Mmene Mbiri Yakale Inathandizira Kufufuza Mfundo za m’Malamulo a Anthu

Kusanthula koyambirira kwa malamulo kumayendera limodzi la njira zosonkhezera kwambiri ndi zotsutsana zomasulira Malamulo a U.S. Pamutu pake, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimanena kuti lemba la Konsichushoni liyenera kumvedwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyambirira . Tanthauzo limene linali nalo kwa anthu amene anagwirizana nalo. Kupeza chidziŵitso chimenechi kumadalira kwambiri pa nkhani za m'mbiri: zochitika, zolemba, makambitsirano, mayanjano, ndi nzeru za anthu za kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18. Popanda kumvetsa bwino mfundozo, kuopsa kwake kugwiritsa ntchito kulembera kapena kupeka. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza chifukwa chake nkhani za m'mbiri ili yofunika kwambiri pa nkhani zoyambirira za anthu, mmene imasinthira kumasulira malamulo a boma, ndi mavuto amene amakhalapo pamene oweruza ndi akatswiri ayesa kupezanso zinthu zakale.

Kungotengera Zimene Ena Amanena

Kumasulira koyambirira sikuli chiphunzitso cha umulungu. Kusintha kotchuka kwambiri kwamakono, kumene kumatchedwa “kuyambirira kwa anthu kutanthauza koyambirira,” kumafunsa mmene munthu wololera panthaŵi ya kujambula anadziŵira malemba alamulo. Njira imeneyi imasiyana ndi njira zoyambirira za kuyambirira zimene zinasumika maganizo pa zolinga za maFramers. Kusintha kuchoka ku“ cholinga choyambirira” kupita ku “tanthauzo lapoyera” kunasonkhezeredwa ndi kuzindikira kuti ulamuliro wa Malamulo unachokera ku ku ku kutembenuzidwa kwake ndi anthu, osati kokha ndi malingaliro a ojambula ake.

Pansi pa matembenuzidwe alionse, nkhani za m'mbiri zimapereka umboni wofunikira kukonzanso chidziŵitso choyambirira. Oweruza ndi akatswiri amafufuza magwero osiyanasiyana . Ndi olondola pa Msonkhano wa Malamulo, misonkhano ya kugwirizanitsa m'chigawo chilichonse, mapepala a mabukhu a Anti-Federalist, dikishonale, manyuzipepala, mapepala, ndi makalata a munthu. Umboni uliwonse umathandiza kugwirizanitsa chinenero cha malamulo m’dziko mmene chinalembedwa ndi kuvomerezedwa.

Chifukwa Chake Mbiri Yakale Ili Yofunika kwa Opanga Mafulimu

Ngakhale pamene chiphunzitso choyambirira chisumika pa tanthauzo la anthu, zolemba za maFramers zidakali zoyenerera kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Federalist Papers, inali cholinga chokopa msonkhano wa New York ndi kupereka makambitsirano owonjezereka a makonzedwe a Malamulo. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, ndi John Jay anafotokoza chifukwa chimene kulekana kwa maulamuliro, judicary, ndi mbali zina zambiri.

Mofananamo, zolembedwa za Constitution ya Constitution yeniyeniyo, ngakhale kuti sizinafalitsidwe kufikira zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pake, zimavumbula kulolera ndi mikangano zimene zinapanga mawu ena. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti “kusamuka kapena kusamukira kwina kwa anthu monga maboma alionse omwe alipo tsopano kuyenera kuvomereza” m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 9 chinali chikalata chokonzedwa bwino cha malonda a akapolo. Popanda nkhani za m’mbiri, woŵerenga wamakono angaphonye kulolera molakwa kwa ndale zimene zinaimira [1] Kulolerana kwa Chigwirizano mu 1787 koma pambuyo pake anafunikira kugonjetsa Reconformationsmestruction.

Makalata aumwini ndi nkhani za Azazatsa aŵa amafotokozanso nkhaŵa zimene anafunafuna kutchula. Mu Heller v. Helmer (2008), Woweruza Antonin Scalia anadalira kwambiri pa zolembedwa zalamulo za khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, kuphatikizapo Blackstone [FLD] trivers [FLD] t , kutsutsa kuti Kusintha kwachiŵiri kunatetezera munthu aliyense kuyenera kusunga ndi kunyamula zida. Iye anatchula osati chabe malemba komanso mikangano ya mbiri yakale pa Chichewa cha Bill of Rights ndi mabungwe. Kudalira kumeneku kunali kofunika kwambiri pa malamulo a khoti a prex - deti ndipo sikunayambitsidwa ndi lamulo, ndi lamulo.

Mikhalidwe ya Chisokhano: Dziko la Nyengo Yoyamba

Mfundo za m’mbiri yakale zimaphatikizaponso mfundo zachikhalidwe, zandale, ndi zachuma zimene zinachitika chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1700.

Ukapolo ndi Lamulo

Mafumu atatu amalolera molakwa, kuletsa akapolo, ndi chiletso cha kuletsa malonda a akapolo 1808 zisanachitike ziri zina za zikumbutso zopweteka kwambiri za malo oyamba a Ukapolo. Kusanthula koyambirira kwa matanthauzo ameneŵa sikunganyalanyaze chenicheni cha mbiri yakale kuti ogulawo mwadala anasankha kusagwiritsira ntchito liwu lakuti “ukapolo" m'malemba oyambirira (kusiyapo 1808 ololera molakwa). Mmalomwake, iwo anagwiritsira ntchito uputheism (“anthu ena,”) kupeŵa kuyang'anizana ndi nkhani ya makhalidwe abwino. Chiphunzitso choyambirira cha mbiri yakale chiyenera kuvomereza kuti tanthauzo loyamba la malamulo ameneŵa linaphatikizapo kugonjera anthu akapolo mwalamulo. Zimenezi sizitanthauza kuti ufulu woikidwa m’malo mwa ukapolowo; mmalo mwake, chimatanthauza kuti kukhazikitsa koyambirira.

Ufumu wa Mafuko ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma

Chikalata cha Tenth Amendment chokhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi mbali ina imene nkhani za m'mbiri n’zofunika. Mantha anali oopsa kwambiri kuti boma latsopano la dzikolo lidzagonjetsa maboma. Otsutsa ufulu wa dzikolo anatsutsa mobwerezabwereza kuti malamulo a Bomalo analibe ufulu wa boma wotetezera boma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Ofufuzawo anayankha kuti boma linali limodzi la maulamuliro otchulidwa pa maufumu, ndi kuti Likulu la Zoyenerera ufulu linali lopanda ntchito chifukwa chakuti boma linalibe mphamvu pa nkhani zoyenerera. Potsirizira pake kutengera ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu kukhazikitsa malamulowo kuphatikizapo Lamphongo ndi la Kusintha malamulo a Zikwi ndi Kusintha kwa Anthu. Kumvetsa kuti nkhani za m'mbuyomu ikuletsa omasulira kuwerenga malingana ndi kuŵerengedwa kwa nyuzipepala ya Khumite ndipo m’malo mwake kugaŵitsa tanthauzo lake la kugaŵitsa mphamvu ya kumanga ulamuliro.

Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito Mbiri M’kalembedwe ka Oyambirira Kufufuza

Okhulupirira zoyamba amagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kubwezeretsa tanthauzo loyambirira, limodzi ndi limodzi ndi kudalira kwake pa nkhani za m’mbiri.

Kulemba ndi Tanthauzo Lachibadwa

Chilembo chimafotokoza tanthauzo lomveka la mawuwo, koma “tanthauzo lakuya ndilo lenilenilo. Mawu onga “komente,” ndi“ mphamvu yopha,” ndi “udindo ndi yachilendo” anali ndi matanthauzo ake m’zaka za zana la khumi ndi lachisanu ndi chitatu omwe anasiyana ndi magwiridwe amakono. [FLT:] Dictions zochokera ku nyengo . [monga ngati Samuel Johnson’s [FLD:] [zi] [zidayake] za Chingelezi [[FLT] [FLT] [[1] kusonyeza mawu a Chingelezi] [1] [1] [1] ndi zapambuyo pake za Nowa ntchito , zakhala zikufunsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri. [FLT:] Detiestriate of Columbia . Helder . [FLT], Sclany Johnson, pofotokoza mawu a Chinenero cha “zithunzi chankhondo cha munthu mwini, chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito zankhondo.

Kulingalira kwa Maziko ndi Kachitidwe Ka mbiri

Njira ina yotanthauza kuchokera ku kapangidwe ka onse ka Malamulo . Kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro, chigwirizano, ndi kulinganiza , ndiyeno kumagwirizanitsa dongosololo ndi ntchito ya m'mbiri. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya Pulezidenti ya maofesala inakanganizidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali. Free Enpurest Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board [1] [20:1] Khoti Lalime Laliganizira za kubwerera ku Nyumba Yamalamulo Yoyamba kugamula kuti Pulezidenti apereke kwa Pulezidenti a ndunalansi ochotsapo akuluakulu a boma. “Mchitidwe woyambirira wa Chiphunzitso cha Chipulumuchiyambi cha . Mgwirizano wa boma limadalira kwambiri mmene linkagwirira ntchito monga pulogalamu loyamba.

Njira Zoyambirira Kutembenuzira

Nthambi yaposachedwapa, yochirikizidwa ndi Profesa John McGinnis ndi Michael Rappaport, ndi “njira zoyambirira za kutembenuza.” Njira imeneyi imanena kuti Konsichushoni iyenera kutembenuzidwa kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo ndi misonkhano yomasulira panthaŵi ya kujambula. Imafunikira kumira kwambiri m'malamulo a kumapeto kwa 1700 . Malamulo anatengedwa, mmene malamulo ofala anagwiritsidwira ntchito, ndi mmene malemba a zamalamulo anaŵerengedwa. Njira imeneyi imatengera mawu ake a m'mbiri ku ku kupyola pamlingo wake woyenerera, osati kungofuna chidziŵitso cha malembo a Konsinsinsi koma njira yonse yoweruza ya nyengo ya Kupezedwa.

Mavuto Amene Mbiri Yakale Imakumana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti nkhani za m’mbiri yakale n’zofunika kwambiri, anthu otsutsa ndiponso akatswiri ena ofufuza zinthu zakale amavomereza kuti zinthu zakale si zophweka kukonzanso, ndiponso kuti oweruza mosadziwa angalembe mfundo zamakono m’mbiri.

Kusankha Bwino Magwero

Chisulizo chimodzi chofala nchakuti ofufuza za chiyambire kaŵirikaŵiri amanena kuti kaya munthu mmodzi kapena mmodzi woyenerera anali matanthauzo oyambirira. Chifukwa chakuti mbiri yakale njochuluka ndipo nthaŵi zina imatsutsana, wofufuza angapeze ndemanga zochirikiza pafupifupi malo alionse. Mwachitsanzo, mbali zonse ziŵiri m'kutsutsana pa Second Amendment zinatchula magwero khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu a kutchula kuti kaya munthu mmodzi yekha kapena ufulu wogwirizana ndiwo tanthauzo loyambirira. Khoti Lapamwamba mu Heller likuvomereza zonena za mbiri yakale ndi kusankha kufotokoza chimodzi. Otsutsa kuti kachitidwe kasankha kameneka kali kogwirizana ndi kabwino ndipo kangagwirizanidwe ntchito.

Vuto la Kusokonekera kwa Zinthu

Chitokoso china ndicho kupeŵa mafotokozedwe a malamulo. Oweruza ophunzitsidwa m'magulu amakono angaŵerenge malingaliro amakono kuyambira ku nyengo ya Kuyambika. Mwachitsanzo, boma lamakono la boma silinakhaleko m'zaka za zana la 18. Pamene olemba oyambirira akutsutsana za lamulo la mabungwe a maulamuliro a boma opanga maulamuliro alamulo, ayenera kugamula ngati tanthauzo loyambirira la “kuphana ndi kupondereza kwabwino. kapena“ koyenera ndi koyenera” kumaletsa mabungwe oterowo. Nkhani za mbiri yakale zingathandize / mwachitsanzo, mwa kusonyeza kuti bungwe loyamba linalenga maofesi a boma ndi kulamula Pulezidenti kuti achotsepo maulamuliro a boma. Koma sikungayankhe funso lililonse chifukwa chakuti Afarame salingalira mkhalidwe wamakono. Vutolo n’kukhazikitsa m'zochitika za m'mbiri yamakono.

Kusatha kwa Mbiri Yakale

Mabuku ambiri a Kupezedwa sanasungidwe mwadongosolo. Nkhani za Constitution ya Constitution zinalembedwa m'manotsi a James Madison, amene analinganiza ndi kukonzanso zaka makumi ambiri. Zolemba zina zawonongeka. Kutsutsana kwa mawu a m'zilembo kunali kosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku boma kunka ku boma, ndipo anthu ambiri wamba sanasiye malingaliro olembedwa. Chotero olemba mawu oyambirira ayenera kugwira ntchito ndi mbiri yosakwanira, imene imayambitsa kusatsimikizirika. Matanthauzo oyambirira a mawu ambiri a m'nkhaniyi si omveka bwino.

Kusagwirizana Pakati pa Oyambirira

Ngakhale akatswiri odzipereka kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsa zimene nkhani ya mbiri yakale imasonyeza. M'Chisinthiko chachiŵiri ndi chitsanzo chachikulu. Mu Heller , khoti linagaŵikana 5-14, ndipo mbali zonse ziŵirizo zinanena kuti zikugwiritsira ntchito kuyambirira. Woweruza John Paul Stevens anatsutsa kuti mawu otsatizana ndi lamulo a m'mbuyo. Malingaliro onse aŵiriwo anakhazikitsa mfundo yakuti . Malingaliro onse aŵiriwo anali oyenerera kuti Militia, pokhala oyenerera kusungidwa kwa Boma laufulu. [FLT:]

Kulinganiza Mbiri ndi Mapindu a Masiku Ano

Chimodzi cha zipsinjo zazikulu m'Chiyambi cha Chiyambi cha Chikhristu ndicho mmene mungagwiritsirire ntchito chikalata cha zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu ku chitaganya cha makumi aŵiri m'zaka zoyambirira. Ngakhale ngati woweruza angadziŵe tanthauzo loyambirira, kodi tanthauzo limenelo liyenera kukhala kulamulira pamene chikutsutsana ndi mapindu amakono onga kulingana kwa fuko kapena kulingana kwa akazi?

Kuyambirira ndi Predent: Nkhani ya Brown v. Boma la Maphunziro [[FLT: 1]

Chitsanzo chovomerezeka ndicho Brown v. Board of Education (1954]), yomwe inanena kuti kusankhana mafuko m’masukulu a boma kunaswa Kutetezera Klaus. Matanthauzo oyambirira a anthu a kumbuyo kwa 144th Conferance mu 1868 sanaletse kuti de jult Religion. Mabugner anasunganso sukulu zotetezedwa ku Washington, D.C. Komabe Khoti Lapamwambalo linagamula modzi. Lerolino akatswiri ambiri akuvomereza kuti Brown molondola, mwina mwa kunena kuti tanthauzo loyamba la “chitetezero cha , chinali chokulirapo kuposa ziyeso, kapena mwa“ kuvomereza kopa kwa lamulo lalamulo lokhalapo.

“ Vuto la Kugwa kwa Nkhonya”

Mokulira, osuliza amafunsa chifukwa chake chitaganya cha democracy chiyenera kumangidwa ndi malingaliro a kagulu kakang’ono ka azungu, amuna, odzikongoletsa pa dziko omwe anafa zaka mazana aŵiri zapitazo. Oyambirira amayankha kuti Konsichushoni ndi lamulo lovomerezeka chifukwa chakuti inavomerezedwa ndi anthu, ndi kuti kusinthako kuyenera kufuna njira yosinthira zinthu za democracy . Si kuti nkhani za mbiri yakale, ndiyo njira yokha yotsimikizira kuwona ntchito yoyambirira ya democracy. Ngakhale zili choncho, mbali ya mawu apatsogolo iyenera kumasulira, osati kulamula moumiriza. Oyambirira ambiri amavomereza kuti malamulo a m'Chilamulo ali ndi mawu otsegulidwa ngati “chitetezero chachiweruzo. ndi“ kufufuza kosamveka kuti chiweruzo chifunikire ndi zochitika zamakono.

Mbiri ya M’nthaŵi ya M’mbuyomo M’zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu

Milandu ingapo yapamwamba imasonyeza mmene Khotilo limagwiritsirira ntchito (kapena kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito) nkhani ya m’mbiri m’kulingalira kwa olemba oyambirira.

New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n v. Bruen (2022)

Mu Bruen , Bwalo Lapamwamba linalengeza mayeso atsopano a Kusintha kwachiŵiri: lamulo liyenera “kugwirizana ndi mwambo wa mbiri yakale wa malamulo a mfuti. Chigamulo chimenechi chinakweza nkhani za mbiri yakale ku muyezo wapakati wa lamulo. Chiweruzo cha Clarence Thomas Thomas chinafuna makhoti aang'ono kuti achite malongosole atsatanetsatane a mbiri yakale kuti apeze ngati lamulo lamakono lolamulira mfuti lili ndi lamulo la mbiri yakale. Njira imeneyi imafuna kuti oweruza akhale akatswiri a mbiri yakale, kuŵerenga malamulo 18 ndi 19 - 209 ozindikira “matanthauzo oyambirira a lamulo lakusinthasinthasintha la malamulo. Otsutsa atsutsa apeza nzeru ndi kusankha malamulo a mbiri yakale kwambiri. Komabe, ngakhale kulibe. [FLT]

Dobbs v. Jackson Akazi’s Health Organization (202)

Mu Madobs , amene analamulira lamulo la Chingelezi, Roe v. Wade, Khoti linadalira kwambiri pa nkhani za m'mbiri kuti litsutse kuti kuchotsa mimba sikunachoke kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko. Zotsatira za Samuel Alito za malamulo a Angelezi, malamulo a kokoloni, ndi malamulo a 19 - 190 a ku America kugamula kuti Kuchotsa mimba sikunatetezere kuyenera. Kutsutsana ndi kusemphana, kutsutsa, kufotokoza kuti mbiri yakale inali yotsutsa ndi kuti kumasulira kotetezera kunali koyenera. Chochitikacho chisonyezedwe cha mbiri yakale chisonyezedwe cha kuletsa ndi kuwonjezera chitetezo.

Ramos v. Louisiana[Kusintha] [1] 2020)

Mu Ramos, Bwalo lamilandu linavomereza kuti Kusintha kwa Sikisi kumafuna chigamulo chaujuli chimodzi m'milandu ya boma, kukwirira Apodaca v. Oregon. Lingaliro la Neil Gormoth la anthu ambiri lakufufuza mbiri ya oweruza yosagwirizana ndi lamulo lachindunji, limasonyeza kuti linafunidwa padziko lonse panthaŵi ya Kupezedwa ndi kukhalabe ndi kupyola kwa malamulo a mbiri yakale kuphatikizapo kusiyanitsa. Kutsutsa kumene mbiri yakale kunavomerezedwa ndi kusagwirizana ndi kugamulidwa ndi nkhani kwanthaŵi yaitali. Kufufuzaku kunasonyezanso kuti tanthauzo laponse la mlanduwo kulakwaku kunaphatikizapo kuchotsa. Kutsutsako kunatsutsa kuti mbiri yakale kunali kosiyana ndi kulephera kuyesa kutsimikizira ndi kusanthula ndi nkhani ya mbiri yakale.

Njira Zothandiza Zothetsera Nkhani Zake

Kwa maloya, oweruza, ndi akatswiri ogwiritsa ntchito mwambo woyambirira, kugwiritsira ntchito bwino nkhani za m’mbiri kumafuna kupenda njira yolondola:

  • [[MLT:0] Kuzindikiritsa mawu oyenerera ndi mawu ake ozungulira. Nthaŵi zonse amayamba ndi mawu olondola a Konsichushoni. Yang'anani ku kapangidwe ka nkhaniyo ndi mawu ozungulira mavesi a m'chikalatacho.
  • Magwero a nthaŵi imodzi. Agwiritsira ntchito Mapepala Ofufuza, zolemba za Anti-Federalist, zolembedwa za Convention ya Constitution, ndi mikangano ya boma. Dictionary ndi zikalata zalamulo za m'nyengoyi nzofunikanso.
  • Kufufuza ntchito yoyambirira. Zochita za Nyumba Yoyamba ya Malamulo, zigamulo za nthambi zoyambirira, ndi malamulo a boma kuchokera ku ma 1790 kaŵirikaŵiri zimavumbula chidziŵitso cha chidziŵitso choyambirira.
  • Vomerezani kukayikira. [[FLT :1] Pamene mbiri yakale ili yopanda tanthauzo kapena yosamveka, khalani wofunitsitsa kuvomereza kuti tanthauzo loyamba silingakhale lomveka. M’zochitika zotero, malamulo ena omasulira monga kugonjera ku zochita za demokrase kapena kudalira pa chitsanzo.
  • Samalani ndi chiphunzitso chamakono. Pewani kuganiza kuti mapu amakono akutsogolo ku malingaliro a khumi ndi mahandiredi khumi ndi atatu. Mwachitsanzo, kusiyana kwamakono pakati pa zoyenera zaumwini ndi zachuma kukanakhala kwachilendo kwa maFramers.

Zinthu Zofunika Kuphunzira Mozama

Magwero angapo odalirika angathandize awo amene akupenda mbali ya mbiri yakale m’kulembedwa koyambirira:

Kumaliza

Nkhani za mbiri yakale ndizo maziko a kupenda koyambirira kwa malamulo. Popanda zimenezi, cholinga chopeza tanthauzo loyambirira la Malamulo chingakhale chosatheka. Kuchokera ku mkangano wa mafaramers wonena za kapangidwe ka boma mpaka nkhani zotsutsana kwambiri za ukapolo ndi mphamvu za boma, mbiri yakale imapereka mfundo zofunikira kwambiri kuti munthu ayambe kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zinachita kulengedwa. Koma nkhani yonse si matsenga amene amachititsa kuti anthu apeze yankho lolondola. Umboni wa m’mbiri ukhoza kumasuliridwa m’njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo kupereŵera kwa nkhanizo kumachititsa kuti mafunso ambiri ayambe.

Kukhulupirira zinthu zoyambirira, kukuvomereza bwino lomwe zimenezi ndi kugwiritsira ntchito nkhani za m'mbiri, kuzindikira kuti malemba a Konsichushoni adalembedwa kaamba ka mtsogolo mosadziŵika. Ntchito ya woyambirira si kuumitsa Konsichushoni m'ambre koma kuipatsa tanthauzo lozikidwa pa nyengo yake yoyambika pamene ikukhala yotseguka ku kuthekera kwakuti tanthauzo lapoyera nthaŵi zina lingapirire / kapena ngakhale kukula kwake. Mwakutenga mawu a m'mbiri mozama, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimapereka njira yomasulira yokhudza ntchito ya democratic ya kulinganiza ndi kukhazikitsa maziko okhazikika a lamulo la malamulo. Zitoko n’zowonadi, komanso phindu la kuzindikira za kalelo kuti atsogolere tsopano.