo) mofananamo zimapatsa ufulu, kulingana, ndi ubale, ngakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kunkachotsa akazi, akapolo, ndi anthu ochepa chabe, ndipo kulephera kukwaniritsa mfundo yakuti m’tsogolomu magulu a anthu adzasintha.

Zochitika Zofunika Kwambiri M’mbiri Zimene Zinapangitsa Anthu Kukhala ndi Mfulu

Pakapita nthawi, zinthu zambiri zofunika kwambiri zawonjezera ufulu wa anthu ndipo zachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

  • Chisinthiko cha ku America (1775-1783): Kumenyera ufulu sikunali kokha nkhondo yolimbana ndi ulamuliro wa atsamunda komanso kulimbana kwa kudzilamulira ndi kutetezera ufulu. Malamulo ndi Bill of Rights anakhazikitsa maziko amene, ngakhale kuti anali opanda ungwiro, anakhala maziko a democracy ya ufulu wa anthu.
  • Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ndi Reconstructon (1861-1817): Kuchotsedwa kwa ukapolo kupyola pa Kusintha kwa 13 ndi chitsimikizo cha unzika ndi chitetezo chofanana pansi pa Demendment ya 14 anafutukula kwambiri ufulu wa anthu. Komabe, malamulo otsazikana [1] jum Crow, reconstruction, ndi wovota adatsutsa kuti kusintha kwa lamulo kokha sikumasungitsa ufulu popanda kusungidwa ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe.
  • Mpata wa Akazi (1848-1920): Zaka makumi ambiri za kuchita ntchito zochitidwa m'Chipumitso cha 19, kupatsa akazi kuyenera kwa kuvota. Gulu limeneli linakhazikitsa zitsanzo zofunika za ufulu wa anthu a m’tsogolo, kusonyeza mmene zomangira za udzu ndi zitokoso za lamulo zingagwetsere malamulo a decrimination.
  • Komiti ya Chivomezi ya Ufulu wa Anthu (1950s-1960s): Mwinamwake kufutukuka kwamakono kwa ufulu wa anthu, gululo linathetsa tsankho lalamulo la fuko ndi tsankho mwa lamulo lapadera monga Civil Rights Act ya 1964 ndi Voting Rights Act ya 1965. Linasonkhezeranso magulu ena otsika kufuna ufulu wolingana.
  • Mapepala a Post-9/11 Security Era (2001-preset): Poyankha uchigaŵenga, maboma padziko lonse anakhazikitsa njira zoyendera ndi zachitetezo zimene zinayesa ufulu ndi chitetezo. Mwachitsanzo, USA PATRIOT Act, mphamvu za boma zowonjezereka, kuyambitsa mikangano yomwe ikupitirizabe lerolino.

Pa zochitika zonsezi, aliyense wa iwo akukambirana za ufulu wa anthu ndi udindo wa boma.

Chisinthiko cha Kumasulidwa kwa Chiŵeniŵeni Kupyolera m’Kumasulira Kwachiweruzo

Makhoti amathandiza kwambiri pofotokoza malamulo oteteza anthu, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amatengera zochitika za m’mbiri, chikhalidwe, ndi zitsenderezo za ndale.

Milandu Yaikulu ya Khoti

Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States lapereka zigamulo zambiri zimene zasintha ufulu wa anthu. Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza mmene nkhani za m’mbiri yakale . "zonga nkhaŵa za nthaŵi ya nkhondo, kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, kapena magulu a anthu /) imachitira chiweruzo.

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): [FLT ] Chigamulo chogwirizana chimenechi chinalengeza kugawana kwa mafuko m'sukulu za boma popanda upani, kugwetsa "kusiyana koma kulingana" chiphunzitso cha Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Chigamulo chinabwera pakati pa Chigwirizano cha Chisungiko chomakulakulakula ndi kusonyeza kusintha m’chigwirizano ndi kumvetsetsa kwa chiweruzo kwa kulingana.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Khotilo linavomereza kuti boma liyenera kupereka loya kwa oimbidwa mlandu aupandu amene sangathe kulipira, kufutukula Lamphumphu Lachisanu ndi chimodzi kuyenera kwa uphungu. Chigamulo chimenechi chinasonkhezeredwa ndi chigogomezero cha Warren Court cha kuwongolera chilungamo ndi chilungamo.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973): Khotilo linavomereza kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kuchotsa mimba, lozikidwa pa kuyenera kwa kukhala kwachinsinsi. Chigamulocho chinasonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi kukwatira kwachiŵiri ndi kusintha maganizo kulinga ku ufulu wa akazi. Ilo lidakali limodzi la milandu ya ufulu wa anthu yoimbidwa mlandu wa ndale.
  • Corizens United v. FEC (2010): Khotilo linagamula kuti ndalama za kampani za kufalitsa nkhani zandale zaumwini sizingachepetsedwe pansi pa Kukonzanso Koyamba, kugwirizanitsa ndalama ndi kulankhula. Chigamulo chimenechi, choyambitsidwa ndi kukwera kwa ndawala, chasinthanso chisonkhezero cha masankho.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015: Khotilo linaloleza ukwati wa kugonana m’dziko lonse, likupeza kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira kuli ufulu wofunika kwambiri pansi pa Kusintha kwa 14. Chigamulocho chinasonyeza zaka makumi ambiri za LGBTQ+ advocacy ndi kusintha kofulumira m’chiganizo cha anthu.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza kuti oweruza samachita popanda kanthu. Zoweruza zimasonkhezeredwa ndi zochitika za m'mbiri, magulu a anthu, ndi kumvetsetsa kwawo kwa miyezo ya chikhalidwe. Monga momwe American Civil Liberaties Union (ACLU) imanenera, [[FLT: 0] kaŵirikaŵiri zimafuna malamulo otokosa amene poyamba anawoneka kukhala okhazikika.

Ntchito ya Boma ndi Chilamulo cha Padziko Lonse

Pamene kuli kwakuti Bill of Rights ya United States ndi chikalata chapanyumba, makambitsirano a ufulu wa anthu amagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri malamulo a ufulu wa anthu a mitundu yonse. Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) ndi mapangano onga ngati pangano la International Pangano pa Zoyenera za Chiŵeniŵeni ndi zandale zakhala ndi chisonkhezero cha dziko lonse. Malamulo a boma ndi malamulo nthaŵi zina amaperekanso chitetezo chachikulu kuposa cha boma, monga momwe zikuwonedwa m'malamulo a boma a zachinsinsi kapena ufulu wa ukwati wauchiŵalo chimodzi Obergefell asanakhale.

Mavuto Amakono pa Kumasulidwa kwa Chiŵeniŵeni

M’dziko lamakono, ufulu wa anthu ukuyang’anizana ndi mavuto atsopano ndiponso ovuta. Kupita patsogolo kwa zasayansi, kusintha kwa ndale, ndi mavuto apadziko lonse amakakamiza anthu kupendanso chitetezo cha nthaŵi yaitali. Kulimbana pakati pa ufulu ndi ulamuliro ndi kwakale monga momwe ufulu wa anthu ulili, koma zida zamakono ndi ziwopsezo zimauchititsa kukhala wofulumira.

Luso la Zamakono, Kusoŵa Zinthu Zochita, ndi Kukhala Kokha

Asayansi asintha njira zolankhulirana, zamalonda, ndi zofalitsa, komanso achititsa kuti maboma ndi mabungwe azifufuza zinthu zambiri. Maboma angapeze zinthu zambiri zodziwika ndi zinthu zina. Kusamuka, kulankhulana, kufunafuna zinthu popanda kuyang’anira. Nkhani ya chitetezo cha dzikolo ndi yokhudzana ndi zinthu zachinsinsi ndi nkhani yotsutsana ndi mbiri ya ufulu ndi ulamuliro.

Zina mwa zinthu zofunika ndi izi:

  • Kuyang'anira kwa Gawo: Programu zonga ndandanda yaikulu ya mametaimu a NSA (yofotokozedwa ndi Edward Snowden mu 2013) inadzutsa machenjezo onena za ukulu wa kuyang'anira. Mabwalo ndi Mabungwe aika malire, koma makambitsirano pa Gawo 702 la Foreign Interial Surveillance Act akupitirizabe.
  • Kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha mbali: Mabungwe amasonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chaumwini kaamba ka kutsatsa malonda ndi kupangidwa kwa malonda. Kusoŵa kwa malamulo achinsinsi a boma mu U.S. kumasiya zitetezero zambiri ku machitidwe a boma, onga ngati California Consumer Infic Act (CPA).
  • Kulankhula kwachikatikati ndi kusamala: Makampani a za mayanjano a pa Intaneti akukhala osapambanitsa pa mapulatifomu awo, kudzutsa mafunso onena za kusanthula ndi ma . Kusintha kwa . Mbali ya chigawo 230 ya Communications Decpency Act, imene imatetezera mapulatifomu ku mlandu, imatsutsana kosalekeza.
  • Luntha lopanga ndi kukondera kwa ndandanda: Madongosolo a AI ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'ntchito, kulembedwa ntchito, ndi kubwereketsa angapititse kukondera kwa mbiri yakale, kuyambukira ufulu wa anthu monga chitetezo chofanana ndi njira yoyenerera.

Komiti ya Electronic Frontinement Foundation (EFF) imagwira ntchito mokangalika pa nkhani zimenezi, ikugogomezera kufunika kwa ufulu wachinsinsi m'nyengo ya manambala . Buku lawo limasonyeza mmene malingaliro a mbiri yakale a ufulu ayenera kusinthira ku tekinoloji yatsopano.

Mkhalidwe wa Zandale ndi Malo Omasuka Achiŵeniŵeni

Andale amakhudza kwambiri chitetezo ndi malingaliro a ufulu wa anthu. Maulamuliro osiyanasiyana angaike malo oyamba ufulu wina pa ena, kuchititsa kusokonezeka kwa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, chiletso cha boma la Trump cha kuyendayenda cha maiko ambiri a Chisilamu chinayambitsa milandu yambiri pa ufulu wachipembedzo ndi chitetezo chofanana. Oyang'anira a Biden atengera njira zosiyanasiyana zoperekera ufulu wa anthu ndi ufulu wosintha ufulu wa anthu.

Kugawana kwandale zadziko kwenikweniko kumadzetsa chitokoso. Pamene ufulu wa anthu ukhala malo oonetsera ufulu wa anthu osankha, kulamulira mfuti, kapena ziletso zotsutsa . Pali ngozi yakuti chitetezo chizigwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika kapena kuti phindu la chipani china limaonedwa kukhala kutayikiridwa kwa wina. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti ufulu wa anthu umalimba kwambiri pamene akusangalala ndi chichirikizo chotakata, bipartan, monga momwe zachitikira ndi Chikalata cha Chilungamo cha ufulu wa anthu.

Thanzi la Onse ndi Mphamvu Zadzidzidzi

Mliri wa Covid-19 unayesa ufulu wa anthu m’njira zosadziŵika. Malamulo a ma Bhaske, kutsekedwa kwa malonda, ndi ziyeneretso za katemera zinayambitsa mikangano pakati pa njira zaumoyo wa anthu ndi ufulu wa munthu. Makhoti ambiri anachirikiza mphamvu zangozi zoyenerera, koma mikangano inavumbula kugaŵikana kwakukulu pa ukulu woyenera wa boma. Kupsinja kumeneku kumasonyeza zochitika za m'mbiri, monga ngati kugwirizana kwa Ajapani a Amereka mu Nkhondo Yadziko II, imene Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza mu Korematsu v. United States (19444) chigamulo chapale chotsutsa kwambiri tsopano.

Kufunika kwa Nkhani za M’mbiri ya Masiku Ano

Kumvetsetsa mbiri yakale ya ufulu wa anthu sikuli chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri, n’kofunikira kuti munthu akhale ndi phande mwachidziŵitso m’chitaganya cha democracy. Mbiri imapereka maziko opendera nkhani zamakono, imathandiza kuyembekezera mavuto amtsogolo, ndipo ochinjiriza kuletsa kubwerezabwereza zolakwa.

Maphunziro ku Zakale

Mbiri imaphunzitsa kuti ufulu wa anthu ngwosalimba. Ufulu umene kale unali kulingaliridwa kukhala wotetezereka ungathetsedwe panthaŵi ya mantha kapena ya kusoŵa kwa ndale zadziko. Alien ndi Sedition Acts ya 1798, Palmer Raids ya 1919-1920, ndi Kusamalira Kufiira kwa zaka za 1950 zonse zimasonyeza mmene maboma aletsera kutsutsana m’dzina la chisungiko cha dziko. Kunkitsa kwa anthu potsirizira pake kunasonkhezera kubwerera kwalamulo ndi kwa mayanjano, kulimbikitsa kufunika kwa kukhala maso.

Mwachitsanzo, nkhondo yofuna kuti anthu akhale olingana muukwati inaoneka ngati yosatheka zaka 20 zapitazo. Makwalala akupanga malamulo, ndiponso kusintha maganizo a anthu anasintha kwambiri. Kumvetsa bwino maluso amenewa kumathandiza anthu olimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu ndiponso anthu wamba.

Kuphunzitsa Mibadwo Yamtsogolo

Aphunzitsi ndi aphunzitsi amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri popereka chidziŵitso cha mbiri yakale. Mwakugwirizanitsa maphunziro a ufulu wa anthu ku sukulu / osati monga masiku achilendo koma monga kulimbana kopitirizabe [“angalimbikitse malingaliro ndi kuzindikira. Ophunzira amene amamvetsetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa milandu ya m'mabwalo amilandu kapena magulu a anthu ali okonzeka bwino kupenda mfundo zamakono zokhudza ufulu wa kulankhula, zachinsinsi, ndi kufanana.

Maphunziro ogwira mtima amaphatikizapo kusanthula magwero oyambirira, monga Federalist Magazi, Martin Luther King Jr.' "Letter kuchokera ku Birmingham Jail," kapena kutsutsana kwa oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba. Imaphatikizaponso kukambitsirana zowonadi zosakondweretsa, monga kulephera kutetezera ufulu wa Eni America, African America, kapena Japan America. [FL:0] laibulale ya Congress imapatsa zinthu za m’kalasi zazikulu [ zimene zimathandiza kugwirizanitsa ndi nkhani zapansi ndi zaufulu wa anthu.

Umodzi Wolimbikitsa

Kulimbikitsa ophunzira ndi nzika kuchita zinthu zina monga kukonzanso zinthu za boma, kulembera makalata oimira anthu, kuwalimbikitsa kutsutsa mwamtendere, ndipo kuwalimbikitsa kuti amvetse ndi kulimbikitsa ufulu wawo.

Ndiponso, kumvetsetsa mbiri kumathandiza anthu kuzindikira ngati ufulu wawo uli pangozi. Mwachitsanzo, kudziŵa za chiyambukiro chochititsa mantha cha kampani ya Red Scare pa kulankhula kungachititse nzika kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mafoni amakono kuletsa kutsutsana. Mofananamo, kudziŵana ndi mbiri ya Coting Rights Act kumasuliza bwino mapangano a ovota ndi malamulo a ofufuza ndi ozembetsa.

Kumaliza

Kugwirizana pakati pa mbiri yakale ndi ufulu wa anthu wamakono n’kovuta kwambiri ndipo kumasinthasintha nthaŵi zonse. Kuyambira Magna Carta mpaka nyengo ya manambala, kulimba kwa kufotokoza ndi kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense kukupitirizabe. Mwa kupenda mbiri yakale, tingayende bwino m’tsogolo ndi kutsimikizira kuti ufulu wa anthu ukhalabe maziko a anthu a demokalase. Nkhani za ufulu sizidzathetsedwa konse; mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kumasulira, kuteteza, ndi kukulitsa ufulu umenewu poona mavuto atsopano ndi kusintha kwa mfundo. Mbiri si yokhayo yokha koma nthano za machenjezo ndi zipambano. Kuti ukhale nzika yodalirika m'chitaganya chaufulu uyenera kudziŵa mbiri imeneyi ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa maphunziro ake.